茶叶中真菌毒素污染的国内外研究概况

本文综述了国内外与茶叶真菌毒素污染有关的研究,结果表明,红茶、绿茶、白茶和黑茶都可能污染真菌和真菌毒素,应引起我国相关部门的重视。为降低真菌毒素污染茶叶的风险,建议加强茶叶毒素检测,普查各类茶叶真菌毒素污染情况;应用过程控制原理,筛选不产毒素菌株发酵黑茶,监测发酵过程,建立安全的黑茶发酵技术体系。     

Further mycotoxin effects from climate change

Climate change will affect mycotoxins in food. The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report is reinterpreted herein to account for what may occur with mycotoxins. Warmer weather, heat waves, greater precipitation and drought will have various impacts, depending on which regions of the world and mycotoxin systems are considered. The humidity issues are more complex as some areas will experience drought and others greater precipitation: in vivo data on the effects of moisture on mycotoxins in crops are more ambiguous than those for temperature. In vitro data on fungal growth and mycotoxin production may not relate directly to the situation in the field or post harvest, but are useful for base-line assumptions. The effects of climate in various regions of the world, i.e. Africa, Europe, Asia, Latin America and North America are considered in terms of mycotoxin contamination. Crops introduced to exploit altered climate may be subject to fewer mycotoxin producing fungi (the “Parasites Lost” phenomenon). Increased mycotoxins and UV radiation may cause fungi to mutate on crops and produce different mycotoxins. Whereas there is relevant information on aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A, more mycotoxins require to be considered: Data on patulin are missing. The current paper considers uniquely ergot alkaloids. Amelioration strategies are provided. There is considerable urgency in the need to address these issues.     

中国谷物真菌毒素污染研究现状

谷物易受多种真菌毒素污染且消费量巨大，是人畜真菌毒素的主要摄入来源。本文统计了2009年至今关于我国谷物中真菌毒素污染的研究报道，发现国内的研究大多集中在水稻、小麦和玉米，而杂粮作物少之又少。其中，水稻受真菌毒素污染情况较轻；小麦主要受镰刀菌毒素污染，尤其是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮；玉米则易感染多种真菌毒素。此外，小杂粮薏米、燕麦、谷子和高粱也有不同程度的污染。为明确谷物质量安全隐患，有效缓解谷物中真菌毒素的污染，我们应进一步加强对重要杂粮作物中真菌毒素的监管力度，建立更全面的真菌毒素筛查方法，建设真菌毒素防控标准化体系，强化农民对真菌毒素防控的意识与技术。     

Occurrence and significance of mycotoxins in forage crops and silage: a review

Study of mycotoxins in animal feeding stuffs has concentrated on the occurrence of aflatoxins and, to a lesser extent, other mycotoxins in cereals, raw materials and concentrate feeds. However, ruminant diets contain a high proportion of forage crops such as grass or maize silage, hay and straw. Under adverse growing, production or storage conditions, fungal spoilage is likely to occur with some degree of mycotoxin contamination. The mould flora of forage crops is likely to differ significantly from that of cereals and mycotoxin contamination, should it occur, could differ qualitatively and quantitatively. Information relating to forage crops as a potential source of mycotoxins is reviewed. Some field incidents and animal disease which may be mycotoxin related are discussed and analytical methods are reviewed. Information on dose and effect of candidate mycotoxins is given where available. The review suggests areas which the authors consider merit further study. Crown Copyright 1998.     

Mycotoxins in fruits,fruit juices,and dried fruits

This review gives an overview of the presence of mycotoxins in fruits. Although several mycotoxins occur in nature, very few (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, Alternaria toxins) are regularly found in fruits. It has been shown that the presence of fungi on fruits is not necessarily associated with mycotoxin contamination. The formation of mycotoxins depends more on endogenous and environmental factors than fungal growth does. Mycotoxins may remain in fruits even when the fungal mycelium has been removed. Depending on the fruit and the mycotoxin, the diffusion of mycotoxins into the sound tissues of fruits may occur. The influence of the selection and storage of fruits and the influence of different processing steps involved in the production of fruit juices and dried fruits on possible mycotoxin contamination is described. It is shown that the careful selection, washing, and sorting of fruits is the most important factor in the reduction of mycotoxin contamination during the production of fruit juices. The processing of fruits does not result in the complete removal of mycotoxins.     

Novel non-thermal food processing techniques and their mechanism of action in mycotoxins decontamination of foods

This review describes the major food and feed contaminating mycotoxins and provides a thorough insight about non-thermal food processing techniques and their mycotoxin detoxification mechanisms. Cold plasma, pulsed light, pulsed electric field, high pressure processing, and electron beam irradiation are among the techniques discussed. Mycotoxins decontamination is usually achieved through the release of reactive species and inactivation of toxin-producing microorganisms through alteration of cell membrane integrity and genetic makeup. Destruction of the molecular structure of mycotoxins responsible for toxicity also occurs during these processes. These non-thermal methods are effective in decontaminating mycotoxins with varying degrees of efficiency, and some of the methods do complete decontamination of mycotoxins with minimal processing. Despite their promising efficacy in decontaminating mycotoxins, the feasibility of most of these methods requires scale-up with future potential for commercialization and acceptance. Efforts should be made to increase the scalability and adoption of the technologies, especially in low-income countries where mycotoxin contamination is prevalent.     

玉米油中主要真菌毒素去除方法研究进展

玉米油因其营养价值高而倍受消费者的青睐,但玉米油在加工过程中真菌毒素污染带来的质量安全风险隐患也是当前关注的焦点。随着真菌毒素新的阻控技术工艺研究的不断深入和应用,玉米油在加工过程中的真菌毒素控制也取得了显著效果。文章结合玉米油在加工过程中真菌毒素的污染特征和迁移变化规律,系统归纳了污染玉米油的主要真菌毒素种类和污染现状,以及国内外相关的法律法规和限量标准,并结合玉米油的加工技术工艺特点,重点阐述了国内外相关的去除技术工艺。旨在为我国玉米油加工过程中真菌毒素阻控新技术、新工艺的研发及应用提供借鉴。     

茶叶中真菌毒素风险评估及防控研究进展

茶叶在国内外有着广泛的消费基础,对人体有益作用明显,但生产加工过程中茶园管理、鲜叶采摘、茶叶加工、流通和储存不当易造成真菌毒素污染,影响茶叶品质及消费者健康。开展茶叶真菌毒素风险评估研究及控制对于促进茶叶产业健康持续发展有重要意义,研究显示通过饮用茶叶摄入真菌毒素健康风险较低。本文综述了茶叶中真菌毒素污染来源、危害、安全限值设置及防控措施,重点对茶叶中真菌毒素检测方法、迁移溶出规律、常用暴露评估方法和风险描述进行归纳梳理。在此基础上,分析茶叶真菌毒素暴露风险评估存在的问题,对其研究方向进行展望,以期为茶叶中真菌毒素的评估和污染控制领域后续研究提供参考。     

Occurrence,prevention and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage: a review

Ruminants are considered to be less sensitive towards mycotoxins than monogastric animals because rumen microbiota have mycotoxin‐detoxifying capacities. Therefore the effect of mycotoxins towards ruminants has been studied to a lesser extent compared with monogastric animals. Worldwide, a high proportion of the ruminant diet consists of silages made of forage crops (i.e. all parts of the crop above the stubble are harvested). In practice, silages are often contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. Exposure to a cocktail of mycotoxins can hamper animal production and have severe health consequences. In this article the different aspects associated with mycotoxin contamination of silage are reviewed ‘from seed to feed’. An overview is given on the occurrence of toxigenic fungal species and their concomitant mycotoxins in forage crops before and after ensiling. The mycotoxin load of visually non‐mouldy samples and mouldy hot spots within the same silo is also compared. Subsequently, this review delves into different problem‐solving strategies. A logical first step is prevention of mould growth and mycotoxin production in the field, during harvest and during ensiling. If prevention should fail, several remediation strategies are available. These are listed, mainly focusing on the possibilities of microbial degradation of mycotoxins in vivo in silage. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

真菌毒素多重检测技术研究进展

真菌毒素分布广、污染重、防控难,从农田到餐桌的全过程均易污染农产品,严重威胁人畜健康和生态环境安全。据统计,农产品真菌毒素的污染中超过75%为多种真菌毒素的混合污染,因此建立高灵敏、高通量的真菌毒素检测技术成为当今食品安全检测领域普遍面临的重大挑战。本文综述了近5 年真菌毒素多重检测技术的研究进展,主要包括高效液相色谱-串联质谱法、免疫层析法、化学比色法、电化学法、化学发光法、荧光法、拉曼光谱法等,分析了这些方法在真菌毒素多重检测中的应用与亟待解决的问题,并对其未来的发展应用前景进行了展望。     

Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective

Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.     

基于纳米材料的适配体生物传感器检测真菌毒素研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在饲料或食品中生长所产生的次级代谢产物,通过食物链可在人和动物体内不断蓄积,且较难通过代谢排除,给人体和畜牧业构成了较大威胁。因此,真菌毒素的监测成为了预防真菌毒素污染的重要途径之一。近年来,随着纳米材料科学的飞速发展和研究人员在真菌毒素检测方面的不断深入研究,基于纳米材料的适配体生物传感在真菌毒素检测领域得到了广泛应用。与传统检测方法相比,适配体与纳米材料联用检测技术更加快捷、方法更加简单、成本更加低廉。因此,本文归纳了近几年有关真菌毒素快速检测方面的文献,分析总结了以纳米材料为基础的适配体生物传感器用于真菌毒素的快速检测研究,以及有关食品安全现阶段面临的主要问题,期望对真菌毒素检测的相关研究发展起到一定的借鉴与启示。     

新型纳米材料与噬菌体展示技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用

真菌毒素是真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的次级有毒代谢产物,具有致癌、致畸、致突变的毒性作用,严重危害人体健康,因此对其检测与控制非常重要.现有检测方法普遍存在样品预处理复杂、成本高、操作繁琐等缺点,且会对操作人员和环境造成潜在二次危害.新型纳米材料可以提高真菌毒素的检测灵敏度,噬菌体展示技术可以筛选真菌毒素的模拟表位和抗真...     

植物油中真菌毒素污染的防控

真菌毒素都有强烈的毒性,有致癌、致畸、致突变作用。作为细菌的代谢产物,粮油制品中真菌毒素的污染不可避免。植物油是世界各地人们日常摄入的主要粮油制品,其安全关系到大众健康和社会稳定。植物油中真菌毒素污染是重要的食品安全隐患。本文从原料的种植、收割、储藏、加工等诸多方面介绍了植物油中真菌毒素污染状况及检测技术,并着重介绍了真菌毒素的防治,主要包括除毒和抑毒。实用、有效的植物油中真菌毒素污染的防控方法不仅可以减少国际贸易损失,更有助于保护消费者健康,是目前需要迫切发展的研究方向之一。     

Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: a review

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates produced by many important phytopathogenic and food spoilage fungi including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria species. The contamination of foods and animal feeds with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. We reviewed various control strategies to prevent the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis including pre-harvest (resistance varieties, field management and the use of biological and chemical agents), harvest management, and post-harvest (improving of drying and storage conditions, the use of natural and chemical agents, and irradiation) applications. While much work in this area has been performed on the most economically important mycotoxins, aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A much less information is available on other mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, fumonisin B(1), zearalenone, citrinin, and patulin. In addition, physical, chemical, and biological detoxification methods used to prevent exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic effect of mycotoxins are discussed. Finally, dietary strategies, which are one of the most recent approaches to counteract the mycotoxin problem with special emphasis on in vivo and in vitro efficacy of several of binding agents (activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, bentonite, zeolites, and lactic acid bacteria) have also been reviewed.     

天然植物成分防控农产品中真菌毒素的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌生长过程中产生的次生代谢产物,其对农产品的污染直接威胁人类和动物的生命健康。真菌毒素的预防和脱除是实现食品和饲料工业高质量发展亟待解决的关键问题之一。目前研究者采用了多种策略来防控真菌毒素污染避免健康问题和经济损失,包括抑制真菌生长及真菌毒素生成、去除和降解污染农产品中的真菌毒素、降低真菌毒素生物活性等。利用天然植物成分（Natural plant compounds,NPC）防控真菌毒素污染表现出稳定性强、安全性好和抑制效率高等优势,业已成为研究新趋势。本文综述了近年来NPC防控农产品中真菌毒素污染的不同策略,讨论了相应的作用机制,分析了现阶段采用NPC防控真菌毒素的优势和不足,并展望了在食品工业的应用前景,为开发新的真菌毒素防控试剂提供科学参考。     

How will climate change affect mycotoxins in food?

This invited review and opinion piece, assesses the impact of climate change on mycotoxins in food: only one paper and an abstract referred directly from a substantial literature search and then only in relation to Europe. Climate change is an accepted probability by most scientists. Favourable temperature and water activity are crucial for mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production. Fungal diseases of crops provide relevant information for pre-harvest mycotoxin contamination. However, the mycotoxin issue also involves post-harvest scenarios. There are no data on how mycotoxins affect competing organisms in crop ecosystems. In general, if the temperature increases in cool or temperate climates, the relevant countries may become more liable to aflatoxins. Tropical countries may become too inhospitable for conventional fungal growth and mycotoxin production. Could this lead to the extinction of thermotolerant Aspergillus flavus? Currently cold regions may become liable to temperate problems concerning ochratoxin A, patulin and Fusarium toxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol). Regions which can afford to control the environment of storage facilities may be able to avoid post-harvest problems but at high additional cost. There appears to be a lack of awareness of the issue in some non-European countries. The era will provide numerous challenges for mycotoxicologists.     

Review of mycotoxin reduction in food and feed: from prevention in the field to detoxification by adsorption or transformation

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites present worldwide in agricultural commodities and produced by ?lamentous fungi that cause a toxic response (mycotoxicosis) when ingested by animals. Prevention of mycotoxicoses includes pre- and post-harvest strategies. The best way to reduce the mycotoxin content in food and feed is the prevention of mycotoxin formation in the ?eld, but this is often not sufficient, so other methods are needed. To decontaminate and/or detoxify mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed, the most prevalent approach in the feed industry is the inclusion of sorbent materials in the feed thus obtaining more or less selective removal of toxins by adsorption during passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Another reliable approach is to add enzymes or microorganisms capable of detoxifying some mycotoxins. Through a comprehensive review of published reports on the strategies for mycotoxin removal, this present work aims to update our understanding of mycotoxin removal. It provides an insight into the detoxification of mycotoxin present in food and feed. In the future, more emphasis needs to be placed on adsorption of mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. Concerning the enzymatic transformation of mycotoxins, further efforts are required in understanding detoxification reactions, the toxicity of transformation products and in the characterization of enzymes responsible for transformations.     

农产品中真菌毒素检测方法研究进展

真菌毒素是由特定真菌在适宜条件下产生的有毒小分子次级代谢产物,农产品在生长、加工和储运过程中均存在被真菌毒素污染的可能性,被真菌毒素污染的农产品会严重危害动物和人类的健康。因此建立精确、高效的真菌毒素检测方法对于农产品中真菌毒素的防控和监测具有重要意义。本文主要介绍了真菌毒素的产生和危害,综述了近5年农产品中真菌毒素检测方法(仪器分析法、免疫学分析方法和光谱分析法)的研究进展,分析了这些检测方法的优缺点,并展望了农产品中真菌毒素在未来的发展趋势,为农产品中真菌毒素检测的相关研究和安全监管提供参考和启发。     

A review of postharvest approaches to reduce fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods

Contamination of agricultural and food products by some fungi species that produce mycotoxins can result in unsafe food and feed. Mycotoxins have been demonstrated to have disease‐causing activities, including carcinogenicity, immune toxicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Most of mycotoxins are heat stable and cannot be easily destroyed by conventional thermal food processing or domestic cooking methods. Postharvest approaches to prevent growth of mycotoxin‐producing fungi and detoxify mycotoxins from contaminated food are important topics in food safety research. Physical, chemical, and biological methods have been applied to prevent fungal growth or mycotoxin production, or to reduce mycotoxin content in the postharvest period and contribute toward mitigating against the effects of mycotoxins on human health. This literature review aims to evaluate postharvest approaches that have been applied to control both fungi growth and mycotoxin content in food and discuss their potential for upscaling to industrial scale.