NVMMDS——一种面向非易失存储器的元数据管理方法

元数据管理方法是影响文件系统性能的重要因素.针对现有元数据管理方法存在的查找性能低、适应性差和丢失元数据等问题,设计了面向非易失存储器的元数据管理方法(NVMMDS).首先针对元数据的访问特性和管理要求,给出了NVMMDS的结构和元数据管理流程,混合使用非易失存储器和DRAM存储元数据,为提高元数据查找性能和避免丢失元数据奠定了基础;设计了基于NVBB树的元数据查找算法和基于主动写回的元数据缓存算法,提高了元数据的查找性能,增强了元数据管理方法的适应能力,避免了元数据丢失问题.与现有元数据管理方法进行了分析和比较,在单机文件系统ReiserFs和分布式文件系统pNFS中实现了NVMMDS原型,使用FileBench和多个标准数据集进行了测试与分析,验证了NVMMDS能提高文件系统最大35％的操作处理速度和I/O性能.     

一种加速广域文件系统读写访问的缓存策略

针对广域网高延迟、低带宽的特性给广域文件系统访问带来的性能影响问题,提出了一种不依赖于底层文件系统、能够加速广域文件系统读写访问的缓存策略.该策略支持基于区间粒度的文件数据缓存及访问,并支持元数据本地缓存;该策略提供基于阈值的容量管理功能,采用超时与最终一致相结合的方式维护缓存的一致性.最后使用典型的文件I/O基准测试工具和元数据性能测试工具对该缓存策略进行了评测,实验结果表明:该缓存策略减少了客户端与服务器的交互次数,给广域文件系统的数据访问带来了明显的性能提升,当缓存命中时其数据的读写性能与本地文件系统相近.     

一个分级存储的信息生命周期管理系统设计与实现

信息生命周期管理是一种可持续发展的存储策略,以其独特的优势在存储成本和高效信息管理之间取得平衡.本文设计并实现SAN、NAS存储网络下基于分级存储(HSM)的清华信息生命周期管理系统(THILM).提出一种新的文件重解析实现技术,实现ILM系统中HSM应用服务器端和系统应用层对动态存储数据的透明访问和多级存储数据的统一管理.讨论通过对应用元数据管理的优化和菱略缓存(PolicyCache)技术的改进实现高效的管理策略的执行,通过系统性能测试表明表文提出的文件重解析实现技术带来的额外负载几乎可以忽略,策略缓存技术使系统的策略执行性能提高了一个数量级.另外针对原策略缓存初始化性能低下的问题,采用策略元数据池(PMC)进行优化,采用PMC后THILM策略缓存的初始化时间降低了16～20倍.     

BWMMS元数据分布信息缓存管理

BWMMS是BWFS的分布式文件系统元数据服务子系统。它充分利用系统访问负载的动态性和局部性特征,通过简单的集中决策机制管理元数据请求负载在多个元数据服务器的分布。为降低集中决策点可能的瓶颈限制,集中决策点位于元数据请求处理路径的末端。本文介绍各个元数据服务器上用来降低对后端集中决策点的压力,提高元数据访问效率的元数据分布信息缓存,并通过测试数据评估缓存命中率对后端集中决策点和元数据访问效率的影响。     

支持高并发访问的新型NVM存储系统

I/O系统软件栈是影响NVM存储系统性能的重要因素。针对NVM存储系统的读写速度不均衡、写寿命有限等问题，设计了同异步融合的访问请求管理策略；在使用异步策略管理数据量较大的写操作的同时，仍然使用同步策略管理读请求和少量数据的写请求。针对多核处理器环境下不同计算核心访问存储系统时地址转换开销大的问题，设计了面向多核处理器地址转换缓存策略，减少地址转换的时间开销。最后实现了支持高并发访问NVM存储系统（CNVMS）的原型，并使用通用测试工具进行了随机读写、顺序读写、混合读写和实际应用负载的测试。实验结果表明，与PMBD相比，所提策略能提高1%~22%的读写速度和9%~15%的IOPS，验证了CNVMS策略能有效提高NVM存储系统的I/O性能和访问请求处理速度。     

一种SAN环境下集群文件系统的元数据缓存研究

为了发挥SAN环境的存储访问优势,阐明了一种以CIFS协议为原型的集群文件系统,通过考察此架构下数据和元数据相互独立又彼此制约的特殊关系,提出了一种元数据缓存方法;为了减少因元数据获取而给数据读写带来的性能损失,对元数据缓存舍弃了原有的管理方法,尽可能地保证其在客户端是可缓冲的;针对可能引起客户端与服务器端元数据不一致的情况进行了分析,并提出了解决方法;最后通过测试进行了初步验证.     

基于固态硬盘的云存储分布式缓存策略

为满足海量数据存储的需求,提出一种基于低功耗、高性能固态硬盘的云存储系统分布式缓存策略.该策略对不同存储介质的硬盘虚拟化,将热点访问数据的缓存与存储相结合,实现在不同存储介质之间的热点数据迁移,解决热点元数据的访问一致性与存储服务器的动态负载均衡问题.工作负载压力测试结果表明,该策略可使云存储系统的读峰值速率最高提升约86％,并且能提高存储服务器的吞吐量.     

面向费用优化的云存储缓存策略

为提高云存储的访问速率并降低费用,提出了一种面向费用优化的云存储缓存策略。利用几乎免费的局域网环境下的多台桌面计算机,在本地建立一个分布式文件系统,并将其作为远端云存储的缓存。进行文件读取时,首先查找其是否在缓存中,若存在则直接从缓存读取;若不存在则从远端云存储读取。采用了最近最少使用(LRU)算法进行缓存替换,将冷门数据从缓存中替换掉。以亚马逊简单存储服务(S3)作为远端的云存储服务,对原型系统进行了简单的性能测试。测试结果表明,使用了所提出的缓存策略后,在降低费用的同时能够显著提高文件读取的速度。     

Grid VFS中代理管理客户端磁盘缓存的设计与实现

设计并实现了在网格虚拟文件系统Grid VFS客户端采用代理管理磁盘缓存来隐藏网络延迟，提高网格数据利用率。此方法扩展了虚拟化分布式文件系统，提高了对网格资源有效完整的数据访问。在Grid VFS中，客户端代理动态地产生和管理磁盘缓存，每一个未修改的应用程序和OS都能应用，支持write-back策略、文件系统之间缓存的共享以及磁盘缓存的多级化，通过用户级VFS可以完整的集成到网格应用程序和资源中，从而提高了网格数据的访问性能。     

普适计算中基于上下文信息的缓存管理算法

普适计算的一个常见的难题是断连操作,而移动设备在断连状态下对数据进行操作又是必要的.为了支持断连操作,需要在移动客户端上进行数据缓存.数据收集的目的是在断连前把用户将来可能访问的数据预先存储到本地缓存,因此收集过程的结果将对断连操作的性能产生重大影响.目前针对断连操作的数据收集算法,对缓存命中都有一定效果,为了进一步提高缓存命中率,本文根据上下文信息进行数据收集算法;然后在访问数据时同步建立数据之间的关联,并在数据关联的基础上自动选择要收集的数据集;最后将结果按缓存驻留时间和访问次数进行缓存替换.模拟试验结果表明,此算法对于存储容量小的手持移动设备可以有效地提高断连操作时的缓存命中率,可以更好的支持移动设备的断连操作.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.