Development and Implementation of Current Tee for AC High Current Calibration

Thermal current converters or thermal transfer standard with AC–DC current shunts act as the reference standards for accurate and precise measurements of low frequency current in the frequency range from 40 Hz to 10 kHz. At present CSIR-NPL, India has the AC–DC current transfer difference (δ _x) calibration facility upto 20 A. To extend our AC current calibration range from 20 A to 100 A, a current Tee for AC high current using LC connectors has been indigenously designed and developed. This paper presents the development of current Tee for AC high current calibration. The calibration results for assigning ‘δ _x’ at 30 A current shunt with respect to 20 A are shown and the same measurement technique has been used to extend the current range up to 100 A.     

NBS Provides Voltage Calibration Service in 0.1-10-Hz Range Using AC Voltmeter/Calibrator

Prompted by the need to support vibration and pressure measurements at frequencies down to 0.5 Hz (with expected future needs to 0.1 Hz), NBS now offers a calibration service for voltage standards and rms voltmeters in the range of 0.1-10 Hz. The means for the service is an "ac Voltmeter/Calibrator," an NBS-developed instrument containing an rms digital voltmeter and ac and dc voltage calibrators. The methods used to calibrate the ac voltage calibrator are discussed; also, application of the ac Voltmeter/Calibrator to the calibration of customers' voltage and voltmeter standards is described. Finally, a multifrequency voltage reference source with frequency-independent amplitude is proposed as a more suitable transfer standard than thermal voltage converters (TVC's) for the 0.1-10-Hz range.     

Extension of the NIST AC-DC Difference Calibration Service for Current to 100 kHz

The NIST calibration service for ac-dc difference of thermal current converters relies on multijunction thermal converters as the primary standards, and various thermal converters and thermoelements (TEs) as the reference and working standards. Calibrations are performed by comparing the ac-dc difference of a customer’s thermal current converter to the ac-dc difference of a NIST standard current converter. Typical artifacts accepted for calibration include single-junction thermoelements, multijunction thermal converters, and transfer shunts for use with TEs. This paper describes the standards on which the calibration service is based and the results of the study to characterize the NIST standards over the extended frequency range from 50 kHz to 100 kHz at currents from 1 mA to 20 A. The general method for the frequency extension at high frequency involves the use of thermoelements in the 5 mA range, with small frequency dependence, as the starting point for build-up and build-down chains to cover the whole range from 1 mA to 20 A.     

交流电压源毫伏级量值准确测量的技术研究

基于电压比例和交直流转换技术,提出了一种对交流电压源的毫伏级量值进行准确测量的方法。采用自行研制的二进制级联结构电压比例装置和792A交直流转换标准,将被测交流电压源的毫伏级量值溯源至交流电压国家基准。实验采用替代测量法,通过选用不同电压比例和不同792A量程的组合,在55Hz~5kHz频率范围内,对1台5720A多功能校准源10~200mV范围的交流电压进行准确测量。结果表明,各毫伏级交流电压示值相对误差的绝对值均不超过±40μV/V,测量结果扩展不确定度优于80μV/V,满足交流电压源毫伏级量值溯源需求。     

An Automatic System for AC/DC Calibration

An automatic ac/dc difference calibration system using direct measurement of thermoelement EMFs is described. The system operates over a frequency range from 20 Hz to 100 kHz, covering the voltage range from 0.5 V to 1 kV. For all voltages, the total uncertainty (including the uncertainty of the specific reference thermal converters used) is 50 ppm at frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, inclusive, and 100 ppm at higher frequencies up to 100 kHz. In addition to ac/dc difference testing, the system can be used to measure some important characteristics of thermoelements, as well as to calibrate ac voltage calibrators and precision voltmeters. Results of intercomparisons between the new system and the manual NBS calibration system, using single-range, coaxial-type, thermal voltage converters as transfer standards, are reported. The results indicate that the ac/dc differences measured are accurate to well within the combined total uncertainty limits of the two systems.     

A new power standard for audio-frequency measurements

A thermal power comparator for audio-frequency measurements is presented. It is essentially a double-bridge-type multiplier that consists of two multijunction thermal converters that contain two heaters. Together with a precision inductive voltage divider and current transformer for extending the voltage and current range, the comparator ensured a high-precision power standard with an AC/DC transfer error of less than 15 p.p.m. in the audio-frequency range     

The relationship between microsystem technology and metrology

Microsystem technology (MST) has enabled silicon sensors to evolve from simple transduction elements to microsystems (micro-instruments) that include readout circuits, self-test, and auto-zeroing facilities. This paper discusses the impact of MST in the instrumentation and measurement (I&M) field. In metrology, in particular, the development of electrical reference standards by using microtechnology has opened a wide variety of potential applications, such as the Josephson junction array (DC voltage reference) and thin-film multijunction thermal converters (AC voltage and AC current reference). It is shown that MST has even more to offer to the I&M field. Two devices that have highly benefited from MST. thermal and capacitive RMS-to-DC converters are discussed in historical perspective., Subsequently, a recently developed microdevice, the pull-in voltage reference, which may have a huge impact in I&M applications, is outlined. Finally, it is demonstrated that recent developments in electrical and nonelectrical metrology system concepts offer special opportunities for on-chip cointegrated silicon microsystem realizations     

Evaluation of The Performance of Portable New Design High DC Voltage Measuring System up 40 kV

Portable DC high voltage (HV) measuring system up to 40 kV has been designed and built with DC HV probe and AC/DC voltmeter developed at TUBITAK UME (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). The structure and construction of the HV probe and DC voltmeter for evaluating their performance are described. The comparison measurements have been done using the reference DC HV system up to 40 kV. The voltmeter described here was developed for using in the measurement or calibration of DC HVs with high input impedance greater than 100 MΩ. The voltage error obtained in comparison measurements is less than 100 μV/V at 40 kV.     

Assigning RF/DC Transfer Difference to High Frequency Voltage Primary Standard up to 1 GHz at NPLI

National Physical Laboratory (NPLI) India is the premier research and development center and the National Metrology Institute, which provides traceability in measurements by calibration throughout the country. High frequency (HF) voltage is one of the important parameter in electrical metrology. At NPLI the primary standard of HF voltage at frequencies from 1 to 1,000 MHz is a twin resistance coaxial power mount. The calibration technique and establishing the traceability by assigning the RF/DC transfer difference to HF voltage primary standard are described in this paper. The HF voltage primary standard has been characterized by assigning RF/DC transfer differences to it in terms of effective efficiency, RF impedance and DC resistance. The calibration results of the primary standard have been discussed in this paper. The assigned RF/DC transfer difference (δ) and the expanded uncertainty of HF voltage primary standard at 1.0 GHz is (?5.2 ± 5.4) mV/V.     

Precision average-sensing AC/DC converters

Various configurations of average-sensing AC/DC converters for precision AC voltage measurements are described. Due to the unique electrical configurations in which the influence of the inaccuracy of ratio resistors is suppressed, these converters have high accuracy (better than 0.01%) and resolution (0.0001%) at medium frequencies. Their frequency range is from 10 Hz to 1 MHz, with a settling time less than 1 s     

医用泄漏电流测量网络的校准技术研究

研究了GB 9706.1-2007医用泄漏电流测量网络的校准技术。分析了在DC~1MHz频率范围内校准测量网络的输入阻抗和传输特性的必要性,指出测量网络具有准确的频响特性是实现泄漏电流测量的先决条件;提出了测量网络的校准方法,并分析了测量网络的频响参数标准值。通过分析测试线分布电感对传输特性校准的影响,指出电压表高频共模抑制能力的不足将带来显著的误差。基于DDS、I-V转换和隔离测量等技术,研制了一款多功能的泄漏电流校准仪,能够实现测量网络的输入阻抗和传输电压比的自动扫频校准,满足医用泄漏电流测试仪的校准需要。     

An RMS Digital Voltmeter/Calibrator for Very-Low Frequencies

A portable rms digital voltmeter (DVM) has been developed at NBS to support vibration measurements over the ranges of 0.1 to 50 Hz and 2 mV to 10V. A self-contained calibrator provides for self-calibration and may be used for calibrating other VLF voltmeters. The calibrator basically consists of a Kelvin-Varley divider fed by a reference voltage (either dc or sinewave generated by a ROM-DAC combination) A multijunction thermal converter (MJTC) was selected as the sensing device in the rms/dc converter of the DVM since its low ac/dc difference facilitates calibration of the ac calibrator. Factors affecting accuracy and response time are analyzed. The DVM response time is 40 s for the lowest input frequency. Its accuracy (percent of reading) is 0.1 percent above 0.5 Hz and 5 mV and 0.2 percent below these values. The ac calibrator accuracy is 0.02 percent. Measurement accuracy improves by a factor of about 4 for transfer measurements (comparing input voltages with ac calibrator voltages) Means for extending this accuracy to 0.01 percent are discussed.     

An intercomparison of AC voltage using a digitally synthesizedsource

An AC voltage intercomparison was conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to determine the consistency of AC voltage measurements made at various standards laboratories. The transport standard used for this purpose was an NIST-developed, digitally synthesized sinusoidal voltage source whose RMS (root mean square) value was calculated by measuring the DC level of each of the steps used to synthesize the sine wave. The uncertainty of the calculated voltage at approximately 7 V RMS is typically within ±10 parts per million (p.p.m.) from 15 Hz to 7.8 kHz. This approach incorporates a technique of determining AC voltage with reference to a measured standard DC voltage, which is independent of the traditional thermal voltage converter approach. Preliminary measurements made at each of the participating laboratories agree with the calculated value to within ±20 p.p.m. These results indicate that at 7 V, in the low audio-frequency range, the AC voltage measurement techniques implemented at these laboratories are near the state of the art     

Disseminating the ITS-90 Traceability in Industry��An Intercomparison of Temperature Block Calibrators

An international intercomparison has been carried out with a commercial dry block calibrator as a transfer standard by the Danish Technological Institute (DTI). The intercomparison involved 16 participating laboratories from five European countries. The intercomparison comprised five measurement points in the range from ?20 °C to +150 °C. The purposes of the intercomparison were twofold: to compare the results of the participating laboratories during calibration of a dry block calibrator and to establish the dry block calibrators?? reproducibility and suitability both as a transfer standard and as a working measurement standard for disseminating the ITS-90 traceability in industry. The characterization and performance of state- of-the-art multi-zone dry block calibrators and the results of the intercomparison are presented.     

A reevaluation of the NIST low-frequency standards for AC-DCdifference in the voltage range 0.6-100 V

A reevaluation of the NIST standards of ac-dc difference was undertaken in an effort to reduce the calibration uncertainty offered by NIST for thermal voltage converters (TVC's) at frequencies below 100 Hz. This paper describes the measurements taken in support of this effort, as well as the devices used for the reevaluation process and the analysis of the uncertainty of the measurements. This reevaluation of the NIST low-frequency standards will permit a significant reduction in uncertainty for ac-dc difference calibrations at 10 Hz in the voltage range from 0.6-100 V     

Design,analysis and application of high set-up ZVT DC–DC converter with direct power transfer

In this paper, a new snubber cell for soft switched high set-up DC–DC converters is introduced. The main switch is turned on by zero-voltage transition and turned off by zero-voltage switching (ZVS). The main diode is turned on by ZVS and turned off by zero-current switching. Besides, all auxiliary semiconductor devices are soft switched. Any semiconductor device does not expose the additional current or voltage stress. The new snubber transfers some of the circulation energy to the output side when it ensures soft switching for main semiconductor devices. Thus, the current stress of auxiliary switch is significantly reduced. Besides, the total efficiency of converter is high due to the direct power transfer feature of new converter. A theoretical and mathematical analysis of the new converter is presented, and also verified with experimental set-up at 500 W and 100 kHz. Finally, the overall efficiency of new converter is 97.4% at nominal output power.     

A new AC voltage standard

An AC voltage standard has been developed for the 10 Hz-1 MHz frequency range with basic accuracy of 37.5 p.p.m. The standard is programmable and twice as accurate as current calibrators. Unique circuitry used to achieve fast response and high frequency, high voltage capability is described. The AC voltage standard incorporates a novel solid-state thermal converter which uses proprietary concepts to speed up AC-DC conversion while maintaining broad bandwidth and high frequency response. Design concepts which reduce maintenance cost, automate calibration, and simplify precise traceable AC voltage measurements are also provided     

脉冲调宽乘法器在交流应用下的误差及标准功率、电压、电流测量仪的研制

本文讨论了脉冲调宽乘法器用于交流测量时交直流变换误差与时分割频率的关系，提出了一种新的准确计算方法，并对相移误差等因素作了分析，给出了减小误差的措施。最后介绍了基于上述分析而设计研制的标准功率、电压、电流测量仪，其测量功率、电压、电流的误差均小于００１％     

Precision AC–DC Transfer Measurement System Based on a 1000-V Inductive Voltage Divider

The traceability for thermal voltage converters (TVCs) usually depends on a range-to-range buildup technique that requires either very small voltage-level dependencies of the converters or precise knowledge of these level dependencies. In practice, this inevitably leads to uncertainties that accumulate in the buildup process and dominate the overall uncertainty of the high-voltage ac–dc transfer measurement. This paper presents an alternative technique that uses a 1000-V inductive voltage divider (IVD) developed at the National Measurement Institute, Linfield, Australia (NMIA). The use of the IVD eliminates the need for the buildup, which leads to a significant reduction in the uncertainty. The standard uncertainty of the new high-voltage TVC calibration setup is on the order of 1 $muhbox{V/V}$, which is significantly smaller than the uncertainties derived from the buildup technique.