4种鲑鳟鱼外周血细胞显微及超微结构比较

为研究鲑鳟鱼的血细胞形态学差异,采用光镜及电镜技术对白点鲑Salvelinus malma(体质量49.07 g±12.05 g)、红点鲑Salvelinus leucomaenis(体质量83.23 g±15.07 g)、虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss(体质量60.12 g±11.86 g)和金鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss(体质量42.04 g±10.26 g)4种鲑鳟鱼外周血细胞的组成、大小、显微及超微结构进行了研究。结果表明:4种鲑鳟鱼外周血细胞中可见红细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、血栓细胞及单核细胞,其中,红细胞占大多数,淋巴细胞数量仅次于红细胞,大淋巴细胞和嗜中性粒细胞密度在4种鲑鳟鱼中无显著性差异(P>0.05);4种鲑鳟鱼的成熟红细胞形态结构相似,血栓细胞形态多样,其他种类白细胞形态结构相似,白细胞均以血栓细胞和淋巴细胞为主体;白点鲑血栓细胞最多,成群结队排列,红细胞数量也较多,红细胞长径和短径均最大,单核细胞中富含细胞器,嗜中性粒细胞分叶较多;红点鲑红细胞和淋巴细胞数量也较多;虹鳟红细胞密度最小,淋巴细胞最多,嗜中性粒细胞长径和短径最大;金鳟红细胞和白细胞密度最大,淋巴细胞和血栓细胞长径和短径最大。研究表明,4种鲑鳟鱼外周血细胞的显微和超微结构特征与其他鱼类相似,但不同物种间血细胞数量和大小存在一定差异。     

杂交鲟外周血细胞形态学观察

为了对杂交鲟(达氏鳇Huso dauricus♀×施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii♂)外周血液中血细胞形态进行观察,采用瑞氏染色法研究其形态学特征,并依此分类。结果表明:杂交鲟血细胞由红细胞、白细胞和血栓细胞组成,其中红细胞占大多数,血栓细胞的数量仅次于红细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞较少,嗜碱性粒细胞未有发现;单核细胞体积最大,平均大小(长径×短径)为(18. 9±1. 7)μm×(16. 8±1. 7)μm,细胞核形态多样;血栓细胞的体积最小,平均大小为(8. 2±1. 2)μm×(6. 5±1. 3)μm,其着色深,一般不单独出现。本试验结果可丰富鱼类血液学研究内容,为鱼类血细胞的分类提供基础数据,并为鱼类病理及免疫等方面的研究提供基础资料。     

流式检测PNH克隆的方法学探讨及临床筛检和意义

目的:探讨流式细胞仪高敏感方法检测PNH克隆的必要性和血细胞减少患者PNH克隆的发生率及临床意义。方法:采用CD59检测红细胞及FLAER联合CD24或CD14检测粒细胞和单核细胞的方法检测了20例健康志愿者和1 095例血细胞减少患者的PNH克隆比例,同时对31例患者采用传统的CD59方法检测粒细胞和单核细胞中CD59~-细胞比例。结果:根据健康志愿者正常背景和患者获取的细胞数,确定粒细胞、单核细胞和红细胞PNH克隆的最低检测限(LOD)分别为0.04%、0.10%和0.05%;827例患者FLAER~-CD24~-粒细胞、FLAER~-CD14~-单核细胞和CD59~-红细胞的中位比例分别为0.02%、0.02%和0.03%;318例(38.45%)患者粒细胞PNH克隆高于LOD,180例FLAER~-CD24~-粒细胞<1.00%,粒红和粒单细胞的一致性只有43%～45%。138例FLAER~-CD24~-粒细胞≥1.00%,粒红、粒单和粒单红细胞的一致率分别为91.30%、97.83%和89.86%;比较CD59~-和FLAER~-CD24~-粒细胞、CD59~-和FLAER~-CD14~-单核细胞比例,CD59~-细胞比例明显更低(P<0.000 1和P=0.000 9);26.85%和24.54%患者因出现FLAER~-CD24~+粒细胞与FLAER~-CD14~+单核细胞,导致FLAER单阴比例高于FLAER和锚连蛋白双阴比例,对PNH克隆比例低于0.10%的患者影响更大;36例PNH患者和50例MDS或AA患者PNH克隆比例分别为90.30%(44.49%～99.05%)和1.30%(0.10%～96.07%)(P<0.000 1);PNH克隆比例等于41.81%时,诊断PNH的敏感度和特异度分别为100.0%和96.0%。结论:在本实验条件下根据正常背景值,确定粒细胞、红细胞的LOD分别为0.04%和0.05%。粒细胞PNH克隆比例≥1.00%,与单核和红细胞诊断PNH克隆阳性结果更一致,PNH克隆比例高于41.81%时PNH疾病可能性更大。     

海豚链球菌疫苗对罗非鱼免疫功能的影响

以海豚链球菌Streptococcus iniae灭活菌苗为免疫原,通过注射、浸泡、口服3种途径对体重为(100±10)g的奥尼罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus进行免疫,在免疫前和免疫后的第3、7、10、14、21天对试验鱼进行尾静脉采血,测定其血液中白细胞的数量、各类白细胞的数量及其吞噬活性,以及血清的抗菌活力、溶菌酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及抗体水平。在免疫后第22天对所有试验鱼按照1.0×107cfu/尾进行攻毒。结果表明:各免疫组白细胞总数、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞数量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清的抗菌活力、溶菌酶活性和抗体水平与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),SOD活力和对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);免疫的罗非鱼对海豚链球菌的抵抗力明显增强,其中注射组罗非鱼的免疫能力明显高于浸泡和口服组,加强免疫组的免疫能力均有明显增强趋势。     

肺炎支原体感染患儿血常规、超敏C反应蛋白变化分析

目的:观察肺炎支原体感染患儿的血常规及超敏C反应蛋白结果的变化,分析肺炎支原体感染对儿童血常规及超敏C反应蛋白的影响。方法:对164例儿童,其中感染组:肺炎支原体抗体检测阳性患儿78例;对照组:同期86例正常体检儿童,分别做血常规及超敏C反应蛋白检测并进行对比分析。结果:肺炎支原体感染组中性粒细胞比例及绝对值增高,淋巴细胞比例及绝对值下降,单核细胞比例及绝对值增高,血小板计数增高,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞计数及嗜酸性粒细胞比例及绝对值和嗜碱性粒细胞比例及绝对值、红细胞计数、血红蛋白含量均无明显变化。结论:结合儿童超敏C反应蛋白及血常规的变化有助于推断肺炎支原感染可能性。     

全自动血细胞分析仪XE-5000检测中单核细胞假性增高原因分析

目的分析全自动血细胞分析仪XE-5000检测外周静脉血白细胞分类单核细胞假性增高的原因。方法选择单核细胞分类增高的标本,运用日本生产的SysmexXE-5000全自动血细胞分析仪对外周静脉血白细胞进行细胞分类,并与手工涂片显微镜镜检分类结果进行对比,并分析总结原因。结果外周血如出现核左移、异型淋巴、原始细胞等均可以引起全自动血细胞分析仪单核细胞分类计数假性增高,并且比例越高,影响越大。结论对于全自动血液分析仪检测单核细胞分类比例增高的标本都必须要进行人工涂片镜检复查。     

寄生虫感染致外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多的临床特点

目的：总结和分析寄生虫感染患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞的临床变化特点。 方法：收集北京协和医院2010年1月至2014年12月期间收治并明确诊断为寄生虫感染的患者临床资料，回顾性分析患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞与感染寄生虫种类及临床受累系统的相关情况。 结果：符合纳入标准的寄生虫感染患者共87例，33.3%的患者（29/87）外周血嗜酸性粒细胞绝对计数升高，14.9%（13/87）的患者绝对计数高于1.5×109/L。卫氏并殖吸虫（100%）、血吸虫（83.3%）及华支睾吸虫（57.1%）是引起外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增高的最常见三种寄生虫。呼吸系统和消化系统受累患者出现外周血嗜酸性粒细胞升高的最高，分别有71.4%及50%，出现嗜酸性粒细胞明显升高的分别有28.6%及33.3%。 结论： 出现外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增高的患者比例随感染寄生虫种类或主要受累脏器部位不同而有所不同。当遇到高嗜酸细胞血症患者时，应注意寄生虫感染的鉴别诊断。     

不同温度鲤鱼（Cyprinuscarpio）、鲢鱼（Hy─pophthalmichthysmolitrix）和草鱼（Cteno─phoryngodonidelus）嗜中性白细胞吞噬作用的研究

鲤、鲢和草鱼的嗜中性白细胞在体外条件下对酵母细胞的吞噬百分率随环境温度升高而上升．在１０℃以上，三种鱼嗜中性白细胞的吞噬百分率可达９０％以上，其中鲤鱼的吞噬作用最强，其次是鲢鱼和草鱼．另外酵母细胞被吞噬吸收的比例随温度升高而逐渐增加     

环境电磁辐射对大学生外周血细胞的影响

目的探讨环境电磁辐射对大学生外周血细胞的影响。方法以重庆某两高校1 103例大学生为研究对象,组织问卷调查了解血液系统相关疾病自主症状,并采用全自动血液分析仪对其末梢血样本进行检测。结果较高背景环境电磁辐射组四肢无力发生率高于低背景环境电磁辐射组(P小于0.05)。红细胞计数、红细胞压积、血红蛋白含量和中性粒细胞计数均高于低背景环境电磁辐射组(P小于0.05),红细胞平均血红蛋白含量及浓度、血小板计数、血小板压积、血小板平均体积和淋巴细胞计数均低于低背景环境电磁辐射组(P小于0.05);其中较高背景环境电磁辐射组居住年限(1—4年内)与红细胞计数、血红蛋白含量呈正相关,与淋巴细胞计数呈负相关(P小于0.05)。结论现有环境电磁辐射对大学生血相有一定影响,红细胞计数、血红蛋白含量增高,淋巴细胞计数减少,中性粒细胞相对增多,值得关注。     

颅骨Rosai-Dorfman病的病理诊断临床分析

目的探讨发生于颅骨Rosai-Dorfman病的临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法复习1例颅骨Rosai-Dorfman病患者的临床及影像学资料,进行病理学观察及免疫组化分析,并复习相关文献。结果 RosaiDorfman病病灶呈不规则结节状分布。结节周边染色较深,主要为成片的淋巴细胞、浆细胞、中性粒细胞及少数嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,可见淋巴滤泡。中央区为组织细胞,呈三五成群簇状分布或弥漫片状分布,细胞体积大,多边形或卵圆形,胞浆丰富,淡染或透明状;胞浆内可见吞噬淋巴细胞及红细胞,具有诊断意义。免疫组化方面组织细胞表达S-100蛋白、CD68、Lysozyme、Vim,不表达CK、EMA、CD1α、CD21、CD23、CD35、PR。结论累及颅骨的RosaiDorfman病罕见,病理学检查是确诊的唯一依据。     

Cadmium in blood and hypertension

OBJECTIVES: This study is to examine the effect of cadmium exposure on blood pressure in Korean general population. METHODS: The study population consisted of 958 men and 944 women who participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), in which blood pressure and blood cadmium were measured from each participant. RESULTS: The mean blood cadmium level was 1.67 microg/L (median level 1.55). The prevalence of hypertension was 26.2%. The blood cadmium level was significantly higher among those subjects with hypertension than those without (mean level 1.77 versus 1.64 microg/dL). After adjusting for covariates, the odds ratio of hypertension comparing the highest to the lowest tertile of cadmium in blood was 1.51 (95% confidence interval 1.13 to 2.05), and a dose-response relationship was observed. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were all positively associated with blood cadmium level, and this effect of cadmium on blood pressure was markedly stronger when the kidney function was reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Cadmium exposures at the current level may have increased the blood pressure of Korean general population.     

Carboxyhemoglobin levels in blood donors in Bahrain.

A total of 107 venous blood samples were obtained from blood donors in Bahrain for carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) analysis. The donors were categorized according to their sex, smoking habits, occupation, place of work (indoor or outdoor), and residential area. The mean COHb levels were significantly higher in smokers (4.8%) than nonsmoking (1.5%). The mean COHb levels were higher in smoking, outdoor working donors (4.98%) and nonsmoking outdoor working donors (2.29%) than smoking indoor working donors (3.07%) and nonsmoking indoor working donors (1.04%). Other factors, such as sex and residential area did not influence COHb concentrations. The results indicate a possible influence of the levels of environmental carbon monoxide on the COHb in the blood of the Bahraini population.     

Heavy metals in maternal and cord blood

Heavy metal concentrations have been determined in maternal and cord blood samples collected from mothers in the age group 20-25 years with full-term neonates (37-40 weeks). The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were found to be low in cord blood as compared to mother's blood and the ratio between cord blood and maternal blood for the respective elements was found to be approximately 0.80, 0.86, 0.47 and 0.40. On the other hand, the concentrations of Fe and Mg in the mother's blood were found to be lower than those in the cord blood. Prenatal exposure to lead in Mumbai, though low (5.1 microg/dl), is approximately 2-3 times higher than that observed in Canada or Italy. A strong correlation (r = 0.79) between the maternal and cord blood lead levels has been observed during the present study.     

Whole blood selenium content in pregnant women

The selenium content in the blood of pregnant women in the Valencian Community, Spain was determined until the end of gestation in order to assess its evolution and detect possible differences in relation to the values corresponding to non-pregnant women of fertile age. A total of 158 blood samples were obtained from 137 pregnant women. Samples were classified as: (a) first; (b) second; and (c) third trimester. Selenium was determined by a flow injection hydride atomic absorption spectrometric method (Seronorm whole blood was used as a quality control check). The selenium values obtained for the three trimesters followed a Gaussian distribution. The intervals for mean found were: (a) 75.7-85.5 micrograms/l; (b) 72.6-81.4 micrograms/l; and (c) 69.9-77.5 micrograms/l. Although a tendency to decrease was observed, no statistical significant differences between the three trimesters of the gestational period were observed. When we compare the values obtained with the blood selenium content of women of fertile age in the Valencian community (87.8-98.8 micrograms/l) by using an ANOVA test, statistically significant differences are found between the selenium values of women of fertile age and those corresponding to pregnant women. The differences, however, are very small and can be partially explained by the level of hemodilution during pregnancy, however, reference values of blood selenium contents in pregnant women should be taken into account.     

Non-parametric age related centile curves for blood lead levels in blood donors from northern Italy.

Healy's non-parametric method, originally applied to growth data, provides an efficient and flexible tool for computing smoothed centile curves. We used this procedure to calculate reference curves for blood lead levels. A sample of 402 blood donors living in Brescia and its surrounding area was used as a reference population. No exclusion criteria but occupational exposure to lead were adopted. The comparison between the reference values obtained with Healy's procedure and the tolerance limits, based on the normal approximation, computed within age strata is discussed.     

Changes in blood lead of a recreational shooter

We have measured the concentration and isotopic composition of lead in blood over a 15-month period for a subject who undertook recreational shooting in outdoor and indoor firing ranges on an irregular basis. We have also measured the isotopic composition in cast lead, Cu-jacketed and Teflon-coated bullets, propellant and primer from which he assembled the cartridges. Blood lead concentration increased from 3.2 to 6.7 microg/dl with use of dominantly cast lead bullets in the outdoor range. In two intervals when no firing was undertaken for 3-4 months, the blood lead concentrations either decreased towards a baseline value in the case where only Cu-jacketed bullets were fired or remained elevated when dominantly cast lead bullets were fired. The propellants contained <2 ppm Pb and contribute negligibly to blood lead. The isotopic composition of the primer used for all bullets was consistent with a source from the US. The bullets were of different materials and made in Australia and the US, with lead from sources of different geological age and hence different isotopic signatures. Variations in blood lead concentration and isotopic composition appear most strongly influenced by the bullets. Although more expensive, the use of Cu-jacketed bullets, non-lead primers and well-ventilated indoor firing ranges would lessen the health impacts of recreational shooting.     

Elevated blood selenium levels in the Brazilian Amazon

Contaminated fish poses a difficult challenge throughout the world, on the one hand, fish is a very nutritious food source, while on the other hand it accumulates many toxic substances, including mercury (Hg). As part of our efforts in the Brazilian Amazon to maximize nutritional input from fish consumption, a dietary mainstay, and minimize toxic risk, we have been studying the role of selenium (Se), an essential element, that may influence the distribution of Hg in the body and influence Hg neurotoxicity. Se, which is naturally present in the soil, is ingested through consumption of various foods, notably fish, mammals and certain plants. The objectives of the present study were: (i) evaluate whole blood Se (B-Se) and Hg (B-Hg); (ii) characterize B-Se variations with respect to socio-demographic and dietary variables; and (iii) examine the relation between B-Se and B-Hg. A total of 236 persons from six riparian communities of the Tapajós River Basin, a tributary of the Amazon, participated in this study. Whole blood Se and Hg were measured and interview administered questionnaires were used to obtain data on socio-demographic variable, smoking and drinking habits, and fish and fruit consumption. The results show that B-Se are in the upper normal range (median=284.3 microg/L, range=142.1-2029.3 microg/L). No individuals presented B-Se deficiency, but 9 participants from the same extended family had relatively high B-Se levels, potentially a threat to their health. B-Se varied between communities, was significantly higher among alcohol drinkers and farmers, but not associated with age, sex or tobacco consumption. A significant positive relation between B-Se and B-Hg was noted, independently of the overall fish consumption. B-Se increased with consumption of Peacock bass (Cichla sp.), a piscivorous fish species, and coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L.). The B-Se intercommunity variations may reflect geographic differences in local soil Se levels as well as traditional land use practices in the different ecosystems of the Tapajós River Basin. In this population with relatively high exposure to Hg, Se may play an important role. Further studies should examine, in this region, the sources of Se, its transmission through the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem and its role with respect to human health.     

Innovation through new blood

We model the influence of employee mobility on the transmission of knowledge between firms, assuming human capital to be an important influence on service innovation and firm productivity. To this end, we follow individual workers as they move from firm to firm, controlling for knowledge characteristics (‘absorptive capacity’) of the firm and for regional effects (agglomeration and urbanization). We measure the amount and variety of such flows, and we find statistically significant results; yet the impact of new employees on innovation and productivity seems to come more from the diversity of source firms than from the number of new employees, and effects differ markedly between small and larger firms.     

Mercury levels in whole blood of Saskatchewan residents.

The study was undertaken to establish whole blood mercury levels in the Saskatchewan population and to identify characteristics of individuals with higher blood levels. The mean blood mercury level was 6.7 ng/ml, the median level 5 ng/ml and the range 1 to 42 ng/ml. Native persons living in northern Saskatchewan who had recently eaten local fresh-water fish had the higher levels. A greater consumption of fish and higher blood mercury levels were recorded during the fresh-water fishing season.