微波提取苹果汁中脂环酸芽孢杆菌DNA的PCR检测方法研究

根据Genbank公布的酸土脂环酸芽孢杆菌(Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris DSM 3922T)鲨烯环化酶序列自行设计一对引物,利用微波技术直接从果汁样品中提取目标菌DNA,对引物特异性、微波法提取DNA的扩增效果及检测灵敏度进行探讨。结果表明：微波功率1000W、处理时间30s、经5000r/min离心2min即可获得酸土脂环酸芽孢杆菌基因组DNA,所得模板质量符合聚合酶链式反应检测要求,目的条带清晰,检测时间仅为2h,检测限为200CFU/mL,有望真正应用于苹果汁生产的在线检测。     

果汁中脂环酸芽孢杆菌(Alicyclobacillus spp.)的危害及其控制

脂环酸芽孢杆菌(Alicyclobacillus spp.)对果汁风味影响较大,成为果汁的主要安全性指标备受国际社会关注.本文系统分析了脂环酸芽孢杆菌的代谢产物及其对果汁的危害、污染果汁的途径及安全性问题,提出:①通过原料选择、清洗、膜过滤和高温灭菌能较有效控制果汁中脂环酸芽孢杆菌;②ClO2、乳酸链球菌素、促肠活动素等被研究证实均对脂环酸芽孢杆菌有很好的杀灭作用,但还未应用于工业化生产;③辐照杀菌、脉冲电场、超声波杀菌等非热杀菌技术亟待研究开发,在果汁中脂环酸芽孢杆菌的控制应用方面前景广阔.     

抗食品腐败酵母的乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

本文筛选了能够抑制食品中典型腐败酵母的乳酸菌,研究其抑制特性并进行了分子生物学鉴定。从泡菜,榨菜、酸奶、火腿等食品中分离得到乳酸菌57株,通过双层拮抗平板法筛选能够抑制食品中典型腐败酵母（假丝酵母属、毕赤酵母属,酵母属、蔷薇酵母属和解脂耶罗维亚酵母）的乳酸菌6株,其中菌株AT 6能够抑制所有11株腐败酵母指示菌。96孔板法测定乳酸菌AT6发酵上清液对腐败酵母的抑制率可达73.04%以上,其抑制活性对蛋白酶不敏感,但随着pH值的升高而降低。菌株AT6在MRS培养基中的生长曲线研究表明30 ℃静置培养30 h,其发酵上清液可达到对白色念珠菌的最大抑菌活性95.02%。提取菌株AT6基因组并扩增16S rRNA基因,将PCR片段克隆到pMD 19-T 载体后进行测序,BLAST分析和多重比对后确定AT6为食窦魏斯氏菌。     

果蔬汁饮料生产车间卫生的控制管理

为了保证果蔬汁饮料生产的卫生安全,通过对果蔬汁饮料生产车间水质、空间环境、设备、人员手部、包装材料的微生物污染检测结果进行探讨,提出对应的纠正预防措施,最大限度地降低饮料生产污染的风险,使果蔬汁饮料生产车间的卫生得到全面有效的控制和管理。     

Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in 1989 Saudi wheat

In a survey of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and ochratoxin A in 209 ungraded and graded samples from the 1989 Saudi Arabian wheat crop, only one sample was found to contain ochratoxin (1.8 μg Kg^-1) and a trace of aflatoxin.     

Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure on the Physical,Microbial, and Chemical Attributes of Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

The change in the quality attributes (physical, microbial, and chemical) of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) after high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment at 300 MPa at room temperature (RT, 25 °C) 300, 450, and 500 MPa at 0 °C for 2 min and control oysters without treatment were evaluated over 3 wk. The texture and tissue yield percentages of oysters HHP treated at 300 MPa, RT increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to control. Aerobic and psychrotrophic bacteria in control oysters reached the spoilage point of 7 log CFU/g after 15 d. Coliform counts (log MPN/g) were low during storage with total and fecal coliforms less than 3.5 and 1.0. High pressure treated oysters at 500 MPa at 0 °C were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than oysters HHP treated at 300 MPa at 0 °C in lipid oxidation values. The highest pressure (500 MPa) treatment in this study, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased unsaturated fatty acid percentage compared to control. The glycogen content of control oysters at 3 wk was significantly higher (P < 0.05) when compared to HHP treated oysters [300 MPa, (RT); 450 MPa (0 °C); and 500 MPa (0 °C)]. HHP treatments of oysters were not significantly different in pH, percent salt extractable protein (SEP), and total lipid values compared to control. Based on our results, HHP prolongs the physical, microbial, and chemical quality of oysters.     

The new Israeli feed safety law: challenges in relation to animal and public health

The Israeli feed safety legislation, which came to prominence in the early 1970s, has undergone a major change from simple feed safety and quality regulations to a more holistic concept of control of feed safety and quality throughout the whole feed production chain, from farm to the end user table. In February 2014, a new law was approved by the Israeli parliament, namely the Control of Animal Feed Law, which is expected to enter into effect in 2017. The law is intended to regulate the production and marketing of animal feed, guaranteeing the safety and quality of animal products throughout the production chain. The responsibility on the implementation of the new feed law was moved from the Plant Protection Inspection Service to the Veterinary Services and Animal Health. In preparation for the law's implementation, we have characterized the various sources and production lines of feed for farm and domestic animals in Israel and assessed the current feed safety challenges in terms of potential hazards or undesirable substances. Moreover, the basic requirements for feed safety laboratories, which are mandatory for analyzing and testing for potential contaminants, are summarized for each of the contaminants discussed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

中国水产食品质量及安全控制研究进展

随着经济全球化的深入发展和食品贸易的不断扩大,中国水产食品加工业发展非常迅速,其质量和安全性已成为影响大众消费和工业健康可持续发展的关键因素,引起社会的广泛关注。为了充分掌握现阶段中国水产食品的质量安全控制状况,以便有效控制水产品的质量安全,本文对我国水产食品及质量安全控制现状、国外的先进质量控制技术和监管体系进行分析,并在对我国水产食品目前存在的问题进行总结的基础上,提出改善水产食品质量及安全控制的建议和改进措施。     

我国部分地区2010年产谷物及其制品中多组分真菌毒素污染状况研究

目的 了解我国部分地区2010年产谷物及其制品中多组分真菌毒素污染状况.方法 2010年在安徽、云南、福建、甘肃、广西、海南、黑龙江、湖北、湖南、江西、山西和上海12个省(市/自治区)采集玉米及其制品、小麦粉、大米和花生共计650份样品,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法检测14种真菌毒素.结果 玉米制品和小麦粉样品中污染的真菌毒素主要是B类单端孢霉烯族化合物和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN).215份玉米样品中有84.65％检出脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),其中7份样品中的DON污染水平超过我国规定的1 000μg/kg限量标准,超标1.08 ～2.51倍(平均1.77倍);69.30％ (149/215)的玉米样品ZEN阳性,其中23份样品中的ZEN水平超过我国规定的60 μg/kg限量标准,超标1.06～19.19倍,平均4.32倍.53.02％的玉米样品还受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,其中有12份样品中AFB1含量超过了我国规定的20 μg/kg限量标准,尤以云南、广西样品受污染较重.125份小麦粉样品中,仅有1份来自湖北的样品其DON污染水平(1 016.80 μg/kg)超过我国规定的1 000 μg/kg限量标准.40.41％的花生样品不同程度地受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,其中有5份样品中的AFB1水平超过20 μg/kg的国家限量标准;大米受真菌毒素的污染较轻.结论 我国玉米制品和小麦粉受多种真菌毒素污染,且以B类单端孢霉烯族化合物和ZEN为主;玉米和花生不同程度地受到黄曲霉毒素的污染.     

浅议微生物与畜产品安全及控制措施

综述了微生物在我国畜产品质量安全中存在的问题,提高畜产品质量和安全性微生物的控制措施,建议对食源性病原微生物污染监控,加强各领域的国际合作研究。     

Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects,Microalgae, Seaweed,Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production

Novel protein sources (like insects, algae, duckweed, and rapeseed) are expected to enter the European feed and food market as replacers for animal‐derived proteins. However, food safety aspects of these novel protein sources are not well‐known. The aim of this article is to review the state of the art on the safety of major novel protein sources for feed and food production, in particular insects, algae (microalgae and seaweed), duckweed, and rapeseed. Potential hazards for these protein sources are described and EU legislative requirements as regard to food and feed safety are explained. Potential hazards may include a range of contaminants, like heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, as well as pathogens. Some safety aspects of novel protein sources are intrinsic to the product, but many potential hazards can also be due to production methods and processing conditions. These aspects should be considered in advance during product development. European law is unclear on several issues regarding the use of novel protein sources in food and feed products. For food product applications, the most important question for food producers is whether or not the product is considered a novel food. One of the major unclarities for feed applications is whether or not products with insects are considered animal‐derived products or not. Due to the unclarities in European law, it is not always clear which Regulation and maximum levels for contaminants apply. For market introduction, European legislation should be adjusted and clarified.     

冷却猪肉优势腐败菌分离鉴定及致腐能力测定

分离鉴定冷却猪肉中的优势腐败菌并测定其致腐能力,以研究冷却肉腐败机理。利用选择性培养基和感官评定方法,从变质冷却猪肉中分离筛选出优势腐败菌并鉴定到种。再将各优势腐败菌接种到灭菌肉块上,4℃贮藏下定期测定各腐败菌的菌落数和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N),并以TVB-N产量因子(YTVB-N)衡量各腐败菌的致腐能力。结果表明:经选择性培养基分离和肉样感官评定共筛选得到5株优势腐败菌即P3、PS1、J4、P5和S5,分别鉴定为Acinetobacter guillouiae、Pseudomonas koreensis、Bacillus fusiformis、Enterobacter cloacae和Brochothrixthermosphacta。进一步研究其腐败特性发现,4℃贮藏时接种优势腐败菌的肉样在第7天已明显腐败。PS1的TVB-N和YTVB-N明显高于其他菌株。研究表明,从冷却猪肉分离鉴定出的优势腐败菌中,PS1导致冷却猪肉腐败能力较强。     

Evaluation of Natural Antimicrobials on Typical Meat Spoilage Bacteria In Vitro and in Vacuum-Packed Pork Meat

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of natural antimicrobials on the growth of typical spoilage bacteria from marinated pork. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of thymol, cinnamaldehyde, allyl isothiocyanate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, a rosemary extract, and a grapefruit seed extract against Lactobacillus algidus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc carnosum, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Carnobacterium divergens, Brochothrix thermosphacta, and Serratia proteamaculans were determined in a microplate assay. Combinations of antimicrobials were tested and several combinations showed synergistic effects in inhibiting bacterial growth. Single and combined antimicrobials were added to vacuum-packed pork meat to evaluate preserving effects. Antimicrobial concentrations of up to 10 times the MIC values showed no effect on total bacterial growth in vacuum packed pork meaning that although most antimicrobials inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria in vitro, results from the microplate assay could not be transferred to the meat system. Most natural antimicrobials possess strong odor and flavor that limit their use as a food preservative. In conclusion, this study showed that the use of natural antimicrobials in meat products is limited and that bacterial quality and shelf life was not enhanced under the chosen conditions.     

食品原料安全与初加工食品质量安全控制——以新鲜蔬菜的质量控制为例

新鲜蔬菜富含多种维生素与纤维素等对人体健康有益的成分,是健康膳食的主要成分之一。人们对蔬菜的需求和消费量在近10 年中持续增高。新鲜蔬菜以其易腐烂的生物特性,及作为原产品或者初加工产品的鲜食特性,在消费中存在着化学、物理和微生物安全风险,是产生食源性疾病的主要源头之一。由于新鲜蔬菜的质量安全风险存在于供应链的各个环节,因此控制蔬菜的安全质量措施要贯穿整个供应链。基于食品供应链的食品安全管理体系（Food Safety Management System,FSMS）的实施非常重要。在蔬菜供应链的各阶段安全控制中,各种安全管理控制体系需要应用于相应的不同阶段。     

Control of Foodborne Pathogenic and Spoilage Bacteria by Garcinol and Garcinia indicaextracts, and their Antioxidant Activity

ABSTRACT: Spent rinds of Garcinia indica were extracted with hexane and benzene using a Soxhlet extractor for 4 h. The major compound present in both extracts was found to be garcinol, as confirmed by fractionation and spectroscopic studies. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of hexane extract, benzene extract, and garcinol against a few Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were in the range of 15 to 1000, 20 to 1250, and 1.5 to 500 ppm, respectively. The antioxidant activity of these fractions at 25 ppm was 63.2%, 61.7%, and 92.4%, respectively, as evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. Hexane extract, benzene extract, and garcinol showed 1027, 985.5, and 1195.9 μmol/g of ascorbic acid equivalents, respectively, at 100 ppm concentration using the phosphomolybdenum method. These findings may be useful for possible application of the previously described fractions as biopreservatives.     

湖北省潜江市小龙虾中镉含量的空间自相关分析

目的探索分析湖北省潜江市小龙虾中镉含量的空间分布及聚集性,为优化潜江市小龙虾养殖产业提供科学依据。方法对潜江市38个采样点760份样品的检测数据进行空间可视化和空间自相关性分析。结果潜江市养殖小龙虾中镉含量偏高的地区主要分布在西北部和南部,Moran's I指数为-0.04,Z得分为-0.10,P值为0.92(P0.05)。结论湖北省潜江市小龙虾中镉含量无空间聚集性,且小龙虾中镉含量检出值远低于国家标准限量值,表明潜江市养殖小龙虾食用安全性高,产业布局尚有调整空间。     

2010年281份面制食品和淀粉类食品中铝残留量调查

目的了解市售面制食品和淀粉类食品中铝残留状况。方法采集吉林省长春市、吉林市、白城市、通化市、延吉市、四平市的食品商场、餐馆、集体食堂、集贸市场、早点摊位共281个食品加工点生产并销售的馒头、湿粉皮、粉条粉丝等样品,按GB/T 5009.182—2003《面制食品中铝的测定》方法检测,按GB 2762—2005《食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果检测的72份油条样品,铝检出率为98.6%,超标率为54.2%,最高检出值超过限量值的2倍;80份馒头样品,铝检出率为40.0%,超标率为10.0%,最高检出值为183.5 mg/kg;64份湿粉皮中铝检出率为43.8%,铝含量超过100 mg/kg的样品为16份,最高检出值为342.3 mg/kg;65份粉条粉丝样品,铝检出率为52.3%,铝含量超过100 mg/kg的样品为10份,最高检出值为179.6 mg/kg。结论油条、馒头、湿粉皮、粉条粉丝中铝残留问题值得关注。     

HPLC同时测定调味料中非法添加多组分工业染料的方法研究

目的 建立了同时测定调味料中15种工业染料含量的HPLC方法.方法 采用CAPCELL PAK C18 MG (250 mm x4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以硝基呋喃-乙腈- 20 mmol/L乙酸铵为流动相体系进行梯度洗脱,分别在波长为450、530和600 nm下检测.结果 方法的线性范围:2～50 μg/ml,r≥0.99.15种工业染料的检出限为0.05～0.53 mg/kg;15种组分的平均回收率73.68％～89.33％,相对标准偏差(n=6)0.8％～8.1％.结论 本方法快速、准确,灵敏,可用于同时测定食品中15种非法添加的工业染料.     

水产食品流通环节的食品安全问题及调控

水产品的流通主体涉及到生产环节、加工环节、批发环节、零售环节、物流仓储环节. 每个环节的食品安全问题既可能是上一环节的延续问题,也可能是本环节的新生问题. 其原因主要有过度追求利润、诚信问题与监管漏洞,以及信息不对称与柠檬市场. 借鉴国外经验,建议我国调控重点：检测重心前移、诚信教育、加强处罚、建立追溯制度和信息公开.