Solvothermal‐assisted green synthesis of hybrid Chi‐Fe3 O4 nanocomposites: a potential antibacterial and antibiofilm material

In this present study, a hybrid Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ was prepared, characterised and evaluated for its antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus marcescens bacterial pathogens. Intense peak around 260 nm in the ultraviolet–visible spectrum specify the formation of magnetite nanoparticles. Spherical‐shaped particles with less agglomeration and particle size distribution of 3.78–46.40 nm were observed using transmission electron microscopy analysis and strong interaction of chitosan with the surface of magnetite nanoparticles was studied using field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM). X‐ray diffraction analysis exhibited the polycrystalline and spinel structure configuration of the nanocomposite. Presence of Fe and O, C and Cl elements were confirmed using energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed the reduction and formation of Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite. The antibacterial activity by deformation of the bacterial cell walls on treatment with Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite and its interaction was visualised using FESEM and the antibiofilm activity was determined using antibiofilm assay. In conclusion, this present study shows the green synthesis of Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposite and evaluation of its antibacterial and antibiofilm potential, proving its significance in medical and biological applicationsInspec keywords: visible spectra, particle size, magnetic particles, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, nanofabrication, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanomagnetics, microorganisms, antibacterial activity, iron compounds, ultraviolet spectra, biomedical materials, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, filled polymers, crystal growth from solution, polymer structureOther keywords: potential antibacterial material, antibiofilm potential, magnetite nanoparticles, solvothermal‐assisted green synthesis, hybrid Chi‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposites, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus marcescens, bacterial pathogens, ultraviolet–visible spectrum, spherical‐shaped particles, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, FESEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, spinel structure, polycrystalline structure, energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, deformation, bacterial cell walls, Fe₃ O₄      

Green synthesis of magnetically recoverable Fe3 O4 /HZSM‐5 and its Ag nanocomposite using Juglans regia L. leaf extract and their evaluation as catalysts for reduction of organic pollutants

In this work, an Fe₃ O₄ /HZSM‐5 nanocomposite was synthesised in the presence of Juglans regia L. leaf extract. Then, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were immobilised on the surface of prepared magnetically recoverable HZSM‐5 using selected extract for reduction of Ag⁺ ions to Ag NPs and their stabilisation on the surface of the nanocomposite. The reduction of Ag⁺ ions occurs at room temperature within a few minutes. Characterisation of the prepared catalysts has been carried out using fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. According to the FESEM images of the nanocomposites, the average size of the Ag NPs on the Fe₃ O₄ /HZSM‐5 surface was >70 nm. The Ag/Fe₃ O₄ /HZSM‐5 nanocomposite was a highly active catalyst for the reduction of methyl orange and 4‐nitrophenol in aqueous medium. The utilisation of recycled catalyst for three times in the reduction process does not decrease its activity.Inspec keywords: silver, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, nanocomposites, reduction (chemical), nanofabrication, nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy, catalysts, Fourier transform infrared spectra, iron compounds, field emission scanning electron microscopy, zeolites, magnetometry, particle sizeOther keywords: Ag‐Fe₃ O₄ , temperature 293 K to 298 K, green synthesis, catalyst material, 4‐nitrophenol reduction, methyl orange reduction, particle size, vibrating sample magnetometry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR spectroscopy, silver nanoparticles, Juglans regia L. leaf extract, organic pollutant reduction, magnetically recoverable nanocomposites, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy     

Catalytic hydrolysis of cellobiose using different acid‐functionalised Fe3 O4 magnetic nanoparticles

The present study demonstrated the preparation of three different acid‐functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and evaluation for their catalytic efficacy in hydrolysis of cellobiose. Initially, iron oxide (Fe₃ O₄)MNPs were synthesised, which further modified by applying silica coating (Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si) and functionalised with alkylsulfonic acid (Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si@AS), butylcarboxylic acid (Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si@BCOOH) and sulphonic acid (Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si@SO₃ H) groups. The Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the presence of above‐mentioned acid functional groups on MNPs. Similarly, X‐ray diffraction pattern and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and elemental composition of MNPs, respectively. TEM micrographs showed the synthesis of spherical and polydispersed nanoparticles having diameter size in the range of 20–80 nm. Cellobiose hydrolysis was used as a model reaction to evaluate the catalytic efficacy of acid‐functionalised nanoparticles. A maximum 74.8% cellobiose conversion was reported in case of Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si@SO₃ H in first cycle of hydrolysis. Moreover, thus used acid‐functionalised MNPs were magnetically separated and reused. In second cycle of hydrolysis, Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si@SO₃ H showed 49.8% cellobiose conversion followed by Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si@AS (45%) and Fe₃ O₄ ‐MNPs@Si@BCOOH (18.3%). However, similar pattern was reported in case of third cycle of hydrolysis. The proposed approach is considered as rapid and convenient. Moreover, reuse of acid‐functionalised MNPs makes the process economically viable.Inspec keywords: scanning electron microscopy, catalysis, magnetic separation, magnetic particles, silicon compounds, iron compounds, nanomagnetics, coatings, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanoparticles, X‐ray diffraction, nanofabrication, Fourier transform infrared spectra, organic compounds, nanocompositesOther keywords: catalytic efficacy, alkylsulfonic acid, butylcarboxylic acid, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis, spherical polydispersed nanoparticles, cellobiose hydrolysis, acid‐functionalised MNPs, acid functional groups, cellobiose conversion, acid‐functionalised magnetic nanoparticle, silica coating, sulphonic acid, Fourier transform infrared analysis, SEM micrograph, X‐ray diffraction pattern, size 20.0 nm to 80.0 nm, Fe₃ O₄ , Si, SiO₂      

Development and characterisation of novel Ce‐doped hydroxyapatite–Fe3 O4 nanocomposites and their in vitro biological evaluations for biomedical applications

Hydroxyapatite (HAP: Ca₁₀ (PO₄)₆ (OH)₂) is extensively used in biomedical field because of its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity and non‐toxicity properties. However, HAP exhibits poor mechanical strength and bacterial restriction behavior. To overcome these drawbacks, various metal ions such as Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ti⁴⁺ and Ce^4+/3+ are incorporated in HAP matrix to increase the mechanical and biological properties. Among these, Cerium (Ce) is selected as antibacterial agent due to its high thermal stability and its applications in dental fillings, bone healing and catheters. Fe₃ O₄ nanoparticles were used in hyperthermia treatment, magnetic fluid recordings and catalysis. In this present study, we have synthesized nanocomposites consisting of 1.25% Ce doped HAP with various concentrations of Fe₃ O₄ NPs as 90:10 (C‐1), 70:30 (C‐2) and 50:50 wt% (C‐3) using ball milling technique. The obtained Ce@HAP‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposites were characterized by ATR‐FTIR, XRD, VSM, SEM‐EDAX and TEM analysis. Further, the fabricated Ce@HAP‐Fe₃ O₄ nanocomposites were tested for its antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E.coli), where C‐3 composites exhibit the excellent pathogen inhibition towards E.coli. In addition, the cytotoxicity evaluation on C‐3 nanocomposites by in vitro biocompatibility study using MG‐63 cells shows the prominent viable cell enhancement up to 400µg/mL concentrations.Inspec keywords: nanocomposites, iron compounds, calcium compounds, cerium, mechanical strength, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, dentistry, bone, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, ball milling, Fourier transform infrared spectra, attenuated total reflection, X‐ray diffraction, magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, microorganisms, cellular biophysics, nanomedicineOther keywords: Ce‐doped HAP–Fe3O4 nanocomposite, hydroxyapatite, in vitro biological evaluation, mechanical strength, bacterial restriction behaviour, metal ion, silver ion, zinc ion, copper ion, titanium ion, cerium ion, HAP matrix, antibacterial agent, thermal stability, dental filling, bone healing, catheter, Fe3O4 nanoparticle, hyperthermia treatment, magnetic fluid recording, catalysis, ball milling technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy, SEM‐energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, TEM analysis, antibacterial activity, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, pathogen inhibition, in vitro biocompatibility, MG‐63 osteoblast cell, cell enhancement, Ca₅ (PO₄)₃ (OH):Ce, Fe₃ O₄      

Biosynthesis of γ ‐Fe2 O3 @CuO core–shell nanoclusters using aqueous extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn fresh leaves,its characterisation,and antimicrobial activity studies against Staphylococcus aureus strains

The present study reports an eco‐friendly and rapid method for the synthesis of core–shell nanoclusters using the modified reverse micelle method. It is a green synthetic method which uses Sesbania grandiflora Linn extract which acts as a reducing and capping agent. It is observed that this method is very fast and convenient and the nanoclusters are formed with 5–10 min of the reaction time without using harsh conditions. The core–shell nanoclusters so prepared were characterised using UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Further, their effective antibacterial activity towards the gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was found to be due to their smaller particle size.Inspec keywords: iron compounds, copper compounds, nanoparticles, particle size, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, core‐shell nanostructures, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, microorganisms, reduction (chemical), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectraOther keywords: biosynthesis, γ‐Fe₂ O₃ ‐CuO core‐shell nanoclusters, aqueous extract, Sesbania grandiflora Linn fresh leaves, antimicrobial activity, Staphylococcus aureus strains, eco‐friendly method, modified reverse micelle method, green synthetic method, reducing agent, capping agent, UV‐visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, antibacterial activity, gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, particle size, time 5 min to 10 min, Fe₂ O₃ ‐CuO     

Role of Ribes khorassanicum in the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their antibacterial properties

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been biosynthesised through the extracts of Ribes khorassanicum fruits, which served as the reducing agents and capping agents. Biosynthesised AgNPs have been found to be ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra since they have displayed one surface plasmon resonance peak at 438 nm, attesting the formation of spherical NPs. These particles have been characterised by UV–vis, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The formation of AgNPs at 1.0 mM concentration of AgNO₃ has resulted in NPs that contained mean diameters in a range of 20–40 nm. The green‐synthesised AgNPs have demonstrated high antibacterial effect against pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Biosynthesising metal NPs through plant extracts can serve as the facile and eco‐friendly alternative for chemical and/or physical methods that are utilised for large‐scale nanometal fabrication in various medical and industrial applications.Inspec keywords: X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, nanofabrication, surface plasmon resonance, nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, microorganisms, scanning electron microscopy, silver, nanomedicine, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy, biomedical materialsOther keywords: antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles, reducing agents, capping agents, surface plasmon resonance peak, spherical NPs, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy analysis, plant extracts, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, antibacterial effect, Ribes khorassanicum fruits, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, surface plasmon resonance, AgNO₃ , Ag     

Synthesis,characterisation and potential biomedical applications of magnetic core–shell structures: carbon‐, dextran‐, SiO2 ‐ and ZnO‐coated Fe3 O4 nanoparticles

Due to the strong effect of nanoparticles'' size and surface properties on cellular uptake and bio‐distribution, the selection of coating material for magnetic core–shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) is very important. In this study, the effects of four different biocompatible coating materials on the physical properties of Fe₃ O₄ (magnetite) nanoparticles (NPs) for different biomedical applications are investigated and compared. In this regard, magnetite NPs are prepared by a simple co‐precipitation method. Then, CSNPs including Fe₃ O₄ as a core and carbon, dextran, ZnO (zincite) and SiO₂ (silica) as different shells are synthesised using simple one‐ or two‐step methods. A comprehensive study is carried out on the prepared samples using X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. According to the authors'' findings, it is suggested that carbon‐ and dextran‐coated magnetite NPs with high M _s have great potential in the application of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Moreover, silica‐coated magnetite NPs with high coercivity are potentially suitable candidates for hyperthermia and ZnO‐coated Fe₃ O₄ is potentially suitable for photothermal therapy.Inspec keywords: iron compounds, carbon, silicon compounds, zinc compounds, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, nanoparticles, magnetic particles, coatings, X‐ray diffraction, magnetometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform spectra, infrared spectra, biomedical MRI, hyperthermia, radiation therapyOther keywords: biomedical applications, magnetic core‐shell nanoparticles, CSNP, cellular uptake, biodistribution, coating material, biocompatible coating materials, co‐precipitation, dextran, zincite, silica, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, SiO₂ ‐Fe₃ O₄ , ZnO‐Fe₃ O₄      

Synergistic evaluation of AgO2 nanoparticles with ceftriaxone against CTXM and blaSHV genes positive ESBL producing clinical strains of Uro‐pathogenic E. coli

The silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO₂ ‐NPs) were synthesised using silver foil as a new precursor in wet chemical method. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows crystallographic structures of AgO₂ ‐NPs with crystallite size of 35.54 nm well‐matched with standard cubic structure. Scanning electron microscopy analysis clearly shows the random distribution of spherical‐shaped nanoparticles. Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis confirmed the purity of the samples as it shows no impurity element. Fourier transforms infra‐red analysis confirmed the formation of AgO₂ ‐NPs with the presence of Ag‐O‐Ag stretching bond. All the techniques also confirmed the loading of ceftriaxone drug on the surface of AgO₂ ‐NPs. This study also described the effect of AgO₂ ‐NPs having synergistic activity with β lactam antibiotic i.e. ceftriaxone against ESBL generating Escherichia coli (E. coli). Among isolated strains of E. coli, 60.0% were found to be ESBL producer. The synergistic activities of AgO₂ ‐NPs with ceftriaxone suggest that these combinations are effective against MDR‐ESBL E. coli strains as evident by increase in zone sizes. The present study observed rise in MDR‐ESBL E. coli with polymorphism of blaCTXM and blaSHV causing UTI infections in Pakistani population. The antibiotic and AgO₂ ‐NPs synergistic effect can be used as an efficient approach to combat uro‐pathogenic infections.Inspec keywords: antibacterial activity, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, drugs, nanoparticles, microorganisms, crystallites, scanning electron microscopy, silver compounds, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra, organic compounds, geneticsOther keywords: synergistic evaluation, clinical strains, silver oxide nanoparticles, silver foil, wet chemical method, X‐ray diffraction analysis, crystallographic structures, standard cubic structure, spherical‐shaped nanoparticles, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, ceftriaxone drug, synergistic activity, ESBL producer, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, Escherichia coli, blaSHV gene positive ESBL, crystallite size, random distribution, β lactam antibiotics, MDR‐ESBL E. coli strains, polymorphism, blaCTXM, uro‐pathogenic infections, uro‐pathogenic E. coli, AgO₂      

Synthesis of Co3 O4 /graphene nanocomposite using paraffin wax for adsorption of methyl violet in water

This study discusses the use of Co₃ O₄ impregnated graphene (CoOIG) as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet (MV) dye from wastewater. CoOIG nanocomposites have been prepared by pyrolyzing paraffin wax with cobalt acetate. The synthesised nanocomposite was characterised by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller isotherm studies. The above studies indicate that the composites have cobalt oxide nanoparticles of size 51–58 nm embedded in the graphene nanoparticles. The adsorption studies were conducted with various parameters, pH, temperature and initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time by the batch method. The adsorption of MV dye by the adsorbent CoOIG was about 90% initially at 15 min and 98% dye removal at pH 5. The data were fitted in Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich and Sips isotherm models. Various thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the on‐going adsorption process have also been calculated.Inspec keywords: cobalt compounds, graphene, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanofabrication, adsorption, dyes, scanning electron microscopy, field emission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, free energy, enthalpy, entropyOther keywords: nanocomposite, paraffin wax, adsorption, methyl violet dye, water, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller isotherm, cobalt oxide nanoparticles, graphene nanoparticles, thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Co₃ O₄ ‐C     

Biologically‐synthesised ZnO/CuO/Ag nanocomposite using propolis extract and coated on the gauze for wound healing applications

Wound healing has long been recognised as a major clinical challenge for which stablishing more effective wound therapies is necessary. The generation of metallic nanocomposites using biological compounds is emerging as a new promising strategy for this purpose. In this study, four metallic nanoparticles (NPs) with propolis extract (Ext) and one without propolis including ZnO/Ext, ZnO/Ag/Ext, ZnO/CuO/Ext, ZnO/Ag/CuO/Ext and ZnO/W were prepared by microwave method and assessed for their wound healing activity on excision experimental model of wounds in rats. The developed nanocomposites have been characterised by physico‐chemical methods such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses. The wounded animals treated with the NPs/Ext in five groups for 18 days. Every 6 days, for measuring wound closure rate, three samples of each group were examined for histopathological analysis. The prepared tissue sections were investigated by haematoxylin and Eosin stainings for the formation of epidermis, dermis and muscular and Masson''s trichrome staining for the formation of collagen fibres. These findings toughly support the probability of using this new ZnO/Ag/Ext materials dressing for a wound care performance with significant effect compared to other NPs.Inspec keywords: nanomedicine, X‐ray diffraction, II‐VI semiconductors, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, nanocomposites, biomedical materials, proteins, wounds, nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy, nanofabrication, skin, zinc compounds, silver, antibacterial activity, Fourier transform infrared spectra, copper compounds, molecular biophysicsOther keywords: propolis, wound healing applications, effective wound, metallic nanocomposites, biological compounds, metallic nanoparticles, microwave method, wound healing activity, physico‐chemical methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV‐vis spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analyses, wounded animals, wound closure rate, wound care performance, histopathological analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, haematoxylin, Eosin stainings, Masson trichrome, epidermis, muscular trichrome, collagen fibres, time 18.0 d, time 6.0 d, ZnO‐CuO‐Ag     

Biogenic synthesis of Au,Ag and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles using Cannabis sativa leaf extract

Biogenic synthesis of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and bimetallic alloy Au–Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous solutions using Cannabis sativa as reducing and stabilising agent has been presented in this report. Formation of NPs was monitored using UV–visible spectroscopy. Morphology of the synthesised metallic and bimetallic NPs was investigated using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Elemental composition and the surface chemical state of NPs were confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy was utilised to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction and stabilisation of the NPs. Biological applicability of biosynthesised NPs was tested against five bacterial strains namely Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Leishmania major promastigotes. The results showed considerable antibacterial and anti‐leishmanial activity. The Au–Ag bimetallic NPs showed improved antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa as compared to Au and Ag alone, while maximum anti‐leishmanial activity was observed at 250 μg ml⁻¹ NP concentration. These results suggest that biosynthesised NPs can be used as potent antibiotic and anti‐leishmanial agents.Inspec keywords: silver, silver alloys, gold, gold alloys, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, reduction (chemical), ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra, microorganisms, antibacterial activityOther keywords: biogenic synthesis, Cannabis sativa leaf extract, bimetallic alloy Au–Ag nanoparticles, aqueous solutions, reducing agent, stabilising agent, UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, elemental composition, surface chemical state, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, biomolecules, bacterial strains, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Leishmania major promastigotes, antibacterial activity, anti‐leishmanial activity, Ag, Au, AuAg     

Paederia foetida Linn. promoted synthesis of CoFe2 O4 and NiFe2 O4 nanostructures and their photocatalytic efficiency

A facile method of synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂ O₄) and nickel ferrite (NiFe₂ O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) was developed using urea as a hydroxylating agent and Paederia foetida Linn. (family: Rubiaceae) leaf extract as a bio‐template. The synthesised ferrite NPs were characterised in a detailed manner by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. The XRD patterns revealed the formation of cubic face‐centred phase for both CoFe₂ O₄ and NiFe₂ O₄ NPs. These quasi‐spherical particles of CoFe₂ O₄ and NiFe₂ O₄ were shown to have sizes in the range of 10–80 and 5–50 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of metal ferrites was evaluated in H₂ O₂ assisted oxidative degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) under irradiation of solar light. Both metal ferrite photocatalysts exhibited pronounced activity in degradation of MB and RhB, respectively, but relatively higher activity was observed for NiFe₂ O₄. After completion, the catalysts were recovered using an external magnet. Recycling of these recovered catalysts up to five times showed no noticeable change in the efficiency.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, nanofabrication, photochemistry, catalysts, cobalt compounds, nickel compounds, ferrites, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, crystal structure, dyesOther keywords: Paederia foetida Linn, nanostructures, photocatalytic efficiency, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, nickel ferrite nanoparticles, hydroxylating agent, leaf extract, bio‐template, powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer analysis, cubic face‐centred phase, quasi‐spherical particles, photocatalytic activity, methylene blue, rhodamine B, size 5 nm to 80 nm, CoFe₂ O₄ , NiFe₂ O₄      

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Convolvulus percicus L. as reusable catalysts in cross‐ coupling reactions and their antibacterial activity

CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by Convolvulus percicus leaves extract as a reducing and stabilising agent. The green synthesised copper oxide NPs was characterised by transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐Ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet‐visible analysis. The activities of the CuO NPs as catalyst were tested in the formation of C‐N and C‐O bonds. The N ‐arylated and O ‐arylated products of amides, N‐H heterocycles and phenols were obtained in excellent yields. Furthermore, the separation and recovery of copper oxide NPs was very simple, effective and economical. The recovered catalyst can be reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic activity. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of these NPs was tested against two human pathogenic microbes and showed significant antimicrobial activity against these pathogenic bacteria.Inspec keywords: copper compounds, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, antibacterial activity, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, microorganisms, catalysts, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform spectra, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, catalysisOther keywords: green synthesis, copper oxide nanoparticles, Convolvulus percicus L. aqueous extract, reusable catalysts, cross‐coupling reactions, antibacterial activity, reducing agent, stabilising agent, transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, ultraviolet‐visible spectra, C‐N bonds, C‐O bonds, N‐arylated products, O‐arylated products, amides, N‐H heterocycles, phenols, catalytic activity, human pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial activity, CuO     

Sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Rangoon creeper leaves extract and their spectral analysis and anti‐bacterial studies

The plant‐based biological molecules possess exceptionally controlled assembling properties to make them suitable in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. In the present study, an efficient simple one‐pot method was employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from the Rangoon creeper (RC) aqueous leaf extract. Biomolecules present in the leaf extract play a significant role as reducing agent as well as capping agent in the formation of RC‐SNPs. The formation of RC‐SNPs was confirmed by using several analytical techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer studies. The presence of a sharp surface plasmon resonance peak at 449 nm showed the formation of RC‐SNPs. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the crystalline nature of the RC‐SNPs with a face‐centred cubic structure. Elemental analysis of RC‐SNPs was done by using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology of RC‐SNPs was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the nano range 12 nm, and thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis demonstrated the mechanical strength of RC‐SNPs at various temperatures. The authors’ newly synthesised RC‐SNPs exhibited significant anti‐bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, X‐ray chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, visible spectra, nanofabrication, surface plasmon resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectra, mechanical strengthOther keywords: silver nanoparticles, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, antibacterial activity, sustainable green synthesis, plant‐based biological molecules, assembling properties, reducing agent, capping agent, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, Rangoon creeper aqueous leaf extract, X‐ray diffraction, face‐centred cubic structure, elemental analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, TEM, thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis, mechanical strength, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Ag     

HSA loaded with CoFe2 O4 /MNPs as a high‐efficiency carrier for epirubicin anticancer drug delivery

Drug delivery is one of the most important challenges in the domain of health. Non‐toxic and biocompatible carriers are provided by human serum albumin nano‐capsule (HSA/NC) for drug delivery applications. In this study, HSA, with high loadings of drug‐modified cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂ O₄) magnetic nanoparticle (CoFe₂ O₄ /MNPs) was fabricated for epirubicin anticancer drug delivery. In the initial step, CoFe₂ O₄ /MNPs was synthesised via co‐precipitation technique and characterised by X‐ray powder diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy and map analysis. Furthermore, CoFe₂ O₄ /MNPs and epirubicin were loaded into HSA/NC and utilised as a novel system against breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7). IC₅₀ for free epirubicin, unloaded CoFe₂ O₄ /MNPs/HSA/NC, CoFe₂ O₄ /MNPs and epirubicin‐loaded CoFe₂ O₄ /MNPs/HSA/NC were 7.7, 2400, 840 and 430 μg/ml, respectively. The results obtained revealed high cytotoxicity effect of epirubicin‐loaded CoFe₂ O₄ /MNPs on breast cancer cell line.Inspec keywords: drug delivery systems, biomedical materials, nanoparticles, cobalt compounds, ferrites, nanomedicine, proteins, molecular biophysics, drugs, magnetic particles, nanomagnetics, nanofabrication, precipitation (physical chemistry), X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, cancer, cellular biophysics, toxicology, magnetic hysteresisOther keywords: HSA, high‐efficiency carrier, epirubicin anticancer drug delivery, human serum albumin nanocapsule, drug‐modified cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticle, coprecipitation technique, X‐ray powder diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, map analysis, breast cancer cell line, cytotoxicity effect, CoFe₂ O₄      

Synthesis,characterisation and bactericidal effect of ZnO nanoparticles via chemical and bio‐assisted (Silybum marianum in vitro plantlets and callus extract) methods: a comparative study

Currently, the evolution of green chemistry in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with the usage of plants has captivated a great response. In this study, in vitro plantlets and callus of Silybum marianum were exploited as a stabilising agent for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs using zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide as a substitute for chemical method. The contemporary investigation defines the synthesis of ZnO NPs prepared by chemical and bio‐extract‐assisted methods. Characterisation techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray were used to confirm the synthesis. Although chemical and bio‐assisted methods are suitable choices for NPs synthesis, the bio‐assisted green assembly is advantageous due to superior stability. Moreover, this report describes the antibacterial activity of the synthesised NPs against standard strains of Klebsiella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis.Inspec keywords: zinc compounds, II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, semiconductor growth, antibacterial activity, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, nanobiotechnologyOther keywords: chemical methods, bio‐assisted methods, Silybum marianum in vitro plantlets methods, Silybum marianum in vitro callus extract methods, green chemistry, zinc oxide nanoparticles, sodium hydroxide, zinc acetate, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, bio‐assisted green assembly, antibacterial activity, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, ZnO     

Microbicidal activity of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesised by sol–gel method

In this study, the authors investigated antimicrobial activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) synthesised by sol–gel method. As synthesised TiO₂ NPs were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of calcined TiO₂ nanoparticle samples was examined in day light on Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis), Gram negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and fungal test pathogen Candida albicans. The synthesised TiO₂ NPs were found to be effective in visible light against Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.Inspec keywords: titanium compounds, microorganisms, nanomedicine, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, sol‐gel processing, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticles, antibacterial activityOther keywords: microbicidal activity, titanium dioxide nanoparticle, sol‐gel method, antimicrobial activity, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy, Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, TiO₂ , Candida albicans, fungal test pathogen, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Gram negative bacteria     

Functionalisation of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles by 2‐((pyrazol‐4‐yl) methylene) hydrazinecarbothioamide enhances the apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells

Cancer is a major cause of death. Thus, the incidence and mortality rate of cancer is globally important. Regarding vast problems caused by chemotherapy drugs, efforts have progressed to find new anti‐cancer drugs. Pyrazole derivatives are known as components with anti‐cancer properties. In here, Fe₃ O₄ nanoparticles were first functionalized with (3‐chloropropyl) trimethoxysilane, then 2‐((pyrazol‐4‐yl) methylene) hydrazinecarbothioamide (P) was anchored on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (PL). The synthesized nano‐compounds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry analyses. The cytotoxicity effect was evaluated using MTT assay, apoptosis test by Flow cytometry, cell cycle analysis, Caspase‐3 activity assay and Hoechst staining on MCF‐7 cell line. The high toxicity for tumor cells and low toxicity on normal cells (MCF10A) was considered as an important feature (selectivity index, 10.9). Based on results, the IC50 for P and PL compounds were 157.80 and 131.84 μM/ml respectively. Moreover, apoptosis inducing, nuclear fragmentation, Caspase 3 activity and induction of cell rest in sub‐G1 and S phases, were also observed. The inhibitory effect of PL was significantly higher than P, which could be due to the high penetrability of Fe₃ O₄ nanoparticles.Inspec keywords: magnetic particles, drugs, nanomedicine, biochemistry, cancer, light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, molecular biophysics, iron compounds, electrokinetic effects, nanofabrication, tumours, X‐ray diffraction, cellular biophysics, nanoparticles, biomedical materials, toxicology, nanomagnetics, Fourier transform infrared spectra, enzymes, X‐ray chemical analysisOther keywords: anticancer properties, Fe₃ O₄ magnetic nanoparticles, (3‐chloropropyl) trimethoxysilane, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, cell cycle analysis, MCF‐7 cell line, tumour cells, human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells, mortality rate, pyrazole derivatives, 2‐((pyrazol‐4‐yl) methylene) hydrazinecarbothioamide, chemotherapy drugs, heterocyclic components, nanocompounds, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, cytotoxicity effect, MTT assay, apoptosis test, caspase‐3 activity assay, Hoechst staining, MCF10A nontumourigenic cells, cell rest induction, nuclear fragmentation, Fe₃ O₄      

Low‐temperature synthesis of hierarchical structures of copper oxide and their superior biological activity

In this work, the authors report a facile low‐temperature wet‐chemical route to prepare morphology‐tailored hierarchical structures (HS) of copper oxide. The preparation of copper oxide collides was carried out using varying concentrations of copper acetate and a reducing agent at a constant temperature of 50°C. The prepared HS of CuO were characterised by powdered X‐rays diffraction that indicates phase pure having monoclinic structures. The morphology was further confirmed by field‐emission scanning electron microscope. It reveals a difference in shape and size of copper oxide HS by changing the concentration of reactants. In order to evaluate the effect of H₂ O₂ on CuO NPs, the prepared CuO are modified by treatment with H₂ O₂. In general trend, CuOH₂ O₂ collide showed enhanced protein kinase inhibition, antibacterial (maximum zone 16.34 mm against Staphylococcus aureus) and antifungal activities in comparison to unmodified CuO collides. These results reveal that CuO HS exhibit antimicrobial properties and can be used as a potential candidate in pharmaceutical industries.Inspec keywords: molecular biophysics, antibacterial activity, X‐ray diffraction, microorganisms, copper compounds, nanofabrication, nanoparticles, narrow band gap semiconductors, field emission scanning electron microscopy, enzymes, nanomedicine, particle size, semiconductor growthOther keywords: unmodified CuO collides, low‐temperature synthesis, morphology‐tailored hierarchical structures, copper acetate, reducing agent, monoclinic structures, copper oxide HS, CuO NPs, Staphylococcus aureus, biological activity, copper oxide, powdered X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, facile low‐temperature wet‐chemical method, protein kinase inhibition, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antimicrobial properties, pharmaceutical industries, temperature 50.0 degC, CuO     

Antibacterial,anticancer and antioxidant potential of silver nanoparticles engineered using Trigonella foenum‐graecum seed extract

In this study, the authors report a simple and eco‐friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Trigonella foenum‐graecum (TFG) seed extract. They explored several parameters dictating the biosynthesis of TFG‐AgNPs such as reaction time, temperature, concentration of AgNO₃, and TFG extract amount. Physicochemical characterisation of TFG‐AgNPs was done on dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The size determination studies using DLS revealed of TFG‐AgNPs size between 95 and 110 nm. The antibacterial activity was studied against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The biosynthesised TFG‐AgNPs showed remarkable anticancer efficacy against skin cancer cell line, A431 and also exhibited significant antioxidant efficacy.Inspec keywords: antibacterial activity, cancer, biomedical materials, silver, nanofabrication, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, microorganisms, skin, cellular biophysics, biochemistry, light scattering, X‐ray chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, particle sizeOther keywords: antibacterial potential, anticancer potential, antioxidant potential, silver nanoparticles, Trigonella foenum‐graecum seed extract, eco‐friendly method, biosynthesis, reaction time, AgNO₃ concentration, TFG extract amount, physicochemical characterisation, dynamic light scattering, field emission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, size determination, TFG‐AgNPs size, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, skin cancer cell line A431, Ag