Deformation behavior of a Ni3Al(B,Zr) alloy during cold rolling: Part II. Microstructural and textural changes

Part I of this study described the changes in order and of structure during cold rolling of a Ni₃Al(B,Zr) alloy. The textural and microstructural changes that occur during deformation are reported in this part. In addition to other features, a high density of shear bands start forming in this alloy from a rather early stage of deformation. The cold rolling texture of the material, which is basically of pure metal type at low strain levels, changes into alloy type after rolling between 35 and 45 pct. The maximum pole density of the alloy type texture is obtained at the {168}〈211〉 location. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs show the presence of twins in the material from a deformation level of 35 pct onward, their density increasing with increase in deformation level. As has been proposed earlier, a structural transformation from L1₂ to DO₂₂ appears to take place in the γ′ phase during rolling. This will change the deformation mode from primarily slip to twinning and this could be responsible for the observed textural change with rolling. The γ phase deforms by slip in a manner similar to a fcc material with high stacking fault energy. The final texture of the material actually reflects an aggregate of the components developed in the two phases.     

Recrystallization behavior of a heavily cold-rolled Ni3Al(B,Zr) alloy

The present article describes the microstructural changes during recrystallization annealing of a 73 pct cold-rolled Ni₃Al(B,Zr) alloy along with a study of the recrystallization kinetics. The deformed γ regions, mostly within and near the shear bands, appear to recrystallize first. The recrystallization front leaves behind a lamellar discontinuous precipitation within the newly formed strain-free γ grains, when annealing is done at lower temperatures. At higher annealing temperatures, the precipitates within γ assume a globular morphology. This precipitate is presumably made up of γ′ particles. When γ recrystallization is nearly complete, the γ′ regions start to recrystallize. The two-stage recrystallization process is also corroborated from the kinetics results, which show that the activation energy up to 50 pct recrystallization of the material is only 117 kJ/mole, whereas beyond 50 pct until the completion of recrystallization, an activation energy of ∼274 kJ/mole is obtained.     

Changes in order and texture during annealing of heavily cold-rolled Ni3Al(B,Zr) alloy

This article describes the changes in order and texture of a 73 pct cold-rolled Ni₃Al(B, Zr) alloy after it is subjected to recrystallization annealing. In the initial stages of annealing, the deformed starting material undergoes both recovery and reordering. This is followed by recrystallization with continued annealing. The cold-rolled material, which has a DO₂₂ structure, undergoes a change in order during the recovery stage, leading to the formation of the earlier L1₂ structure. This is accompanied by a drastic decrease in the texture severity. The weak texture at the end of the recovery/reordering stage persists even during recrystallization, and this finally leads to the formation of a weak texture.     

Mechanisms of intergranular cavity growth in Ni3Al (Zr,B)

A technique based on hydrogen embrittlement has been used to study the morphology and growth characteristics of grain boundary cavities in a Ni₃Al alloy. The technique facilitates brittle intergranular fracture of specimens previously tested at elevated temperatures. This capability makes it possible to distinguish cavities that have formed by cavity coalescence and also determine cavity shape in three dimensions. Contrary to earlier reports of crack-like cavity growth, the results indicate that the shapes of individually growing cavities in Ni₃Al are consistent with quasi-equilibrium cavity growth theory. Cavity size measurements have also been compared with predictions of both quasi-equilibrium and crack-like cavity growth models. These results also support the finding that cavity growth in Ni₃Al occurs in a quasi-equilibrium manner. The observations further suggest that the formation of crack-like cavities is primarily due to coalescence and, therefore, not representative of the growth mechanism of individual cavities.     

The microstructure and recrystallization of flow-formed oxide-dispersion-strengthened ferritic alloy: Part I. Deformation structure

Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloy tubes with a nominal composition of Fe-19.5 pct Cr-5.5 pct Al-0.5 pct Y₂O₃ have been cold flow formed to deformation levels between 72 and 92 pct. The deformation structure of the tubes has been studied using a variety of techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The deformation cells produced by flow forming are elongated in both the hoop and axial directions, especially at deformation levels above 80 pct. In this case, most deformation cells can be regarded as ribbons, lying roughly along the “rolling direction,” which for flow forming is a helix around the tube surface. No obvious particle alignment was found in the tubes. Although the initial grain size is submicron, transition bands composed of parallel-sided long deformation cells similar to those in deformed single-crystal specimens have been observed in the transverse section of the tubes and a macroscopic shear band has been observed in the longitudinal section of the 92 pct deformed tube.     

Deformation behavior of a Ni−30Al−20Fe−0.05Zr intermetallic alloy in the temperature range 300 to 1300 K

The deformation behavior of an extruded Ni-30 (at. pct) Al−20Fe−0.05Zr intermetallic alloy was studied in the temperature range of 300 to 1300 K under initial tensile strain rates varying between about 10⁻⁶ and 2×10⁻³ s⁻¹ and in constant load compression creep between 1073 and 1300 K. The deformation microstructures of the fractured specimens were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three deformation regimes were observed: Region I consisted of an athermal regime of low tensile ductility (less than 0.3 pct) occurring between 400 and 673 K, where the substructure consisted of slip bands in a few grains. Exponential creep was dominant in region II between 673 and 1073 K, where the substructure changed from a mixture of dislocation tangles, loops, and dipoles at 673 K to a microstructure consisting of subgrains and dislocation tangles at 973 K. The tensile ductility was generally about 2.0 to 2.5 pct below 980 K in this region. A significant improvement in tensile ductility was observed in region III, which occurred between 1073 and 1300 K. An analysis of the data suggests that viscous glide creep with a stress exponent,n, of about 3 and high-temperature dislocation climb withn≈4.5 where the two dominant creep mechanisms in this region depending on stress and temperature. The average activation energy for deformation in this region was about 310±30 kJ mol⁻¹ for both processes. In this case, a transition from viscous glide creep to dislocation climb occurred when σ/E<1.7×10⁻⁴, where σ is the applied stress andE is the Young’s modulus.     

冷轧多机组合同优化排产模型及算法(下)

3.2 单机组粗计划合同内调度 传递时间窗只是确定合同钢卷在各机组生产加工的合理时间范围,对于合同钢卷的具体加工顺序没有给出明确的规定.需要从企业生产工艺的约束和生产成本考虑优化合同钢卷加工次序,即完成单机组钢卷的生产调度.     

Deformation and fracture of a particle-reinforced aluminum alloy composite: Part I. Experiments

Mechanical tests were performed on a powder-metallurgically processed 7093/SiC/15p discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) composite in different heat-treatment conditions, to determine the influence of matrix characteristics on the composite response. The work-hardening exponent and the strain to failure varied inversely to the strength, similar to monolithic Al alloys, and this dependence was independent of the dominant damage mode. The damage consisted of SiC particle cracks, interface and near-interface debonds, and matrix rupture inside intense slip bands. Fracture surfaces revealed particle fracture-dominated damage for most of the heat-treatment conditions, including an overaged (OA) condition that exhibited a combination of precipitates at the interface and a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) in the immediate vicinity. In the highly OA conditions and in a 450°C as-rolled condition, when the composite strength became less than 400 MPa, near-interface matrix rupture became dominant. A combination of a relatively weak matrix and a weak zone around the particle likely contributed to this damage mode over that of particle fracture. Fracture-toughness tests show that it is important to maintain a proper geometry and testing procedure to obtain valid fracture-toughness data. Overaged microstructures did reveal a recovery of fracture toughness as compared to the peak-aged (PA) condition, unlike the lack of toughness recovery reported earlier for a similar 7XXX (Al-Zn-Cu-Mg)—based DRA. The PA material exhibited extensive localization of damage and plasticity. The low toughness of the DRA in this PA condition is explored in detail, using fractography and metallography. The damage and fracture micromechanisms formed the basis for modeling the strength, elongation, toughness, and damage, which are described in Part II of this work. This article is based on a presentation made in the Symposium “Mechanisms and Mechanics of Composites Fracture” held October 11–15, 1998, at the TMS Fall Meeting in Rosemont, Illinois, under the auspices of the TMS-SMD/ASM-MSCTS Composite Materials Committee.     

Deformation and fracture of a particle-reinforced aluminum alloy composite: Part I. Experiments

Mechanical tests were performed on a powder-metallurgically processed 7093/SiC/15p discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) composite in different heat-treatment conditions, to determine the influence of matrix characteristics on the composite response. The work-hardening exponent and the strain to failure varied inversely to the strength, similar to monolithic Al alloys, and this dependence was independent of the dominant damage mode. The damage consisted of SiC particle cracks, interface and near-interface debonds, and matrix rupture inside intense slip bands. Fracture surfaces revealed particle fracture-dominated damage for most of the heat-treatment conditions, including an overaged (OA) condition that exhibited a combination of precipitates at the interface and a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) in the immediate vicinity. In the highly OA conditions and in a 450 °C as-rolled condition, when the composite strength became less than 400 MPa, near-interface matrix rupture became dominant. A combination of a relatively weak matrix and a weak zone around the particle likely contributed to this damage mode over that of particle fracture. Fracture-toughness tests show that it is important to maintain a proper geometry and testing procedure to obtain valid fracture-toughness data. Overaged microstructures did reveal a recovery of fracture toughness as compared to the peak-aged (PA) condition, unlike the lack of toughness recovery reported earlier for a similar 7XXX (Al-Zn-Cu-Mg)-based DRA. The PA material exhibited extensive localization of damage and plasticity. The low toughness of the DRA in this PA condition is explored in detail, using fractography and metallography. The damage and fracture micromechanisms formed the basis for modeling the strength, elongation, toughness, and damage, which are described in Part II of this work. This article is based on a presentation made in the Symposium “Mechanisms and Mechanics of Composites Fracture” held October 11–15, 1998, at the TMS Fall Meeting in Rosemont, Illinois, under the auspices of the TMS-SMD/ASM-MSCTS Composite Materials Committee.     

Deformation behavior of Zr3Al-Nb alloys I: Room-temperature and high-temperature deformation study

The deformation behavior of the Zr₃Al-Nb alloys was studied by measuring hardness at different temperatures, by hot rolling, and by hot pressing. Using the hardness data, elasticity and plasticity parameters were estimated and were used to determine the suitable temperature range of deformation for these alloys. Hot rolling and hot pressing were applied to determine the optimum temperatures and annealing time for carrying out deformation successfully in these alloys. Microstrural investigation of the hotdeformed samples revealed that the matrix β phase has undergone substantial deformation and the second intermetallic phase, Zr₂(Al,Nb), underwent dissolution and re-precipitation. The hardness of the fully annealed Zr₃Al-Nb alloys showed two types of temperature dependence. Transition temperatures for the change in behavior, intrinsic hardness, and softening coefficient were determined. The hardness of the fully annealed alloys rolled to different extent at various temperatures and subsequently heat treated was used to study the recovery process. The microstructural study of room-temperature deformed binary Zr₃Al alloy showed the splitting of the superlattice dislocations into partials containing superlattice intrinsic stacking faults.     

Creep characteristics of single crystalline Ni3Al(Ta,B)

The creep characteristics, including the nature of the creep transient after a stress reduction and activation energy for creep of single crystalline Ni₃Al(Ta,B) in the temperature range 1083 to 1388 K, were investigated. An inverse type of creep transient is exhibited during stress reduction tests in the creep regime where the stress exponent is equal to 3.2. The activation energy for creep in this regime is equal to 340 kJ mol⁻¹. A normal type of creep transient is observed during stress reduction tests in the regime where the stress exponent is equal to 4.3. The activation energy for creep in this regime is equal to 530 kJ mol⁻¹. The different transient creep behavior and activation energies for creep observed in this investigation are consistent with the previous suggestion that then = 4.3 regime is associated with creep controlled by dislocation climb, whereas then = 3.2 regime is associated with a viscous dislocation glide process for Ni₃Al at high temperatures.     

The mechanical response of the Ni−Ni3Nb eutectic composite: Part I. Monotonic behavior

To understand the mechanical behavior of the Ni?Ni₃Nb eutectic composite, it was necessary to determine the operative deformation and fracture mechanisms in the Ni₃Nb intermetallic phase. It was found that Ni₃Nb deforms primarily by twinning along {112} planes and {011} planes when tension and compression, respectively, are applied parallel to the [100] growth direction. The {112} twins were observed to serve as crack nucleation sites with cracks forming along the twin boundaries. The monotonic response of the Ni?Ni₃Nb eutectic composite was investigated with tension and compression tests, metallography, and electron fractography. Room temperature tensile testing of the Ni?Ni₃Nb composite revealed this material to be capable of sustaining tensile strains in excess of 11 pct. This large composite ductility was associated with extensive {112} twinning of the Ni₃Nb lamellae and subsequent twin boundary cracking. When amassed in sufficient numbers in a given cross-section, these {112} twin boundary fissures initiated composite rupture. The room temperature ultimate tensile and compressive strengths of the alloy were found to be 109 and 235 ksi, respectively.     

Deformation and microstructure development during hot-pack rolling of a near-gamma titanium aluminide alloy

Deformation behavior and microstructure development during hot pack rolling of the near-gamma titanium aluminide alloy Ti-45.5Al-2Cr-2Nb (atomic percent) were established. Deformation behavior was investigated through rolling at various nominal furnace temperatures and parallel modeling studies using a finite difference approach to predict temperature transients during workpiece transfer from the furnace and during the rolling operation itself. Agreement between measured rolling pressures and predictions based on a rule-of-mixtures (ROM) average of the flow stresses of the pack components (at the predicted temperatures and strain rates within the roll gap) was excellent. As-rolled microstructures were interpreted in terms of the Ti-xAl-2Cr-2Nb pseudobinary phase diagram, predicted temperature transients during rolling, and the static (no deformation) phase-transformation behavior of the program material. These results demonstrated the strong influence of furnace preheat temperature on microstructure development, as well as the tendency for temperature transients due to radiation heat losses and roll chilling to suppress phase transformations.