An ultrasonic flaw-classification system with wavelet-packet decomposition, a mutative scale chaotic genetic algorithm, and a support vector machine and its application to petroleum-transporting pipelines

In this paper, a novel system for ultrasonic flaw classification is proposed, which is based on wavelet-packet decomposition (WPD), a support vector machine (SVM), and a new chaotic optimization algorithm (mutative scale chaotic genetic algorithm, MSCGA). In this system, WPD is employed to extract the features of ultrasonic flaw signals, an SVM classifier is used to classify the flaws, and an MSCGA is employed as a feature selector to get rid of redundant and irrelevant features. In an experiment, a petroleum-transporting pipeline sample with various types of flaws is analyzed with this system. Experimental results show that the proposed system can improve the performance of the SVM during classification of the flaws in the petroleum-transporting pipeline. For comparison, we test the system without any feature selectors and the system with different feature selectors, respectively. The results show that the novel system is powerful and effective for ultrasonic flaw classification. This text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Ultrasonic signals processing base on parameters estimation

Many techniques, such as transform-domain techniques, parameter extraction techniques and so on, have been applied to process the ultrasonic 1D signal. Parameter extraction techniques using Matching Pursuit (MP) has been proposed to compress 1D ultrasonic signal. MP algorithm can iteratively decompose the analyzed ultrasonic signal into elementary functions, called dictionary and select the best matched functions to represent original signal. In this paper, Gaussian echo model function is used as MP dictionary to represent ultrasonic signal. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to estimate parameters of the elementary functions in the dictionary which can best represent the ultrasonic signal. Computer simulation and experimental results were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. The article is published in the original.     

基于改进人工鱼群优化算法的超声信号稀疏分解

根据非稳态超声信号的特点,提出一种改进的新型人工鱼群智能优化的稀疏分解算法,构造了人工鱼群搜索稀疏分解最佳原子的优化模型;利用人工鱼群方法并行寻优、全局收敛性好的特点,搜索最优原子,降低了稀疏分解匹配追踪算法的复杂度,减少了传统匹配追踪中超完备字典对存储空间的占用:针对鱼群搜索特点,对初始鱼群分布及鱼群行为进行改进,解决了原始算法鱼群初始覆盖空间的不确定性,改进后的聚群和追尾行为有效地提高了鱼群算法的收敛速度且算法稳定;实验结果表明,将改进后的算法用于超声缺陷信号的提取时,与小波方法相比较,信号的质量和性能指标均有显著改善.     

基于改进多路径匹配追踪的芯片超声信号去噪方法

针对高频超声检测倒装焊芯片微缺陷的回波信号受噪声影响的问题,提出了一种基于改进多路径匹配追踪算法(MMP)的高频超声信号稀疏去噪方法。利用MMP算法获取全局最优的原子,针对MMP计算量过大的问题,在迭代过程中设置阈值和引入剪枝操作,筛选误差较大的路径,减少迭代路径,降低算法复杂度。为了避免字典维度上升导致的计算量过大,通过构建连续原子库对重构信号参数进行调整,最终实现芯片超声检测信号噪声的抑制。通过仿真和实验证明,提出的方法能够有效的去除倒装芯片高频超声检测信号中的噪音,与其他去噪算法相比,所提方法通过增加少量的计算,实现信号重构精度的提高,提升了B扫图的清晰度。     

基于训练局部字典的倒装芯片高频超声检测信号稀疏去噪方法

针对高频超声检测倒装芯片缺陷的精度易受噪声影响以及高频超声信号维度高的问题,提出一种基于K-奇异值分解(K-Singular value decomposition, K-SVD)训练局部字典的高频超声信号稀疏去噪方法。采用K-SVD训练字典来减小信号与字典中原子之间的误差,并针对K-SVD不能训练高维度字典的问题,将高频超声信号分段,在低维度字典上对局部信号进行稀疏分解,从而降低训练字典和稀疏分解的计算复杂度;利用信号的全局最大后验概率(Maximum a posteriori probability, MAP)估计重构信号,消除因局部处理带来的信号跳变,实现高频超声信号的去噪。仿真和试验结果证明,提出的方法能够有效的去除高频超声信号中的噪声,与在全局字典上进行高频超声信号的稀疏分解相比,采用局部训练字典对信号进行稀疏分解在保证去噪性能的同时降低了计算复杂度。     

超声信号的特征提取与选择在缺陷分类识别中的应用

超声缺陷回波信号的特征提取与选择是超声波检测的基础和关键。结合待检测超声信号的特点,在时域、频域上研究了超声缺陷信号的特征提取,提出SBS和SFS结合的特征选择方法。在满足识别准确率的同时,有效地降低了分类器输入向量的维数,提高了运算效率。     

基于波原子理论的超声检测信号降噪方法

如何在消除噪声的同时更好保留信号中的有效信息一直是无损检测信号处理研究中的热点。尝试通过构建虚拟观测信号将单通道超声检测信号扩展为信号阵列,利用波原子方法进行降噪处理,并引入非局部均值算法进行平滑以压制波原子硬阈值滤波方式可能产生的伪吉布斯现象。用该算法对仿真信号与某碳酸钙污垢层超声检测信号进行降噪,并与小波阈值降噪进行对比。结果显示该方法对信号信噪比的提高、信号有效特征及微弱信号的保持均有较好效果。     

小波变换在超声探伤仪检测回波处理中的应用

超声检测时探伤仪的电噪声和被检粗晶材料的散射噪声严重影响检测回波的信噪比。研究小波变换软阈值去噪方法在超声检测回波处理中的应用。在分析仪器电噪声、材料散射噪声和缺陷回波的小波变换特性的基础上，提出一种用一个尺度问变化的门限阀值来抑制噪声回波的小波变换系数再重构检测回波的方法提高信噪比。距离一波幅一当量曲线测定实验结果表明，该方法具有很好的去噪效果，处理后的回波损失小，能保证超声探伤的定量准确性。     

Problems and features of spatiotemporal signal processing in ultrasonic testing of products manufactured from complexly structured materials

The main principles of spatiotemporal processing of signals during ultrasonic testing of articles manufactured from complexly structured materials with high signal attenuation are considered. Features of ultrasonic low-frequency testing limiting the application of the simplest algorithms for spatiotemporal signal processing in both ultrasonic flaw detection and ultrasonic tomography of articles manufactured from complexly structured materials are analyzed.     

Application of signal sparse decomposition in dynamic test

In dynamic test,sampling rate is high and noise is strong,so a signal sparse decomposition method based on Gabor dictionary is put forward.This method iteratively decomposes the signal with the matching pursuit （MP） algorithm and takes the coherence ratio of the threshold as a condition of iteration termination.Standard MP algorithm is time-consuming,thus an adaptive genetic algorithm is introduced to MP method,which makes computation speed accelerate effectively.Experimental results indicate that this method not only can effectively remove high-frequency noise but also can compress the signal greatly.     

Noise suppression and flaw detection of ultrasonic signals via empirical mode decomposition

In ultrasonic nondestructive testing, the precise detection of flaw echoes buried in backscattering noise caused by highly scattering materials is a problem of great importance. In this paper, a new signal decomposition method for analyzing nonstationary or nonlinear data, empirical mode decomposition, is proposed to deal with ultrasonic signals. A new denoising technique that combines empirical mode decomposition and filtering simultaneously in the time domain and frequency domain is designed to suppress noise and enhance flaw signals. Synthetic and experimental signals are denoised with this EMD-based filtering technique. Simulated results are presented and analyzed, showing that the proposed technique has an excellent performance even when the signal-to-noise ratio is very low (−23 dB). The improvement in flaw detection was experimentally verified on a pipeline sample with artificial flaws. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

基于滑动矩形窗的锚固螺杆超声波信号回波搜索算法

提出一种简单的回波搜索法——滑动矩形窗回波搜索算法,该法可以排除因数据偶然突变而引起的搜索错误,通过对现场采集的1万多条数据处理分析,能取得很好的效果。     

自动超声探伤的抗干扰研究

在自动超声探伤领域中，传统的多通道超声波探伤仪的抗干扰性能不甚理想的主要原因是其相关报警电路的抑制干扰性能较差。本文介绍了设计新颖的干扰抑制电路——符合式缺陷脉冲鉴别电路的构成与工作原理，并进一步叙述了采用该电路的ＣＴＳ－４６型六通道超声波探伤仪的抗干扰性能实验及现场测试实验。结论表明符合式缺陷脉冲鉴别电路的抗干扰性能很强，对自动探伤用多通道超声探伤仪而言，是一个很好的相关报警电路。     

基于匹配追踪稀疏分解的电能质量扰动检测

根据基于冗余字典的匹配追踪(MP)信号分解思想,提出一种电能质量扰动信号的参数检测与特征波形提取方法。在MP算法的每次迭代中,首先采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)搜索能量最大的频率成分,然后采用基于离散Gabor原子中心区域的简化内积计算方法获得扰动参数的估计值,并以该估计值作为初始解,采用BFGS算法做局部搜索,进而获得精确匹配参数,并结合基于递归的内积计算确定扰动的起止时刻,最后根据电力信号扰动波形特点,设计合成字典,确定与扰动成分最匹配的波形。对单一和混合电能质量扰动信号的分解实验表明,该方法可以实现扰动参数的快速精确检测,进而有效提取扰动特征波形,并具有较好的抗噪性能。     

基于稀疏分解的振动信号数据压缩算法

针对齿轮传动装置在状态监测与故障诊断过程中面临的大量振动信号传输困难问题,提出利用K-SVD算法进行信号的稀疏分解,进而完成对大量振动数据的压缩。传统K-SVD算法在字典更新过程中对时间的消耗量较大,特别是在大量振动数据压缩过程中,对数据压缩效率较低,为此提出一种K-SVD字典更新的改进算法。改进算法从单次迭代过程中参与更新的字典原子列数出发,每次奇异值分解后对多列字典原子同时进行赋值,从而减少单次迭代计算量。根据不同原子列数在稀疏分解过程中的迭代收敛次数、时间消耗与重构峰值信噪比,以此确定最佳的字典更新列数。实验结果表明:传统K-SVD算法对振动信号的数据压缩效率较低,改进算法能够在保证信号压缩比与重构效果的前提下,有效缩短训练字典的时间消耗。     

超声探测弱信号提取方法

为了在超声检测中排除噪声干扰，从强噪声背景中提取弱回波信号，利用小波变换技术从超声探测信号中提取弱缺陷回波信号，建立了超声缺陷回波的数学模型，并进行了仿真实验，其特有的“变焦距”特性使得小波分析在时域和频域中具有良好的分析能力。结果表明，利用小波变换方法能够很好地抑制噪声，提高信噪比，提取强噪声背景中的弱回波信号，且该方法原理简单，易于实现，在工程上有较高的应用价值。     

超声无损检测中的缺陷识别与噪声抑制

在传统的小波信号处理器基础上,根据解析小波变换能准确提取信号相位的特性,利用超声检测信号的相位信息,提出一种新的多缺陷识别与噪声抑制算法。该算法充分运用超声信号的时域、频率和相位信息,能检测多个具有不同频谱特性的缺陷。实验结果表明该算法不仅消噪性能好,而且提高了缺陷的纵向分辨率。     

Ultrasonic flaw detection during NDE of oil pipelines via a resonance filter

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is widely used for detecting flaws in oil pipelines. The backscattering noise may attain peak values greater than the sought flaw pulse. For improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and extracting a flaw echo corrupted by noise, a resonance demodulation technique and a resonance filter are proposed. The impulse response of the resonance filter can be represented as a superposition of Gaussian echoes. The analysis results show that this approach is more effective in extracting the information of a small flaw during pipeline NDE. The amplitude envelope of the processed ultrasonic signal after envelope detection obtains a notable SNR enhancement. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing Accurate Sizing and Locating Technique Based on Time-of-Flight-Diffraction Method

The ultrasonic time-of-flight-diffraction (TOFD) method is a widely used flaw sizing and locating method. A signal identification technique is used to improve the arrival time resolution of a TOFD signal and to size and locate flaws more accurately. The ultrasonic signal is decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions by empirical mode decomposition. Some modes are selected to reconstruct a new signal considering their frequencies and energy. The reconstructed signal has a better signal-to-noise ratio and enhanced flaw information. A Hilbert transform is conducted to get the envelope and exact arrival time of the signal. All vertical flaws can be detected correctly with average sizing and locating accuracy of 0.08 mm in the laboratory. The deeper the flaw is located, the higher the accuracy. The blind area of TOFD is reduced to 2.5 mm under the surface.     

基于改进稀疏编码的微弱振动信号特征提取算法

针对强噪声环境下难以有效提取微弱振动信号特征的问题,提出了基于改进字典学习和移不变分量过滤(IDL-SICF)的稀疏编码振动信号特征提取算法。首先,将振动信号进行分段和平滑预处理以降低数据处理复杂度,接着利用改进的字典学习和高效系数求解算法构建基于移不变稀疏编码的自适应滤波器,然后过滤字典原子重构的移不变分量以获得表征信号本质特征的最优基函数,取最优基函数对应的移不变分量的特征频率强度作为评价信号特征提取效果的优劣。仿真和实测数据的试验结果表明,相比于现有微弱振动信号提取算法,提出的算法具有更强的特征提取能力,在实际应用中具有较高的可行性。