SiC陶瓷的SPS烧结机理研究

利用放电等离子烧结炉在不同温度下对SiC陶瓷进行烧结，烧结温度分别为1250、1450、1650、1850℃，升温速度均为200℃／min，升到温度后立即冷却。基于烧结后SiC陶瓷的扫描电镜观察，对SiC陶瓷的放电等离子烧结机理进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明，随着烧结温度的提高，SiC陶瓷的致密化程度逐渐提高，在1250℃和1450℃烧结的试样微观组织中很难发现烧结现象，但在小颗粒间发生局部的烧结痕迹，在1650℃烧结的试样微观组织中存在小颗粒的烧结现象，大颗粒间仍然没有烧结，颗粒形貌基本保持原始粉末的形貌，而在1850℃烧结的试样微观组织中存在大量的烧结颈现象，而且颗粒形貌呈球形。因而SiC陶瓷的放电等离子烧结机理可能是低温下的焦耳热烧结机理和高温下的放电和焦耳热共同作用机理。     

复合掺杂对YSZ电解质材料烧结性与电性能的影响

采用高温固溶法制备Sc2O3（Dy2O3）和Yb2O3复合掺杂YSZ电解质材料，研究了复合掺杂对YSZ烧结性和电性能的影响。结果表明：随着Sc2O3含量的增加，试样烧结密度降低（1600℃烧结密度由5．82g／cm^3降至5．24g／cm^3），而Dy2O3却能提高烧结密度（1600℃烧结密度由5．63g／cm^3增至5．86g／cm^3）：当掺杂总量x，％）为8～8．6时，材料电导率得到大幅度提高（1000℃时，0．18S／cm）；1nσ-1000／T呈现较好的线性关系，说明电导率σ与温度T之间关系符合Arrhenius公式；XRD分析表明复合掺杂YSZ电解质材料晶格常数有所增大，对提高电导率起积极作用；复合添加剂促进了晶粒生长，尤其是含Dy试样晶粒尺寸较大。     

烧结温度对ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷致密化的影响

利用放电等离子烧结技术（SPS）在不同的烧结温度下对ZrB2-SiC超高温陶瓷进行烧结，研究了烧结温度对烧结体致密化的影响。结果表明，在烧结温度分别为1650℃、1750℃、1850℃和1950℃，升温速度为200℃／min，保温时间为1min，压力为50MPa时，随着烧结温度的提高，烧结体的致密度呈上升趋势。当烧结温度高于1850℃时，烧结体的致密化过程明显加剧；通过对不同烧结温度下制得的试样的XRD谱图分析发现，当温度高于1850℃时ZrB2-SiC陶瓷中的SiC相会发生3C相到4H相的转变，这可能就是当烧结温度高于1850℃时烧结体致密度会急剧上升的原因。     

制备铜铝梯度功能材料的烧结工艺研究

烧结工艺是影响铜铝梯度功能材料电导率的较为重要的因素。运用粉末叠层的方法制备了Cu-Al梯度功能材料试样，在氮气密封罐中分别进行520、535、550、565及580℃烧结3h；并在温度不变的条件下烧结不同的时间。研究发现对铜铝梯度功能材料导电性能影响较大的是烧结温度；在550℃烧结3h时，电导率最高；铜铝梯度功能材料电导率随烧结时间的延长而升高，但较为有效的烧结时间为3h。     

SPS脉冲电流在氮化硅烧结中的作用

对电流在氮化硅陶瓷放电等离子烧结过程中的作用进行了研究，采用放电等离子烧结工艺，分别对含助烧剂（Y2O3／MgO）氮化硅（α-Si3N4）粉体，以及用纯氮化硅粉体包覆的含助烧剂粉体进行了烧结；并且考虑到包覆层引起的试样烧结温度的差异，在较低温度进行了无包覆试样烧结。实验结果表明：包覆层明显抑制了氮化硅陶瓷的相转变及晶粒生长。通过与低温烧结试样进行对比，排除了包覆层引起的温度差异的影响，认为是SPS电场在氮化硅的烧结过程中通过导电的液相形成电流，促进了溶解在液相中的氮化硅的扩散，从而加快了相转变及柱状晶生长这些和溶解析出相关的过程。     

加热速率对液相烧结钨高比重合金显微结构的影响

尺寸的精确度在通过液相烧结形成网状体中显得很重要。本研究报告了加热速率对液相烧结W-Ni-Fe高比重合金的影响。高比重合金的成分为83wt％W、88wt％W和93wt％W，剩余的Ni-Fe按7：3之比，以1℃／min、5℃／min、10℃／min和15℃／min的加热速率进行烧结。在此范围内，加热速率对致密化或位移没有明显的影响。不同的加热速率产生的晶粒度分布比较相似。晶粒长大平均速率为2．8μm^3／s．晶粒长大速率随液体的体积百分数的变化而呈反方向变化。     

TiB_2/Cu复合材料微波烧结制备工艺探讨

以TiB2/Cu复合粉末压坯为研究对象,应用微波烧结炉对其进行烧结。探讨了微波烧结制备TiB2/Cu复合材料的几种基本的工艺因素。结果表明,在微波烧结条件下,以SiC粉末作为辅助加热,可以得到较快的升温速率,并且温度易于控制;将试样放置于SiC粉末上,可以较好地进行温度测量,试样烧结外观较好;随着烧结温度和时间的增大,试样致密度有所提高。在1 000℃烧结10min得到的致密度最高。     

电场作用下316L不锈钢粉末的微成型研究

采用Gleeble热模拟机,在电场作用下制备了微型316L不锈钢圆柱.根据电场作用下微成型的特点,设计并制造了针对电场烧结微成型的微型模具.采用3种不同工艺,在电场作用下进行了微成型烧结试验.对试样烧结过程进行了描述,对热力学曲线进行了分析.结果表明:在450℃和620℃烧结收缩速率曲线出现明显波动,温度曲线出现明显拐点,分别发生了固相烧结和液相烧结;试样在500℃烧结时,没有发现明显烧结颈,这说明发生了固相烧结;在600℃和800℃烧结时,可观察到烧结颈局部有液相粘接微小区域.     

温度对TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

对TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金在150℃，25℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da／dN进行了测试，给出了扩展速率和应力强度因子幅值AK之间的关系曲线。用SEM对2种温度下断口形貌进行了观测，实验结果表明，150℃的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试样具有较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率，25℃的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试样具有较低的门槛值；稳态扩展区解理断裂和条带循环机制共存，150℃的da／dN试样中的疲劳辉间距比25℃试样细；快速扩展区的断口形貌呈韧窝型静载断裂特征，150℃的da／dN试样中的韧窝比25℃试样深。     

升温速率对Micro-FAST制备NiTi合金的影响

采用多物理场活化烧结微成形技术(Micro-FAST),低温(850℃)、短时间内(约8 min)成功制备了Φ4 mm×4 mm的Ni Ti微型圆柱,并研究了升温速率对制备Ni Ti合金致密度的影响。结果表明,试样在快速升温阶段发生最大的收缩量,直接影响了试样的烧结质量。在升温速率为25~125℃/s的范围内,随着升温速率的提高,Ni Ti合金的相对密度降低。升温速率越大(电流越大),大电流促进原子扩散,形成富Ni区,利于Ni Ti_2和Ni_3Ti相的形成,并加剧Kirkendall效应,生成更多孔隙;试样在电流作用下产生局部高温,促使局部液相生成,融化周围粉末生成孔隙。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。