辽东湾中部近岸海域COD、石油类、叶绿素分布特征及富营养化状态评价

为掌握辽东湾中部近岸海域海水水质状况,于2016、2017年每年分4个季节(3、5、8、10月)对辽东湾中部(营口、盘锦)近岸海域的相关水质指标进行了调查与监测,研究分析了辽东湾中部近岸海域海水中COD、石油类污染物和叶绿素a的分布特征,并采用单因子标准指数法和综合指数评价法对COD及石油类污染物的污染程度进行了评价,采用富营养化指数法(EI)对辽东湾中部近岸海域的富营养化状态进行了评价。结果表明:调查海域内COD和石油类区域分布呈河口及沿岸浓度较高的特点,且季节分布特征表现不明显;叶绿素a含量分布有明显的季节变化特征,表现为夏季>春季>秋季,夏季海水中叶绿素a的含量约为秋季海水中叶绿素a含量的2倍,而叶绿素a区域分布特征表现不明显。研究表明,辽东湾中部近岸海域所监测站位均处于富营养化状态,以轻度、中度富营养化状态为主,富营养化海域主要集中在监测海域中、北部,富营养化程度较高的站位为河流入海口处部分站位。     

珠江口近岸海域水质状况评价及富营养化分析

为了解珠江口近岸海域水质现状及富营养程度,于2016年7—9月对珠江口近岸海域进行水环境现状调查,运用有机污染指数法和营养状况指数法对珠江口近岸海域水质进行分析与评价,并通过主成分分析法和聚类分析对调查海域水环境影响因素进行富营养化分析研究。结果表明:调查海域营养盐污染严重,无机氮含量变化范围为1.32～4.31 mg/L,平均值为2.12 mg/L;活性磷酸盐含量变化范围为0.05～0.39 mg/L,平均值为0.11 mg/L;调查海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐均劣于国家Ⅳ类海水水质标准;无机氮中以硝酸盐氮含量为主,氨氮次之,亚硝酸盐氮最低;调查海域空间分布特征均呈现茅洲河入海口附近海域向湾外逐渐降低的趋势;采用主成分分析法得到调查海域富营养化的主要影响因子为氮磷营养盐、化学需氧量。研究表明,珠江口近岸海域水质环境较差,有机污染呈严重污染,营养状况呈富营养化水平,水环境质量有待于进一步提高。     

珠江口近岸海域水质状况评价及富营养化分析

为了解珠江口近岸海域水质现状及富营养程度,于2016年7—9月对珠江口近岸海域进行水环境现状调查,运用有机污染指数法和营养状况指数法对珠江口近岸海域水质进行分析与评价,并通过主成分分析法和聚类分析对调查海域水环境影响因素进行富营养化分析研究。结果表明:调查海域营养盐污染严重,无机氮含量变化范围为1.32～4.31 mg/L,平均值为2.12 mg/L;活性磷酸盐含量变化范围为0.05～0.39 mg/L,平均值为0.11 mg/L;调查海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐均劣于国家Ⅳ类海水水质标准;无机氮中以硝酸盐氮含量为主,氨氮次之,亚硝酸盐氮最低;调查海域空间分布特征均呈现茅洲河入海口附近海域向湾外逐渐降低的趋势;采用主成分分析法得到调查海域富营养化的主要影响因子为氮磷营养盐、化学需氧量。研究表明,珠江口近岸海域水质环境较差,有机污染呈严重污染,营养状况呈富营养化水平,水环境质量有待于进一步提高。     

春、夏季杭州湾北部近岸水域水化学及营养状况评价

为了解杭州湾北部近岸水域水化学状况及其污染程度,利用2011—2015年间对杭州湾北部近岸水域春、夏季9个水化学因子的调查结果,分析了该水域水化因子的变化特征、相关性及氮磷营养盐结构特征,并采用潜在性富营养化法和有机污染指数法,进行了该水域潜在性富营养化程度及污染状况的评价。结果表明:调查期间,杭州湾北部近岸水域,2011—2015年春、夏季pH平均值分别为8.05±0.11和7.96±0.27;春、夏季DO平均值分别为(8.13±0.33)、(7.42±0.31)mg/L,DO饱和度均在88%以上;受潮汐、径流和降水影响,盐度波动范围较大,春、夏季盐度平均值分别为11.67±5.60和12.06±3.28;春、夏季CODMn平均值均小于3 mg/L,符合《海水水质标准》二类水质标准;总氨氮(TAN)、NO-2-N含量均维持在较低状态,符合《渔业水质标准》及经济鱼虾类生长安全浓度的要求;三态氮含量依次为NO-3-N>TAN>NO-2-N,NO-3-N占DIN的69%~97%;pH与氮磷营养盐均为负相关,氮、磷间均呈正相关;潜在性富营养化法计算结果表明,2011—2014年春季,调查水域营养级均为ⅥP,2014年夏季—2015年,N/P值明显下降,营养级过渡到ⅤP,调查水域受磷限制富营养化程度有所降低;采用海水水质一类标准评价,5年所有站位有机污染指数A值均大于4,达到严重污染程度。研究表明,杭州湾北部近岸水域有机污染严重,亟待有效控制与科学管理。     

用MODIS遥感数据反演东海海表温度、叶绿素a浓度年际变化的研究

利用MODIS获取的2002年7月—2007年12月卫星数据反演中国东海海域的海表温度(SST)和叶绿素a浓度信息,对东海海域的SST和叶绿素a浓度分布规律进行了分析。结果表明:东海海域的SST和叶绿素a浓度的分布具有明显的分区和季节变化特征。在年际间,不同海区的SST和叶绿素a浓度均呈周期性变化趋势。在空间上,SST呈现出由近岸向外海递增的趋势,南北温差大;叶绿素a浓度则呈现出由近岸向外海递减的分布趋势。东海叶绿素a浓度的分布与SST、河口径流、季节等因素有关。作者从宏观上分析了东海长时间序列的SST和叶绿素a浓度的变化特征,可为东海海洋初级生产力和海洋生态环境研究提供参考。     

综合营养状态指数法评价鄞州区水库富营养化程度

采用综合营养状态指数法评价叶绿素a(Chl-a)、TN、TP、COD_(Mn)和透明度(SD)等参数的年均和月均变化,用于反映宁波市鄞州区6个水库的富营养程度;并根据各因子在综合营养状态指数中所占权重,对各因子进行比较。结果表明,鄞州区主要供水水库近5年一直处于中营养状态,综合营养状态指数在40左右波动,富营养化处于不稳定状态;鄞州区各水库的富营养化因子所占权重不同,主要影响因子不一,但TN因子是各水库富营养化的瓶颈;鄞州区水库富营养化波动呈显著的季节特征,春季和夏季富营养化程度形成高峰、秋季和冬季次之。     

北京奥运龙形水系水质特征分析与评价

根据2012年对北京市奥林匹克公园龙形水系水质逐月监测结果,采用综合营养状态指数法(TLI)和水质综合标识指数法(WQI)分别对该水系水体富营养化现状和水质级别进行评价。结果表明:龙形水系水质偏碱性,水中溶解氧常年处于过饱和状态,化学耗氧量(COD Mn)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、悬浮物、叶绿素a、总氮和总磷等水质指标随时间变化较大,水体中总磷一直维持在较低水平,是龙形水系水体富营养化的限制因子;水系水体营养状态从春季到秋季由轻富营养到中营养转变,其水质级别基本上都在Ⅲ类水质标准以上,达到了水环境功能目标要求;沉水植物种植水域水质优于非沉水植物种植水域;水系河道设计也能影响水系的水质。本研究结果可为北京市奥林匹克公园龙形水系水环境保护提供科学依据。     

用灰色聚类法对某一水体富营养化程度的评价

通过对重庆大学虎溪校区人工湖2006年全年的水质检测分析,选用叶绿素a(Chla)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、透明度(SD)为聚类指标,采用灰色聚类法对人工湖春、夏、秋、冬四季的水体进行富营养化评价。结果表明:人工湖成湖一年内,湖水年平均水平处于中营养级状态,其中,春、秋、冬3个季节湖水处于中营养级状态,且水质已与富营养化水质接近,而夏季湖水已经达到了富营养化水平。通过对评价结果进行分析探讨,揭示了其富营养化发展的趋势,为人工湖以后的水质保持及富营养化防治提供科学依据。     

辽东湾渔业资源及生态环境的调查分析

根据2007年8月—2010年10月对辽东湾海域渔业资源和生态环境的底拖网调查数据,分析了该海域环境与渔业资源的状况。结果表明:辽东湾西部海域中的pH、活性磷酸盐等基本符合国家二类海水水质标准,溶解氧符合四类海水水质标准;秋季辽东湾渔业资源种类共计42种,其中鱼类17种,优势种为六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼、斑尾复鰕虎鱼和窄体舌鳎,无脊椎动物25种,优势种为口虾蛄、海星和葛氏长臂虾;生物量密度(BED)较高的海域大多位于近岸水域,近岸水域的生物栖息密度(NED)也高于远岸水域,该海域不能形成渔汛。鉴于目前辽东湾渔业资源的情况,提出了加强限制沿岸污水排入、合理进行放流增殖、规范作业网具和杜绝过度捕捞等改善海洋生态环境和恢复海洋渔业资源的具体措施。     

大连獐子岛人工鱼礁海域夏季水质变化与评价

为评价大连獐子岛海域人工鱼礁投放前后夏季水质的变化情况,根据2010—2014年该海域本底调查(2010年夏季)及4次(2011—2014年每年夏季)跟踪调查数据,采用富营养化指数(E)、有机污染指数(A)和水质综合评价方法等进行评价。结果表明:投礁后,无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)含量整体呈下降趋势,其中DIN含量平均值由投礁前的(0.602±0.020)mg/L降低至(0.053±0.010)mg/L(2014年夏季),DIP含量平均值由投礁前的(0.033±0.005)mg/L下降至(0.016±0.004)mg/L(2014年夏季),氮的变化比磷的变化大;鱼礁区的溶解氧(DO)含量比较高,除2011年4号站位外,其他站位均大于6 mg/L;化学需氧量(COD)在2011年大幅度提高,达到6⁷ mg/L,其他年份均为37 mg/L,其他年份均为3⁴ mg/L;重金属除Cu外,Pb、Cd含量整体呈下降趋势,有机污染指数平均值整体呈下降趋势,由投礁前的0.045±0.004下降到-0.277±0.002(2014年夏季),水体质量由投礁前的较好转为投礁后的良好水平;富营养化指数平均值整体呈下降趋势,由投礁前的1.45±0.04降低至0.41±0.04(2014年夏季),水体的营养化水平由投礁前的富营养化转化为投礁后的贫营养化水平;比较投礁后3个海岛海水水质的变化情况,应用水质综合评价方法,可知其综合评价值依次为Ⅱ区域(大耗岛)>Ⅰ区域(褡裢岛)>Ⅲ(小耗岛)。研究表明,獐子岛人工鱼礁建设海域夏季水质状况在鱼礁投放后得到明显改善。     

Determination of Co,Cu, Fe,Hg, Mn,Sb, Se and Zn in milk samples

Concentrations of Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Sb, Se and Zn in IAEA milk (dry) standard A-11 were re-evaluated with the help of instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis (NAA). The results show reasonably good agreement for Co (5.1 ± 0.55 ng/g) and Zn (34 ± 2.5 μg/g), in relation to the recommended values. For Cu (374 ± 15 ng/g), Fe (2.4 ± 0.34 μg/g) and Mn (250 ± 20 ng/g); the results obtained are lower than the reported values.Cu, Mn, and Zn were cross-checked by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results, Cu = 331 ± 27 ng/g, Mn = 302 ± 62 ng/g, and Zn = 35 ± 1 μg/g, fall within the range of mean values obtained by NAA.For Hg and Se, using instrumental NAA, only upper limits could be indicated; because of the low levels of concentrations of Hg and Se on one hand, and high content of P (9100 μg/g) in A-11 milk standard on the other, NAA coupled with radiochemistry is to be preferred for these two elements.In pooled human milk, in addition to Cu and Mn (radiochemical) and Co, Fe, Sb and Zn (instrumental), Hg and Se could also be determined non-destructively because of the favourable Hg/P and Se/P ratios in this matrix.     

Total arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in some salt rivers in the northern Andes of Antofagasta, Chile

Lake Velenje is located in one of the most polluted regions in Slovenia, the Salek Valley. The major source of pollution in the valley is the coal-fired thermal power plant in Sostanj (STPP, capacity 775 MW). It has five separate units. All units have electrostatic precipitators for fly ash removal. Unit 4 also has installed a wet flue gas desulfurisation system (FGD system). Total mercury (THg) concentrations were measured in lignite, slag and ash samples from the STPP. In flue gas, different mercury species (THg, MeHg, Hg2+, Hg0) were determined separately for unit 4 and unit 5 which use different flue gas cleaning technology. Mercury and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations were also measured in lake water at different depths, in inflow water, outflow water, rain, snow and lake sediments in order to establish the influence of the power plant on the lake. Most mercury emitted from the power plant is in the elemental form. The ratio between oxidised and elemental Hg depends on the flue gas cleaning technology. Mass balance calculations have been performed for the STPP. The results show that the major sources of mercury in Lake Velenje are wet deposition and lake inflows. Total and MeHg concentrations in the water column are very low and can be compared to other non-contaminated freshwater lakes in the world.     

Pollution of montane soil with Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Pb, and nitrate in Kanto, Japan

Soil cores and rainwater were sampled under canopies of Cryptomeria japonica in four montane areas along an atmospheric depositional gradient in Kanto, Japan. Soil cores (30 cm in depth) were divided into 2-cm or 4-cm segments for analysis. Vertical distributions of elemental enrichment ratios in soils were calculated as follows: (X/Al)_i/(X/Al)_BG (where the numerator and denominator are concentration ratios of element-X and Al in the i- and bottom segments of soil cores, respectively). The upper 14-cm soil layer showed higher levels of Cu, Zn, As, Sb, and Pb than the lower (14-30 cm) soil layer. In the four areas, the average enrichment ratios in the upper 6-cm soil layer were as follows: Pb (4.93) ≥ Sb (4.06) ≥ As (3.04) > Zn (1.71) ≥ Cu (1.56). Exogenous elements (kg/ha) accumulated in the upper 14-cm soil layer were as follows: Zn (26.0) > Pb (12.4) > Cu (4.48) ≥ As (3.43) ≥ Sb (0.49). These rank orders were consistent with those of elements in anthropogenic aerosols and polluted (roadside) air, respectively, indicating that air pollutants probably caused enrichment of these elements in the soil surface layer. Approximately half of the total concentrations of As, Sb, and Pb in the upper 14-cm soil layer were derived from exogenous (anthropogenic) sources. Sb showed the highest enrichment factor in anthropogenic aerosols, and shows similar deposition behavior to NO₃⁻, which is a typical acidic air pollutant. There was a strong correlation between Sb and NO₃⁻ concentrations in rainfall (e.g., in the throughfall under C. japonica: [NO₃⁻] = 21.1 [dissolved Sb], r = 0.938, p < 0.0001, n = 182). Using this correlation, total (cumulative) inputs of NO₃⁻ were estimated from the accumulated amounts of exogenous Sb in soils, i.e., 16.7 t/ha at Mt. Kinsyo (most polluted), 8.6 t/ha at Mt. Tsukuba (moderately polluted), and 5.8 t/ha at the Taga mountain system (least polluted). There are no visible ecological effects of these accumulated elements in the Kanto region at present. However, the concentrations of some elements are within a harmful range, according to the Ecological Soil Screening Levels determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

Levels of antimony,arsenic, cadmium,copper, lead,mercury, selenium,silver, tin and zinc in bone tissue of industrially exposed workers

The contents of the elements antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, tin and zinc in bone tissue from autopsy specimens of the femur of workers who had been exposed to a large number of metals in a smeltery and refinery in Northern Sweden as well as of a control group have been quantitatively assayed.The analytical techniques used were atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis and particle induced X-ray emission analysis (PIXE) in a proton microprobe. Increased levels of lead in the bone tissue of exposed workers compared to a non-exposed control group were observed. The median level of lead in the group of exposed workers exceeded the corresponding value of the control group about 5 times.Using the proton microprobe in the PIXE-mode, concentration profiles of copper, lead and zinc were examined within the Haversian system of the bone samples.     

ICP-AES法测定海水中钾、钠、钙、镁、锂、锶、锰

研究了采用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定海水中钾、钠、钙、镁、锂、锶、锰7种元素的方法。此方法标准曲线线性关系好,相对标准偏差3.35%,相对误差5.5%,加标回收率达90%～104.3%,有较高的测定精密度和准确度,干扰小,值得推广应用。     

贵州安顺地区岩腊片区水淹坝岩溶内涝成因分析

水淹坝岩溶内涝是安顺市西秀区发育最大范围的岩溶内涝,严重制约了当地经济发展。本文以岩溶地下水系统为单元,通过开展1:10000水文地质调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质钻探等手段,查明内涝所在区的岩溶发育特征、水文地质条件。在此基础上分析得出,水力坡度小、岩层倾角缓造成地下河管道淤塞;人类工程活动使有水落水洞口堵塞,加之广阔的集雨面积和连续的强降雨是造成水淹坝岩溶内涝的主要原因。通过对水淹坝内涝成因分析,为岩溶内涝灾害综合整治提供参考依据。     

清华大学胜因院景观,北京,中国

<正>景观设计:清华大学建筑学院景观学系Landscape Design:Department of Landscape Architecture at the School of Architecture,Tsinghua University胜因院是清华大学教师住宅群之一,始建于1946年,曾有多位清华大学知名教授居住于此。60多年来,随着周围地势因建设而抬高,这里遂成为低洼地带,每逢暴雨便导致严重内涝。对这一颇具历史文化价值的地区进行改造,须将历史保护、     

Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA

Concentrations of total Hg, Hg (II), and methylmercury were measured in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected downstream from abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska to evaluate environmental effects to surrounding ecosystems. These mines are found in a broad belt covering several tens of thousands of square kilometers, primarily in the Kuskokwim River basin. Mercury ore is dominantly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury (Hg degrees) is present in ore at one mine and near retorts and in streams at several mine sites. Approximately 1400 t of mercury have been produced from the region, which is approximately 99% of all mercury produced from Alaska. These mines are not presently operating because of low prices and low demand for mercury. Stream-sediment samples collected downstream from the mines contain as much as 5500 microg/g Hg. Such high Hg concentrations are related to the abundance of cinnabar, which is highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and is visible in streams below mine sites. Although total Hg concentrations in the stream-sediment samples collected near mines are high, Hg speciation data indicate that concentrations of Hg (II) are generally less than 5%, and methylmercury concentrations are less than 1% of the total Hg. Stream waters below the mines are neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 6.8-8.4), which is a result of the insolubility of cinnabar and the lack of acid-generating minerals such as pyrite in the deposits. Unfiltered stream-water samples collected below the mines generally contain 500-2500 ng/l Hg; whereas, corresponding stream-water samples filtered through a 0.45-microm membrane contain less than 50 ng/l Hg. These stream-water results indicate that most of the Hg transported downstream from the mines is as finely-suspended material rather than dissolved Hg. Mercury speciation data show that concentrations of Hg (II) and methylmercury in stream-water samples are typically less than 22 ng/l, and generally less than 5% of the total Hg. Muscle samples of fish collected downstream from mines contain as much as 620 ng/g Hg (wet wt.), of which 90-100% is methylmercury. Although these Hg concentrations are several times higher than that in fish collected from regional baseline sites, the concentration of Hg in fish is below the 1000 ng/g action level for edible fish established by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Salmon contain less than 100 ng/g Hg, which are among the lowest Hg contents observed for fish in the study, and well below the FDA action level.     

Occurrence of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United States, 1998

Sulfonylurea (SU), sulfonamide (SA), and imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides are relatively new classes of chemical compounds that function by inhibiting the action of a plant enzyme, stopping plant growth, and eventually killing the plant. These compounds generally have low mammalian toxicity, but plants demonstrate a wide range in sensitivity to SUs, SAs, and IMIs with over a 10,000-fold difference in observed toxicity levels for some compounds. SUs, SAs, and IMIs are applied either pre- or post-emergence to crops commonly at 1/50th or less of the rate of other herbicides. Little is known about their occurrence, fate, or transport in surface water or ground water in the USA. To obtain information on the occurrence of SU, SA, and IMI herbicides in the Midwestern United States, 212 water samples were collected from 75 surface-water and 25 ground-water sites in 1998. These samples were analyzed for 16 SU, SA and IMI herbicides by USGS Methods Research and Development Program staff using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples were also analyzed for 47 pesticides or pesticide degradation products. At least one of the 16 SUs, SAs or IMIs was detected above the method reporting limit (MRL) of 0.01 microg/l in 83% of 130 stream samples. Imazethapyr was detected most frequently (71% of samples) followed by flumetsulam (63% of samples) and nicosulfuron (52% of samples). The sum of SU, SA and IMI concentrations exceeded 0.5 microg/l in less than 10% of stream samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were all detected in 90% or more of 129 stream samples. The sum of the concentration of these five herbicides exceeded 50 microg/l in approximately 10% of stream samples. At least one SU, SA, or IMI herbicide was detected above the MRL in 24% of 25 ground-water samples and 86% of seven reservoir samples.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定不锈钢中的硅、锰、磷、铬、镍、钼、铜

用HCl-HNO3混和酸溶解不锈钢样品,用钇为内标物质,使用标准样品绘制工作曲线,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定了不锈钢中的硅、锰、磷、铬、镍、钼、铜。在选定的操作条件下,对不锈钢标准样品按实验方法进行测定,标准样品的测定值与标准值基本吻合。元素质量分数在0.01%～0.10%时,相对标准偏差(n=11)RSD<5%;质量分数大于0.10%,RSD <1%。同时测定不锈钢中的硅、锰、磷、铬、镍、钼、铜元素的含量,操作简单、快速、灵敏度高,结果令人满意。