低频脉冲磁场中磁屏蔽体磁饱和效应的试验研究

针对磁屏蔽体在低频脉冲磁场环境中可能存在的磁饱和问题,利用试验方法开展了磁饱和效应研究,证实了常规工程屏蔽体可在低频脉冲磁场环境中达到磁饱和状态,并通过观测屏蔽效能的变化获得了磁饱和规律,同时分析了磁饱和效应对屏蔽效能的影响及其与屏蔽体的材料磁导率、壳体厚度、外形尺寸等参数的关系.研究表明：磁屏蔽体屏蔽效能在磁饱和效应影响下,呈现出明显的动态变化特点,具有与屏蔽壳体磁导率类似的变化趋势;壳体厚度2 mm以内、长宽高为2 m×2 m×2 m左右的屏蔽体在上升时间为300μs、持续时间为1.2 ms的磁场环境中,达到磁饱和状态的磁化场强度约为10 mT,其磁饱和难易程度与磁导率及外形尺寸负相关,与壳体厚度正相关.试验研究结果与理论分析结论一致,可为磁屏蔽体的科学合理设计提供参考,具有较高的工程应用价值.     

Flux Distribution in a Linear Magnetic Shield

The two-dimensional flux distribution in a magnetic shield of constant permeability and conductivity is presented in a series of magnetic vector-potential contour plots. The plots show the leakage-flux tubes in the shield and in the shielded region. Three- dimensionless parameters representing the shielding 1) thickness, 2) skin depth, and 3) permeability are introduced as the flux-distribution variables. The induced eddy currents cause the resulting fields in the shield to be elliptically polarized and to break into a characteristic cell structure which increases in complexity with rising frequency.     

Shielding Circuits from EMP

It is generally impractical to filter low-frequency electromagnetic pulse (EMP) signals from victim circuits. Twisting signal pair conductors is helpful but often results in insufficient isolation. The remainder must be provided by shielding. Highly permeable ferritic materials have generally been found to provide maximum shielding from low-frequency magnetic fields. It is shown that this may not be the case when the signal source is relatively distant from the shield. With large separation, there appears to be a greatly increased mismatch between the wave impedance at the shield and the intrinsic impedance of the metal. This results in much greater reflection of the impinging wave than occurs for the same signal strength with small source to shield separation. The mismatch is greatest with a highly conductive shield material. All common highly permeable materials have low relative conductivity. High permeability does not improve the shielding effectiveness at low audio frequencies because no significant attenuation occurs as the wave passes through the shield. It is concluded that materials such as copper or aluminum are logical choices for shielding circuits from distant, high-intensity, low-frequency EMP.     

Optimization of Anisotropic Magnetic Shielding

The concept of anisotropy is introduced in a laminar structure of magnetic sheet and the condition for minimum volume and maximum effectiveness of the magnetic shield of a spherical shell is investigated. The advantage of this structure over the conventional layered structure is shown. Figures and tables of this condition for typical shielding factor and permeability values are given.     

A computational methodology and results for quasistaticmultilayered magnetic shielding

A methodology for accurate calculations of shielding factors for quasistatic multilayered magnetic shields is described. “Transfer relations” for individual layers with specified magnetic permeabilities and electrical conductivities are spliced together. Specific transfer relations for four layer geometries (planar, cylindrical with transverse fields, cylindrical with axial fields, and spherical) and constraints at source and shielded surfaces for six source-shield configurations involving both externally applied fields and enclosed sources are developed. Limiting cases are extracted for magnetically permeable, nonconducting layers, and for thin, magnetically nonpermeable, conducting layers. Reciprocity conditions are identified for interchanged source and shielded regions in planar, transverse field cylindrical, and spherical geometries. Variations of magnetic field and flux density with position are shown for a specific planar example involving alternating layers of aluminum and steel, with the same total shield thickness occupied by either one or five layer pairs. Simulations with alternating layers of aluminum and steel for the four layer geometries are used to study the effects of material composition, number of layer pairs, and air gaps. An optimal number of layer pairs for a given total shield thickness is identified. Results from simulations where induced currents in the steel layers are neglected are compared with those for simulations with a realistic conductivity value for steel to assess the relative effects of flux shunting and induced current shielding     

Low-Frequency Shielding Effectiveness of a Double Cylinder Enclosure

The low-frequency shielding effectiveness of a long double cylinder shield is determined through a solution of Maxwell's field equations. The shielding expression obtained is then compared with the results obtained by both the circuit approach and the transmission-line analogy. The findings of the present paper are also compared with the analysis by previous authors of the multishield problem. A digitalcomputer program for numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of adouble cylinder shield is developed and used to study the influence of the shield dimensions and material constants.     

Review of Circuit Approach to Calculate Shielding Effectiveness

The shielding effectiveness of an enclosure at low frequencies can be readily computed using a circuit approach. Not only does this technique include the effects of the properties of the shield material, but it also includes the details of the geometry of the enclosure. Furthermore, this approach allows a nonempirical consideration of mesh enclosures and the effects of resistive seams in enclosure walls. By working with the circuit analogue, penetration by transient fields can also be computed. Essentially the enclosure is viewed as an antenna. In the case of magnetic shielding effectiveness, the enclosure is viewed as a short circuited loop antenna. In the case of electric field penetration, the enclosure is viewed as a fat electric dipole. Using this characterization and exact solutions where available, the current distribution on the outside of the enclosure is first determined. Then, based on the current distribution, the penetrating fields are computed. The equations are developed in such a way as to preserve a lumped circuit analogue for the low-frequency region. The basic circuit equations for magnetic field penetration are rederived from a rigorous solution. Rules to estimate the rise-time, fall-time, and peak magnitudes of transient penetrating fields are developed. The electric shielding effectiveness is developed in a similar manner. In both cases the results of the circuit approach agree well with those based on rigorous solutions of the electromagnetic boundary conditions. The results also agree with published experimental data on both large and small enclosures.     

New figures of merit for the characterization of the performance of shielding enclosures

Evaluation and measurement of shielding performance of enclosures and protection structures in general are based on the comparison between the local field values with and without the shield. Apart from some practical problems arising in specific, but relevant, situations like enclosures of small dimensions, such an approach appears rather incomplete and sometime deceitful. Despite this, shielding effectiveness (SE) is a well-established parameter, and it seems that for decades, the attention has been focussed more on how to evaluate and measure the so-called SE, rather on what the goal of any shielding structure is and why each evaluation and measurement should be performed. The main drawback is that SE is a local quantity and its knowledge does not help in the prediction of the real mitigation of undesired effects achieved by means of any shielding structure; undesired effects are mainly due to an integral of an electric or magnetic field, and/or to spatial variations of electric and magnetic field components. In the past, proposals were advanced toward an improved definition and measurement of electromagnetic SE; the proposed new figures of merit were based on the energy (power) penetrating the enclosure, perceived as the key factor for the shielding problem. However, it seems more adequate and correct the direct reference to the mechanism of birth of induced effects, as stemming from Maxwell equations. For these reasons, two new figures of merit are proposed for the comparison of enclosures and shields performance.     

Shielding effect of hollow chiral sphere

The low-frequency shielding effect of a spherical layer is studied. The layer is made of a chiral material and it is electromagnetically characterized with three material parameters: permittivity, permeability, and chirality. Due to chirality, there is magnetoelectric coupling. The electric and magnetic shielding effects are derived and are shown to be functions of the three material parameters and also the relative thickness of the layer. Illustrations display the effects of the various parameters on the shielding, which is different for the magnetic and electric fields. Among the special effects is that the shielding increases rapidly as the chirality parameter approaches the refractive index of the shell. This makes chiral shells in principle effective shields, and in the future they may offer an alternative to conducting materials for novel shielding applications     

多层圆筒屏蔽特性计算中的矩阵法

采用矩阵方法分析多层圆筒屏蔽体对内部场的屏蔽特性。对位于屏蔽空间中心的激励沿径向传播的电磁波进行了研究。考虑了多层圆筒屏蔽体的直径、各个屏蔽材料层的媒质参数以及屏蔽层的厚度。分析了在屏蔽空间内到达多层圆筒屏蔽体的电磁波以及穿过多层圆筒屏蔽体的电磁波。利用麦克斯韦方程在各个圆筒屏蔽层的分界处的边界条件,建立相应的矩阵方程。利用矩阵之间的关系,给出了任意多层圆筒屏蔽体的反射系数、屏蔽系统及屏效的完整形     

磁场环境对磁保持继电器影响及防护

磁保持继电器广泛应用在航空、航天、电子、邮电等军用及民用电子装备中。分析了磁场对磁保持继电器的影响机理,分析不同量级、不同方向磁场对磁保持继电器的影响程度,研究不同厚度、不同尺寸屏蔽方式防护效果,得出磁保持继电器电磁屏蔽的方法,通过加大防护罩厚度或减少防护罩尺寸可有效改善防护罩的屏蔽效果,为磁保持继电器电磁防护的工程实施提供依据。     

磁保持继电器屏蔽罩的研究与优化设计

对磁保持继电器屏蔽罩的分析与研究可以满足使用者对其空间抗干扰能力的要求，以某型号单相磁保持继电器为基础，运用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了磁保持继电器电磁系统模型，仿真计算出静磁场干扰源对电磁系统的影响并设计出一种电磁屏蔽罩，使其具有良好的抗干扰能力.研究屏蔽罩上开槽对抗干扰能力的影响，在不降低其防护效果的前提下减轻重量，得到屏蔽罩开槽的优化方案，为其优化设计提供一定的参考依据.     

Interaction of Magnetic Fields and Ferromagnetic Shields

An analytic procedure is developed for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of ferromagnetic shields in shielding against magnetic fields. The basic approach is to separate the magnetization relation of a ferromagnetic material into regions in which each region is characterized by a constant permeability. Maxwell's equations are then solved in each time-varying geometric region (which correspond to the regions of the magnetization relation) and the solutions are matched at interfaces. This procedure permits solutions for nonlinear shielding problems to be readily obtained using linear techniques.     

An Equivalent Surface Source Method for Computation of the Magnetic Field Reduction of Metal Shields

A numerical method for computation of the resultant quasi-static magnetic field in the vicinity of parallel wires and metal shields is presented. The primary magnetic field source is time-harmonic currents in wires. This field is modified by conducting magnetic and/or nonmagnetic shields. The material is assumed to be linear under the applied source field. The shielding effectiveness can be estimated by a comparison between the primary and the resultant field. The reaction magnetic field is expressed by a sum of fields caused by equivalent single- and double-layer sources distributed on the shield surface. Integral equations for unknown distributions of these equivalent sources are derived from the Green's second identity implemented inside and outside the shields. These equations are coupled integral equations, and are solved by the moment method. Numerical results of the resultant (shielded) magnetic field obtained with the proposed method are compared with the results of: 1) analytically solvable problems; 2) measurements; and 3) two different numerical methods.      

同轴水密电缆用金属化纤维材料的性能研究

随着海洋装备技术的发展,对同轴水密电缆的轻量化和耐弯曲性能提出了较高的要求。通过研究镀银芳纶纤维、镀银维克特纶纤维和镀银柴隆纤维三类不同类型的金属化纤维及其编织屏蔽的性能以及对同轴水密电缆的减重性能、屏蔽性能、抗压性能、温度相位稳定性的影响,认为目前同轴水密电缆较为理想的金属化纤维编织屏蔽材料是镀银柴隆纤维。     

Some Electromagnetic Compatibility Grounding and Shielding Considerations in Titanium Aircraft Structures

High resistivity of titanium alloys (in the vicinity of 200 microohm-cm) requires special consideration of the role of airplane structure as a current return and as an electromagnetic shield. Experimental data and supporting analysis are presented. Voltage drops due to structure currents are larger in titanium than in aluminum airplanes. Return currents in structure are distributed widely instead of being relatively concentrated. For representative skin thicknesses, magnetic field shielding effectiveness is rather insignificant even at frequencies in the ADF range. Achieving electromagnetic compatibility in titanium airplanes will require greater than previous use of wire rather than of structure returns for susceptible circuits. To obtain a given magnetic field, isolation between a source and a receptor will require greater reliance on physical separation than on intrinsic magnetic field shielding of the structural material.     

The penetration of EM waves through loaded apertures

In many cases, the effectiveness of an electromagnetic shield is determined by apertures that exist in the shield. To minimize the penetration of EM fields through a large aperture, the aperture is sometimes loaded with conductive material. The solution of the loaded aperture problem can be reduced to the calculation of equivalent magnetic surface currents, M&oarr;_s, that exist over the surface of the aperture. In the paper, the relevant integro-differential equations have been solved using the method of moments to determine M&oarr;_s for a small, square aperture loaded with a number of impedance sheets of practical interest. These values of M&oarr;_s have been used to calculate the magnetic and electric insertion losses of these impedance sheets. The numerical results are compared with shielding measurements that have been made on carbon composite materials and wire meshes and grids     

Low-Frequency Shielding Effectiveness of Nonuniform Enclosures

This paper presents a quasi-static approximate solution to the magnetic shielding of several nonuniform enclosures using the integral form of Maxwell's equations and insight gained from other approaches. The solution is called quasi-static as the assumptions made are from physical arguments based on low-frequency cases where the enclosure size is much less than a wavelength. The integral form of Maxwell's equations is used to obtain a first order correction to the static solution to obtain induced currents in the time-varying case. A cylindrical shell immersed in an axial magnetic field is used to illustrate the method, which is then extended to derive a formula for a similarly excited rectangular enclosure. These shields are seen to behave like a low-pass filter. Although the enclosure dimensions are small compared to the wavelength, the skin depth effects in the walls cannot be neglected even for relatively thin material as usually encountered in an enclosure. These skin effects are included in the analysis and experimental checks performed on a variety of enclosure sizes and materials, excited by a Helmholtz coil show agreement within two decibels over the 4-octave frequency range examined. No one can say whether this method offers a better solution to the shielding problem, as all solutions are approximate, but the author attempts to present an alternative formulation that aids in understanding the physical processes involved in the shielding effectiveness of an enclosure and fills some of the gaps between the plane-wave analysis and circuit approaches presently used.     

Geometrical Effects on Shielding Effectiveness at Low Frequencies

A frequent approach to computing the magnetic shielding effectiveness of enclosures is to consider the effect of a plane wave impinging on a sheet of infinite extent. This permits an analysis based on a transmissionline characterization. However, when the wavelength is large compared to the dimensions of the enclosure, other analytical approaches provide better results. It has been shown that the current distribution on a box-like object scattering in the Rayleigh region tends to concentrate at the edges and corners of the box. This leads to concentrations of the magnetic field in the vicinity of edges and corners both inside and outside the enclosure. Since the effects of the current concentrations are localized, the magnetic shielding problem can be simplified by assuming a uniform current distribution on the exterior of the enclosure. Under this assumption the socalled ?circuit approach? can be applied. The box-like enclosure is characterized as a series of shorted turns which shield a sensor within the enclosure. Based on the geometry, the mutual and leakage impedances between the source and sensor are used to compute the magnetic shielding effectiveness. This approach yields valid results for shields constructed of either wire mesh or sheet metal. It can also be extended to account for degradation due to bad bonds. A comparison of results, both transient and steady state, of the circuit approach and scattering theory show close agreement for spherical enclosures.