超声换能器的自易校准法及其在功率测量中的应用和它与辐射力法的关系(英文)

论述了电声互易原理和用于平面活塞型与球面聚焦换能器校准的自易法(Self Reciprocity Method,SRM)。介绍了一系列的定义和发送电压(电流)响应与电压灵敏度。阐述了SRM与辐射力天平(Radiation Force Balance,RFB)法之间的关系。在1~25 MHz频率范围内,对超声换能器校准和输出功率测量的实验显示,两种方法具有相近的准确度。SRM法比RFB法测量具有更高的信噪比和更好的稳定性。     

基于自易校准技术的柱面会聚波超声功率测量研究

基于自易校准技术研究了柱面会聚波超声功率的测量方法。首先从定义柱面会聚波的互易常数、自由场发送电流响应及电压灵敏度等电声特性参数开始,重点讨论了反射系数及衍射修正系数的计算方法,推导了凹圆柱面聚焦换能器声功率自易测量计算的表达式。然后,将实测结果与辐射力法的测量结果比较取得很好的一致性。通过实验证明了自易校准法应用于柱面会聚波超声功率测量的合理性和可行性。     

球壳换能器电声效率测量方法研究

换能器电声效率是高强度聚焦超声系统治疗剂量预测的重要参数。基于平面扫描法、辐射力天平法和自易法测量球壳聚焦换能器的输出声功率,同时测量换能器激励电功率,计算得到换能器电声效率。以1.1MHz的球壳换能器为被测对象,平面扫描法的相对扩展不确定度为14.21%,辐射力天平法的相对扩展不确定度为5.82%,自易法的相对扩展不确定度为15.30%。3种方法测量所得电声效率偏差在4%以内,实验证明3种方法在测量球壳聚焦换能器的电声效率时具有较好的一致性。     

互易法校准压电型声发射传感器的研究与实现

声发射传感器的校准是实现声发射定量技术的前提,依据电声换能器互易原理,在计算互易常数的基础 上,建立了适用于压电型声发射传感器表面波和纵波互易的校准系统。通过设置特定的激励信号波形,依据接收 电压信号与激励电流信号之间的时间延迟,准确获取电流信号与电压信号对应的特征值,实现了声发射传感器的表面波和纵波互易校准。由于传感器的尺寸效应,传感器在高频时的表面波速度灵敏度低于纵波灵敏度,不确定度评定结果表明,声发射传感器速度灵敏度的互易法校准不确定度为1. 2 dB。     

球面聚焦声场自易法从GB/T 32522-2016到IEC TS 62903-2018的技术进步

文章叙述了《球面聚焦超声换能器的电声特性和声功率测量》的自易法校准成为国家标准方法后,进而以其为基础在起草国际电工委员会技术规范的过程中,所做的主要技术进步,包括:理论叙述的改进、一些错误概念的修正、最新研究成果的吸纳、全频段实验验证、测量不确定度估计等重要方面。     

超声换能器检测方法的研究

超声检测技术广泛使用在无损检测领域中,而换能器是超声工程中极其重要的技术和分支领域。超声换能器是一种电声能量转换器件,是超声检测技术中的关键,直接影响无损检测结果的可靠性,本文阐述了超声换能器的原理和测量接触换能器的检测方法,分析了A型换能器脉冲回波灵敏度校准的不确定度。     

水声测量用声脉冲瞬态抑制方法的理论研究

水声测量用声脉冲瞬态抑制方法是根据所希望的发射信号对换能器等效电路进行反向推导,得到解析的激励电压波形,用该电压波形激励换能器,可在小空间水域中得到无瞬态过程的声压波形,用于对低频换能器的校准或声学材料性能的测量。     

添钙改性钛酸铅的压电特性及其在水下换能器中的应用

利用声互易技术,在0～70MPa压力范围内确定了添钙钛酸铅陶瓷的介电及压电特性与压力的关系。这种材料的横向压电系数(d_(31),g_(31))非常小,由此可得到高的流体静压常数g_h(=g_(33)+2g_(31))和d_h(=d_(33)+2d_(31))。因而该材料的灵敏度比锆钛酸铅(PZT)高的多。这种陶瓷的共振特性测量结果表明,它适于在高频水下换能器中使用。已设计、制作了一些样品换能器,并在1～100kHz和200kHz～2MHz的频率范围内测量了自由场电压灵敏度,测量结果与根据现行高频水听器标准得到的结果进行了比较。这种材料是一种声量扩展器,因而对于电声换能器非常有用。     

水听器复数灵敏度相位测时校准法

本文提出并论述了水听器复数灵敏度相位测时校准法.常规的水听器复数灵敏度校准,要求准确测定工作换能器之间的距离,但在具体实施中很难保证测量的准确度.水听器复数灵敏度相位测时校准法,就是利用时间测量取代距离测量进行灵敏度相位校准,文中阐述了水听器复数灵敏度相位测时校准法的测量原理、方法和实施步骤.     

使用辐射力天平的超声治疗换能器的电声特性测量方法研究

论述和规范了工作于200 kHz~10 MHz频率范围内的超声治疗换能器的基本电声特性和参数定义,诠释了它们的物理意义和相互关系,研究并提出了一套基于辐射力和有效面积测量的发射换能器的电声参数的测量方法。对平面活塞型、球面聚焦型和圆柱面聚焦型换能器实施了测量,给出了实测结果。     

Calibration of a focusing transducer and miniature hydrophone as well as acoustic power measurement based on free-field reciprocity in a spherically focused wave field

The free-field transmitting voltage response at the pressure focus of a spherically focusing transducer was defined and calibrated based on the reciprocity theorem of a free-field spherically focused acoustic wave. The acoustic power, the radiation conductance, and the pressure at the pressure focus were derived and measured accordingly from the transmitting current response on the imaginary mirror symmetric spherical surface of the radiating surface. A miniature hydrophone was calibrated by the self-reciprocity of the spherically focusing source. Comparison results show that the measured acoustic power deviation between the reciprocity method and the radiation force balance method are within +/- 5% for two air-backed focusing transducers at 1.53 MHz and 5.27 MHz, respectively, and the maximum deviation of a hydrophone calibration between the new method and the free-field plane wave reciprocity method is within 1.4 dB in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 2 MHz in experiments.     

Frequency-dependent open-circuit acoustic sensitivity of fluid-filled, coated, radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic cylindrical shells of arbitrary thickness and infinite length

The frequency-dependent free-field open-circuit voltage generated by radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic fluid-filled shells of infinite length coated with an elastic layer and excited by a plane acoustic wave is studied. The shell and the coating are of arbitrary thickness and are anisotropic. It is shown that the charge density in the piezoelectric shell is zero by using the electrostatic and open-circuit conditions. General expressions for the pressures and radial velocities in the interior and exterior fluids are obtained by using the finiteness and radiation conditions, respectively. General expressions for the radial stresses and velocities in the piezoelectric shell and elastic coating are also determined by using two-dimensional equations of state and axisymmetric equations of motion. The coefficients in the general expressions are then determined by using the continuity conditions at the various interfaces. Finally, an expression for the open-circuit sensitivity is obtained by using a piezoelectric equation of state. Numerical results are presented for air, water, and vacuum in the interior, two types of elastic coating, and piezoelectric shells with various thicknesses. The effect of neglecting anisotropy on the sensitivity is also illustrated     

Determination of the acoustic output of a harmonic scalpel

The acoustic output of a harmonic scalpel was experimentally determined, and both the airborne ultrasound and the ultrasound transmitted in water were taken into account. The sound pressure level of airborne ultrasound was measured with a microphone and an artificial head, so that the free-field value and the sound level at the entrance at the bottom of the cavum conchae of the ear could be determined. The derived output power in water was obtained from a hydrophone measurement. The results were strongly influenced by cavitation effects, and it is shown that the power values with and without cavitation differ by more than a factor of 5. The measurement of acoustic output parameters forms the basis for describing the performance of the devices and for an assessment of the risk of harmful bioeffects on both the operator and the patient.     

Determination of an ultrasonic transducer's sensitivity and impedance in a pulse-echo setup

The role that an ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer plays in an ultrasonic measurement system can be described in terms of the transducer's input electrical impedance and its sensitivity. Here, a new model-based approach is proposed to determine both the transducer impedance and sensitivity in a pulse-echo setup. This new method is much simpler to apply than previous "self-reciprocity" calibration methods for determining sensitivity and generalizes those methods. It is demonstrated that sensitivities obtained with this new method agree well with the sensitivities obtained by a three-transducer method commonly used in calibration studies. It is demonstrated that at the megahertz frequencies at which ultrasonic transducers operate it is important to compensate for cabling effects in these measurements. The influence of the pulser/receiver settings on the results obtained also will be discussed.     

对两种吸声系数测量方法的讨论

某黑色聚氨酯材料样本放置于自行设计的管道脉冲吸声测量装置的管道中间以及管道末端并紧贴刚性背衬两种情况下,利用产生的1ms的巴特沃斯函数声脉冲测量其吸声系数。样本放于声管末端的反射法测量结果与B＆K4206阻抗管测量结果相近;而放于声管中间的透射法测量结果与反射法有区别。从声能量角度解算了两种测量的平均吸声系数表明：相比于单层样品,双层样品的透射法测量结果与反射法更接近。     

非刚性管中换能器灵敏度的测量方法研究

为实现非刚性管中的换能器低频灵敏度校准,提出了基于互易常数修正的管中灵敏度校准方法。首先,基于管中非刚性边界条件和声压的方程进行了互易常数的推导及修正,并围绕管中互易常数的修正开展了仿真分析,得到测量频率段互易常数的修正值;其次,搭建实验系统开展了基于互易法的管中换能器的灵敏度测量研究。研究表明,管中互易常数的修正使互易换能器灵敏度值更加接近自由场互易法测得的灵敏度值。在0.5~4kHz 频率范围,补偿后的互易换能器灵敏度级最大起伏为-1.41dB,极大改善了未修正的测量情况,与自由场测量值的误差较小,符合声学计量要求。通过对实验与仿真进行对比分析,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。