缓坡度陡槽溢洪道阶梯消能研究与应用

作为一种新型的辅助消能工，阶梯式消能工得到较多的研究和应用，但以往的研究与应用主要集中于坡度较陡的溢洪道。本文在总结广东省多项水利工程阶梯式溢洪道试验研究的基础上，进行了4种坡度比阶梯溢洪道的模型试验研究，对缓坡度陡槽溢洪道应用阶梯式溢洪道的水力特性进行了研究探讨。给出了阶梯跌坎高度、阶梯跌坎间距等阶梯体形参数对消能效果及流动形态的影响规律，并对缓坡度陡槽溢洪道应用阶梯式溢洪道设计方法进行了探讨，可供类似工程参考。     

Inception point of air entrainment over stepped spillways

The location of the inception point of the air entrainment directly affects the energy dissipation ratio, the cavitation damage control, and the training wall height designs for a stepped spillway and a stilling basin. In this paper, the boundary layer theory of plates is used to predict the location of the inception point of the air entrainment over the stepped spillways by assuming the steps on the spillways as a kind of roughness. An empirical formula is presented based on the physical model experiments, with the maximum error less than 1% except at one point where the error is 1.6%, as compared to the experimental data. Meanwhile, it is shown that the location of the inception point of the air entrainment for the stepped spillway is much nearer to the top of the spillway than that for a smooth spillways, which explains why the high ratio of the energy dissipation is provided for the stepped spillway.     

溢洪道阶梯陡槽段水面掺气位置试验与计算探讨

外凸型阶梯式消能工是应用于溢洪道陡槽段上的一种新型的辅助消能工。目前溢洪道陡槽段外凸型阶梯式消能工已在水利工程中得到了应用,但对此类型阶梯式消能工水力特性的研究成果仍较少。本文在5种坡度比和不同阶梯体型(包括阶梯高度、阶梯间距等参数)的阶梯陡槽溢洪道水力模型试验研究的基础上,对溢洪道阶梯陡槽段水力特性进行研究探讨,分析了陡槽段坡度比、阶梯跌坎体型参数等对溢洪道陡槽段泄流流态的影响,并将阶梯陡槽段泄流分为光滑水流区和掺气水流区两部分,提出了外凸型阶梯陡槽段水面掺气断面位置和水深的计算公式。本文研究成果可为溢洪道阶梯陡槽段沿程水面线和消能计算提供参考。     

台阶式溢洪道相对流速和相对消能水头的关系

流速和消能水头是重要的水力参数,但在台阶式溢洪道中尚无系统研究成果。将台阶式溢洪道流速、消能水头与对应光滑溢洪道流速、消能水头对比,引入相对流速、相对消能水头的概念。通过对0.5,1.0,2.0 m 3种不同台阶高度,38.66°坡度的台阶式溢洪道进行试验研究,探讨了流速、消能水头,相对流速、相对消能水头之间的关系。结果表明:非均匀流流态下流速、消能水头呈曲线关系,不便分析应用;相对流速和相对消能水头表现出良好线性关系,相关系数0.973 7~0.995 9,证实了引入相对流速、相对消能水头的必要性。     

基于SPH方法的阶梯式溢洪道消能特性研究

为了研究阶梯式溢洪道的消能特性,本文通过二维建模的方式,利用光滑质点水动力学方法(SPH)对31阶阶梯式溢洪道的水流进行数值模拟,将模拟值与试验值进行了对比,并针对2种台阶数目和4种单宽流量共计8种工况,对不同工况的阶梯式溢洪道沿程水深、水流流速以及消能率进行了分析。结果表明,31阶阶梯式溢洪道水流的水面深度、流速和压强模拟值与试验值吻合较好;36阶和60阶阶梯式溢洪道沿程水深和水流流速与单宽流量呈正相关趋势,随着单宽流量的增加而增大,且在水流稳定之后,水面深度和流速都会维持在某一个值附近;而阶梯式溢洪道消能率沿程逐渐增大并在最后一级台阶处达到最大值。同时,当溢洪道体型一定,消能率随着单宽流量的减小呈上升趋势,当单宽流量减小至0.1283m2/s,36阶和60阶阶梯式溢洪道的消能率分别达到了83.67%和82.86%。     

台阶式溢洪道水流能量特性的研究

为了研究台阶式溢洪道上水流能量特性,对坡比1:1.25不同台阶高度的台阶溢洪道进行模型试验,试验结果表明:台阶溢洪道上总水头沿程急剧降低;水流比能表现出沿程先增大后达到稳定值的规律;水流比能的变化决定总水头的变化,比能稳定值越小说明台阶溢洪道的消能效果越好。通过无量纲分析得出稳定比能与相关影响因子的2个无因次参数,结合试验和相关文献对2个无因次参数拟合,表现出良好的幂函数规律,相关系数为0.994 9~0.997 2。同时得出计算剩余能量和台阶溢洪道总消能率的经验公式,为相关设计提供参考。     

台阶式溢洪道渐缩泄槽水深计算方法

通过在溢流面上布置阶梯式台阶加大了溢流面的“表面糙率”,使得消能作用显著,掺气效果良好,因此其工程应用越来越广泛。但由于泄槽形状特殊,台阶、泄槽尺寸组合情况多样,渐缩式泄槽内水流变化更加复杂,给水力研究带来了一定的难度。在实际工程需求的背景下,参照原有昌桑法计算公式和现有模型试验的测量成果,提出了改进系数法。经复核验证:改进系数法得到的台阶式溢洪道渐缩式泄槽各断面计算水深结果与模型试验量测的相应断面的水深结果十分吻合,相对误差不超过5%,表明此方法精度高,可用于计算台阶式溢洪道渐缩式泄槽水深。改进系数法为完善台阶式溢洪道渐缩式泄槽水力特性研究提供了科学依据,对工程应用具有指导意义。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR THE STEPPED SPILLWAY OVERFLOW WITH TURBULENCE MODEL

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｓｔｅｐｐｅｄｓｐｉｌｌｗａｙｈａｄｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄａｔｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｗｅｎｔｙｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ[1 ] .Ｉｎ 1 971 ,Ｅｓｓｅｒｙｅｔａｌ.[2 ] ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄａｍｏｄｅｌｔｅｓｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆ     

水跃掺气池的掺气特性

针对大单宽流量下传统阶梯溢洪道因流动水深增加,掺气不足,导致极易发生空蚀破坏和消能率降低的问题,提出了一种通过水跃掺气池对阶梯溢洪道流动提供掺气的水跃掺气阶梯溢洪道,采用物理模型试验方法,详细研究了水跃掺气池的掺气特性,包括来流条件、掺气池长度、掺气池尾坎高度、水跃流态对掺气特性的影响。结果表明:在现在的研究范围内,在掺气池内和掺气池尾坎后的区域,无论是底板还是边墙淹没水跃流态都有较好的掺气效果;前述流动参数和结构参数通过影响水跃流态影响掺气效果,在利用水跃掺气池对阶梯溢洪道水流掺气时,流态的控制是重要的。     

台阶式溢洪道的消能及其应用价值的探讨

作者总结了溢洪道消能率的计算公式、消能率的影响因素、台阶式溢洪道的适用范围;对某水库的台阶式溢洪道和光滑面溢洪道的两个方案在消能效果、消力池长度等方面进行比较,分析了这两种方案各自的特点。结果表明,台阶式溢洪道消能主要集中在台阶段,而且相对于光滑面溢洪道,大大缩短了消力池的长度,降低了投资。     

台阶式溢洪道相对消能率与相对佛汝德数关系研究

台阶式溢洪道是目前研究的热点,台阶消能率和佛汝德数是重要的水力参数。将台阶式溢洪道佛汝德数与对应光滑溢洪道佛汝德数对比,引入相对佛汝德数的概念,准确地反映由于台阶的存在对水流佛汝德数的改变值。通过对0.5,1.0,2.0 m 这3个不同台阶高度,坡度为38.66°的台阶式溢洪道进行试验研究,探讨了相对佛汝德数和相对消能率之间的关系。结果表明非均匀流流态下相对佛汝德数和相对消能率表现出良好线性关系,相关系数为0.992 7~0.998 9。单宽流量不同,相对佛汝德数和相对消能率对应直线的斜率明显不同,其斜率随单宽流量加大而增大;而台阶高度变化对相对佛汝德数和相对消能率线性关系的直线斜率影响很小。     

严寒地区阶梯式钢筋石笼消能工的应用

在东北严寒地区,建基为软基且双面过水的工程中应用阶梯式钢筋石笼消能.当属首倒.该工程经受了“98大水“的考验.文中主要介绍了阶梯式钢筋石笼消能工结构设计的一些问题.     

Flow over embankment gabion weirs in free flow conditions

In this study, a series of laboratory tests were performed to investigate the effects of side ramp slope, crest length, and porous media properties on the flow regimes, water-surface profiles, discharge coefficients, and energy dissipation in embankment gabion weirs with upstream and downstream slopes. 24 physical models of solid and gabion weirs with three different upstream/downstream slopes (90°, 45° and 26.5°) were created. To investigate the complexity of flow over the porous-fluid interface and through the porous material, three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations were developed. In numerical simulation, the standard k-ε turbulence model was utilized. A structured mesh domain was used to simulate the physical model. Water surface profiles above the porous weirs were used for comparison between the numerical simulations and measured data. These comparisons helped determine variables in the numerical simulations. Numerical simulation enables visualization of streamlines around and through the gabion weirs. In addition, mean stream wise velocity profiles above and within the porous structures were obtained. Numerical simulations showed that a reduction in the slope of the upstream face leads to an increased curvature of streamlines and the velocity distribution exhibits a non-uniform wavy shape due to the geometrical properties of the weirs. As the velocity profiles move downstream, the velocity distribution within the porous structures were more affected by the presence of the pores. The experimental results show that decreasing upstream slopes, from 90° to 26.5°, leads to decreased discharge coefficients. However, in all cases, gabion weirs lead to greater discharge coefficients than those of similar solid weirs. For milder side slopes, discharge ratios (flow passing through all faces of the gabion weirs over the inlet discharge) decreased nonlinearly. Moreover, with increasing the inlet discharge, relative energy dissipation was reduced up to 45% in gabion weirs.     

基于SPH的台阶式溢洪道最优消能率参数研究

为研究台阶式溢洪道的消能规律,明确台阶式溢洪道的最优消能率参数,利用DualSPHysics对台阶式溢洪道水流特征进行模拟,并通过与典型案例的对比分析验证了SPH方法对台阶式溢洪道水流模拟的适用性与准确性,模拟结果表明SPH方法可以较好地模拟台阶式溢洪道上的水流特征。通过建立不同单宽流量、台阶段坡度和台阶数目的共计288种工况对台阶式溢洪道消能规律及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：在其他条件一定的情况下,台阶式溢洪道的消能率与单宽流量呈负相关关系;台阶数目对台阶式溢洪道消能率的影响并不显著,但是存在一个台阶数目能使台阶式溢洪道的消能率达到最大值,该最优消能率对应的台阶数目在78~81阶范围内,此结论对指导实际工程应用有一定的参考价值。     

INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR THE ENERGY DISSIPATION RATIO OF STEPPED SPILLWAYS

In order to search for the measure to increase the energy dissipation ratio of stepped spillways, some main influencing factors for the energy dissipation ratio of stepped spillways, such as unit discharge, dam slope, height of step and so on, were studied. The results show that the energy dissipation ratio decreases with the increase in the unit discharge and increases as the slope becomes gentle. The effects of step height on the energy dissipation ratio are closely related to unit discharge. If the unit discharge is smaller, the change of energy dissipation ratio with step height becomes greater. While, if the unit discharge is greater, the influence of step height on energy dissipation ratio is very little. According to the distributions of the turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate obtained by numerical simulation, the basic reason of the decrease of energy dissipation ratio with the increase in the unit discharge was discussed and some specific measures to increase the energy dissipation ratio were suggested.     

碾压混凝土坝采用台阶式溢洪道消能初探

台阶式溢洪道在国外许多碾压混凝土坝上得到采用，本文通过试验，分析了台阶式溢洪道的消能特性，单宽流量与消能率的关系，以及台阶面坡度对消能率的影响，以便探讨在我国碾压混凝土坝上应用台阶式溢洪道的前景。     

阶梯溢流坝自掺气水流的数值模拟

从两相流基本方程出发，建立了适用于自掺气水流的数学模型，用明渠自掺气水流进行验证。应用此数学模型模拟计算了阶梯溢流坝面水气两相流的流速场、初始掺气点及消能率等参数，得出了初始掺气点的位置随流量的增加而下移，消能率随流量的增加而减小的结论。     

台阶式消能在某水电站泄水槽设计中的应用

对于长距离泄水槽,坡度缓水头高,常规设计消能工规模大,为此在底板上设置台阶,增加糙率,以减小消能工的规模。应用近似糙率法、CHANSON经验公式法对某长距离台阶式泄水槽进行了水力计算。计算结果符合经验规律,经工程实际运行验证2种计算方法均可应用于工程设计;台阶式泄水槽减速掺气消能效果显著,减少了工程投资。     

THE APPLICATIONS AND STUDY OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENCE FLOW WITH FREE SURFACE IN HYDRAULIC SPILL WAYS STRUCTURE

The turbulence flow Free Surface has important applications in hydraulic spillways structure,such as the hydraulic jump,energy dissipation flow etc.This is being considered as very complicated flow,and has not yet been solved quite well by numerical method. In this paper,a Large-scale computational software package are developed for numerical laboratory of hydraulic spillway structure.Some methods,such as turbulence model, free surface and irregular boundary treating techniques,scientific computer visualization are put forward and performed.     

台阶坝面消能水气两相流数值模拟

 采用VOF法模拟自由表面,用非结构网格来处理复杂的边界形状,并根据边界形式进行适当的分区,利用k-ε气液两相流模拟光面和台阶溢流面的流场,得到了溢流面的流场、水面线以及消能率等相关水力参数。数值模拟试验结果表明,台阶溢流坝面水流紊动掺气充分,消能率较高,并与物理模型试验结果进行对比分析,二者吻合良好。