总氨态氮对菲律宾蛤仔早期生长发育的影响

为研究菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum早期发育阶段对总氨态氮(TAN)和非离子氨(UIA)的耐受性,在水温为21²4℃、pH为7.924℃、pH为7.9⁸.3、盐度为278.3、盐度为27³0条件下,开展了TAN对菲律宾蛤仔受精卵、D形幼虫(壳长为103.2μm±3.0μm)和稚贝(壳长为318.1μm±27.3μm)的急性毒性试验。结果表明:TAN对菲律宾蛤仔受精卵孵化率的24 h EC_(50)为7.29 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.502 mg/L);对D形幼虫死亡率的96 h LC_(50)为7.94 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.212 mg/L);对稚贝死亡率的96 h LC_(50)为49.0 mg/L(UIA浓度为2.10 mg/L),对稚贝壳长相对生长的96 h EC_(50)为4.9 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.21 mg/L);对稚贝壳高相对生长的96 h EC_(50)为10.5 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.448 mg/L);菲律宾蛤仔对TAN的耐受能力为稚贝>D形幼虫。研究表明,菲律宾蛤仔育苗期间非离子氨浓度控制在0.020 mg/L以内较好。     

总氨态氮对菲律宾蛤仔早期生长发育的影响

为研究菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum早期发育阶段对总氨态氮(TAN)和非离子氨(UIA)的耐受性,在水温为21~24℃、pH为7.9~8.3、盐度为27~30条件下,开展了TAN对菲律宾蛤仔受精卵、D形幼虫(壳长为103.2μm±3.0μm)和稚贝(壳长为318.1μm±27.3μm)的急性毒性试验。结果表明:TAN对菲律宾蛤仔受精卵孵化率的24 h EC_(50)为7.29 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.502 mg/L);对D形幼虫死亡率的96 h LC_(50)为7.94 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.212 mg/L);对稚贝死亡率的96 h LC_(50)为49.0 mg/L(UIA浓度为2.10 mg/L),对稚贝壳长相对生长的96 h EC_(50)为4.9 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.21 mg/L);对稚贝壳高相对生长的96 h EC_(50)为10.5 mg/L(UIA浓度为0.448 mg/L);菲律宾蛤仔对TAN的耐受能力为稚贝>D形幼虫。研究表明,菲律宾蛤仔育苗期间非离子氨浓度控制在0.020 mg/L以内较好。     

3种硒化合物对刺参的急性毒性比较

在水温18℃条件下,采用Korbor法按等对数间距使用硒代蛋氨酸、亚硒酸钠、硒酸钠对规格为10、20、50 g的刺参Apostichopus japonicus进行急性毒性试验。结果表明:硒代蛋氨酸对10、20、50 g组刺参的96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为0.639、0.741、0.795 mg/L;亚硒酸钠对10、20、50 g组刺参的96 h LC50分别为0.275、0.299、0.324 mg/L;硒酸钠对10、20、50 g组刺参的96 h LC50分别为0.305、0.346、0.368 mg/L;3种硒化合物对3种规格刺参的急性毒性大小均为亚硒酸钠>硒酸钠>硒代蛋氨酸。研究表明,在富硒海参生产中,推荐使用硒代蛋氨酸作为硒源。     

垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液处理工程改造及调试

采用A/O—两级Fenton-BAF工艺对广东某垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液处理系统进行改造。调试运行结果表明,采用好氧回流能提高A/O段的处理效果和稳定性。当总回流比为1∶2时,生化出水COD及平均出水氨氮浓度分别约为1 100 mg/L和50 mg/L,去除率均达到95%以上。深度处理中两级Fenton氧化单元双氧水(27.5%)加药量分别为4 mL/L和1 mL/L,硫酸亚铁加药量分别为8 g/L和2 g/L,两级BAF的HRT分别为8 h和5 h时,出水COD<90 mg/L、氨氮<3 mg/L、色度<25倍、SS<15 mg/L,达到广东省地方标准《水污染物排放限值》(DB 44/26—2001)第二时段一级标准。     

Zn~(2+)胁迫对花斑裸鲤抗氧化关键基因表达和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨水体Zn⁽²⁺⁾对鱼类的影响,并筛选出有效的生物标记物,以花斑裸鲤Gymnocypris eckloni幼鱼(体质量为10 g±3 g)为试验对象,分别以1、2、5、10、20 mg/L Zn(2+)对鱼类的影响,并筛选出有效的生物标记物,以花斑裸鲤Gymnocypris eckloni幼鱼(体质量为10 g±3 g)为试验对象,分别以1、2、5、10、20 mg/L Zn⁽²⁺⁾为胁迫浓度,计算24、48、72、96 h时的半致死浓度(LD_(50)),经1 mg/L Zn(2+)为胁迫浓度,计算24、48、72、96 h时的半致死浓度(LD_(50)),经1 mg/L Zn⁽²⁺⁾胁迫12、24、48、72、96 h后,采用qPCR技术检测鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织中抗氧化防御系统相关的核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)基因表达量变化,以热图分析各基因在3种组织中的应答层次,以及用吸光度法测定SOD、CAT和GPx抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:Zn(2+)胁迫12、24、48、72、96 h后,采用qPCR技术检测鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织中抗氧化防御系统相关的核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)基因表达量变化,以热图分析各基因在3种组织中的应答层次,以及用吸光度法测定SOD、CAT和GPx抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:Zn⁽²⁺⁾对花斑裸鲤幼鱼胁迫24、48、72、96 h时的半致死浓度(LD_(50))分别为5.0、3.2、2.5、2.0 mg/L,安全浓度为0.2 mg/L;在Zn(2+)对花斑裸鲤幼鱼胁迫24、48、72、96 h时的半致死浓度(LD_(50))分别为5.0、3.2、2.5、2.0 mg/L,安全浓度为0.2 mg/L;在Zn⁽²⁺⁾胁迫96 h内,花斑裸鲤Nrf2、Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、CAT和GPx基因表达量及SOD、CAT和GPx酶活性均有不同程度的升高,但升高幅度各异;基因表达量热图分析显示,与鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织中Nrf2的4个下游基因表达量相比,Nrf2表达量相对较低,尤其在肾脏和肝脏组织中表现更为明显。研究表明,花斑裸鲤Nrf2、Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、CAT和GPx基因表达量及相关酶活性与Zn(2+)胁迫96 h内,花斑裸鲤Nrf2、Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、CAT和GPx基因表达量及SOD、CAT和GPx酶活性均有不同程度的升高,但升高幅度各异;基因表达量热图分析显示,与鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织中Nrf2的4个下游基因表达量相比,Nrf2表达量相对较低,尤其在肾脏和肝脏组织中表现更为明显。研究表明,花斑裸鲤Nrf2、Cu/Zn-SOD、Mn-SOD、CAT和GPx基因表达量及相关酶活性与Zn⁽²⁺⁾胁迫存在一定的时间相关性和组织特异性,其可作为预警水体Zn(2+)胁迫存在一定的时间相关性和组织特异性,其可作为预警水体Zn⁽²⁺⁾污染的备选生物标记物。     

高溶氧对闭合养殖系统中生物滤器功能的影响

研究了在封闭式循环养殖系统中,不同溶氧水平对生物滤器功能的影响及对大菱鲆Scophthalmusmaximus幼鱼生长的影响。结果表明:当水中溶氧(DO)为10.11 mg/L(B组)和11.91 mg/L(C组)时,生物滤器功能建立仅需要8 d时间,比对照组(A组,充空气)提前4 d;当水中总氨氮(TNH3-N)浓度为0.696 mg/L时,B2组(DO为12.11 mg/L±0.52 mg/L)24 h对TNH3-N的总去除率为89.60%,比对照A2组早6 h降低到0.2 mg/L以下;30 d的饲养结果表明,高溶氧可以提高大菱鲆幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和饲料转化率;当水中TNH3-N浓度为0.700 mg/L(H组)时,在高溶氧下饲养的大菱鲆幼鱼各项生长指标均与对照D组无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

总氨态氮对海湾扇贝幼体存活和生长的影响

为确定海湾扇贝Argopecten irradias育苗用水的水质指标,进行了总氨态氮对海湾扇贝幼体存活和生长的影响试验。结果表明:在pH为8.20⁸.30、水温为21.58.30、水温为21.5²2.5℃、盐度为2722.5℃、盐度为27²8条件下,总氨态氮对海湾扇贝受精卵孵化率的24 h半数有效浓度(EC_(50))为3.089 mg/L(非离子氨态氮NH_3-N=0.194mg/L),最大毒物允许浓度(MATC)为0.8628条件下,总氨态氮对海湾扇贝受精卵孵化率的24 h半数有效浓度(EC_(50))为3.089 mg/L(非离子氨态氮NH_3-N=0.194mg/L),最大毒物允许浓度(MATC)为0.86¹.80 mg/L(非离子氨态氮NH_3-N=0.0541.80 mg/L(非离子氨态氮NH_3-N=0.054⁰.113 mg/L);在pH为7.950.113 mg/L);在pH为7.95⁸.10、水温为238.10、水温为23²5℃、盐度为2725℃、盐度为27²8条件下,总氨态氮对浮游期幼虫(2日龄)存活的48 h半致死浓度(LC_(50))为7.801 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.342 mg/L),96 h LC_(50)为2.445 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.107mg/L),144 h LC_(50)为1.294 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.057 mg/L);对浮游期生长的144 h EC_(50)为2.023 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.089 mg/L);浮游期的MATC为0.3728条件下,总氨态氮对浮游期幼虫(2日龄)存活的48 h半致死浓度(LC_(50))为7.801 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.342 mg/L),96 h LC_(50)为2.445 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.107mg/L),144 h LC_(50)为1.294 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.057 mg/L);对浮游期生长的144 h EC_(50)为2.023 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.089 mg/L);浮游期的MATC为0.37⁰.66 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.0160.66 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.016⁰.029 mg/L);总氨态氮浓度≤2.03 mg/L(NH_3-N≤0.089 mg/L)时,均有幼体变态为稚贝;变态期(眼点出现至变态成稚贝)幼体眼点出现率的192 h EC_(50)为1.460 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.064 mg/L),变态率的408 h EC_(50)为1.927 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.085 mg/L)。研究表明,根据各个时期的EC5推测,海湾扇贝育苗期间,在pH为7.950.029 mg/L);总氨态氮浓度≤2.03 mg/L(NH_3-N≤0.089 mg/L)时,均有幼体变态为稚贝;变态期(眼点出现至变态成稚贝)幼体眼点出现率的192 h EC_(50)为1.460 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.064 mg/L),变态率的408 h EC_(50)为1.927 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.085 mg/L)。研究表明,根据各个时期的EC5推测,海湾扇贝育苗期间,在pH为7.95⁸.10条件下总氨态氮浓度控制在0.40 mg/L(NH_3-N=0.018 mg/L)以下最佳,本研究结果为完善海湾扇贝生态学及育苗期间的水质调控技术提供了参考。     

亚硝酸态氮对虾夷扇贝早期存活和生长的影响

为探明亚硝酸态氮(NO_2-N)对虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis受精卵孵化、幼虫存活生长和变态的影响,以天然海水为对照,在实验室条件下(15～18℃)进行了NO_2-N对虾夷扇贝受精卵孵化率、两种规格(壳长分别为129.4μm±14.8μm和145.4μm±7.4μm)浮游幼虫96 h存活和生长,以及对眼点幼虫(壳长为238.0μm±47.7μm,受试216 h)变态率的影响试验。结果表明:NO_2-N对受精卵孵化率的72 h半数有效浓度(EC_(50))为1.07 mg/L,最大允许毒物浓度(MATC)为0.026～0.257 mg/L;对壳长为129.4、145.4μm浮游幼虫死亡率的96 h LC_(50)依次为0.306、3.24 mg/L,壳长相对生长率下降5%的96 h有效浓度(EC_5)分别为0.026、0.076 mg/L,96 h MATC分别为0.008～0.273 mg/L和0.016～0.291 mg/L;对眼点幼虫变态率的216 h EC_(50)为5.94 mg/L,216 h MATC为0.699～1.824 mg/L,壳长相对生长的216 h EC_5为0.078 mg/L。研究表明,小规格浮游幼虫较大规格对NO_2-N更敏感,建议虾夷扇贝室内人工育苗期间NO_2-N控制在0.030 mg/L以下,稚贝中间育成阶段控制在0.080 mg/L以下,本研究结果可为完善虾夷扇贝生态学及育苗期间的水质调控提供参考。     

亚硝酸态氮对虾夷扇贝早期存活和生长的影响

为探明亚硝酸态氮(NO_2-N)对虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis受精卵孵化、幼虫存活生长和变态的影响,以天然海水为对照,在实验室条件下(15～18℃)进行了NO_2-N对虾夷扇贝受精卵孵化率、两种规格(壳长分别为129.4μm±14.8μm和145.4μm±7.4μm)浮游幼虫96 h存活和生长,以及对眼点幼虫(壳长为238.0μm±47.7μm,受试216 h)变态率的影响试验。结果表明:NO_2-N对受精卵孵化率的72 h半数有效浓度(EC_(50))为1.07 mg/L,最大允许毒物浓度(MATC)为0.026～0.257 mg/L;对壳长为129.4、145.4μm浮游幼虫死亡率的96 h LC_(50)依次为0.306、3.24 mg/L,壳长相对生长率下降5%的96 h有效浓度(EC_5)分别为0.026、0.076 mg/L,96 h MATC分别为0.008～0.273 mg/L和0.016～0.291 mg/L;对眼点幼虫变态率的216 h EC_(50)为5.94 mg/L,216 h MATC为0.699～1.824 mg/L,壳长相对生长的216 h EC_5为0.078 mg/L。研究表明,小规格浮游幼虫较大规格对NO_2-N更敏感,建议虾夷扇贝室内人工育苗期间NO_2-N控制在0.030 mg/L以下,稚贝中间育成阶段控制在0.080 mg/L以下,本研究结果可为完善虾夷扇贝生态学及育苗期间的水质调控提供参考。     

消油剂对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的急性毒性效应

在水温为(21.0±0.5)℃、盐度为32的条件下,研究了消油剂和原油-消油剂混合液对红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes幼鱼(体质量为2.73 g±0.66 g)的急性毒性效应。结果表明:在96 h之内,随试验时间(t)的延长,消油剂对红鳍东方鲀的半致死浓度(LC50)逐渐降低,二者呈幂函数关系,其关系式为LC50=9452.2t-0.9529(R2=0.8794);原油-消油剂混合液对红鳍东方鲀的LC50也随试验时间的延长逐渐降低,二者呈线性函数关系,其关系式为LC50=-0.0303t+11.244(R2=0.891);消油剂和原油-消油剂混合液对红鳍东方鲀的96 h LC50分别为146.41、8.45 mg/L,表明原油-消油剂混合液对红鳍东方鲀的生物毒性大于消油剂,消油剂对红鳍东方鲀的生物毒性为一般毒性,而原油-消油剂混合液为高毒性;红鳍东方鲀中毒症状表现为在水面缓慢游动,有时失去平衡,身体侧翻,最后沉卧于水底死亡;死亡的红鳍东方鲀表现为鳃丝充血肿胀,鳃和体表的黏液分泌增加,体表腐烂发白。     

Ozonation of ammonia in wastewater

An investigation of the effects of ozone on ammonia in municipal wastewaters is described and discussed relative to the application of ozone for advanced waste treatment. Ammonia is oxidized completely to nitrate, thereby eliminating the nitrogenous oxygen demand of the waste. In buffered solutions of ammonium chloride, the reaction is first-order with respect to the concentration of ammonia, and the rate increases with increasing pH over the range 7–9, and with increasing ozone partial pressure. In wastewater, the reaction is particularly sensitive to pH, with effective removal of ammonia occurring only if the pH of the wastewater can be maintained alkaline. Due to the elevated pH's required for effective ammonia oxidation, ozonation is especially attractive in conjunction with lime clarification and precipitation of phosphate. Application of ozone for disinfection purposes requires recognition of the ozone demand exerted by ammonia.     

氨在空调制冷领域的应用

在热力特性、环境安全特性及技术成熟性等方面比较了氨和其他几种工质，介绍了氨在空调制冷领域应用中几项关键技术的发展，以及氨系统目前的应用情况。     

Electrochemical removal of nitrite and ammonia for aquaculture

Electrochemical nitrite and ammonia removal from aqueous solution was investigated. Operating variables of the electrochemical method including the current input, pH, conductivity, buffer solution and initial nitrite and ammonia concentrations were considered to determine their respective effect on the efficiency of nitrite and ammonia removal. The experimental results indicated that the time for complete nitrite removal and power consumption decrease with an increase in conductivity. For nitrite removal, the electrochemical process was found to consume less power when utilizing a current input larger than 2 A. The pH effect on the nitrite removal was observed to be significantly smaller than those of conductivity and current input. While the acidic environment favored the nitrite removal, the alkaline environment appeared to be beneficial to the ammonia removal. The ammonia removal was found to be a much slower process than the nitrite removal.     

混凝土外加剂氨释放量检测方法研究

研究了对混凝土外加剂氨释放量检测结果有影响的几个重要因素,注意掌握这些因素,使检测结果更准确、客观。调节电热套功率为总功率50%~60%,控制蒸馏速度;控制蒸馏器中蒸馏液体积200 mL。     

Determination of ammonia and Kjeldahl nitrogen by indophenol method

The Berthelot reaction, based on development of a deep blue colour when ammonia reacts with phenol and alkaline hypochlorite, was investigated and modified. The reaction variables were studied, and a convenient and reliable analytical procedure was developed for ammonia and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, well suited for routine analysis of fresh and waste water. The buffering system introduced into the reagents permits examination of domestic wastewater, without pH correction, in the 3–11·5 range. The method gives highly reproducible results in the range of 0.02–1 mg l⁻¹ ammonia nitrogen (1 cm light path). The solutions are ready for photometric measurement after 45 min of colour development at room temperature, and remain stable at least 48 h.Interfering substances likely to be present in domestic wastewater are hardness above 400 mg l⁻¹ and nitrite ions above 5 mg l⁻¹n. In high-ammonia wastewater samples, this interference is eliminated by the dilution required for photometric measurements.     

Leachate treatment with nitrification of ammonia

Results are presented on the treatment of leachate to remove ammonia by biological nitrification. Outdoor activated sludge and trickling filter pilot plants were operated for 2 years at a major co-disposal landfill. Leachate ammonia nitrogen concentrations ranged from 150 to 550 mg l^?1 while TOC concentrations ranged from 200 to 500 mg l^?1. Very little of the TOC was degradable and BOD: NH₃-N ratios were typically 1:3.Nitrification was successfully established in both plants, and curves were established for the response of the kinetics to different temperatures. Maximum ammonia removal rate in the activated sludge plant was at least 131 g N kg VSS^?1 day^?1 achieved at an average temperature of 13°C. Maximum removal rate in the trickling filter was 309 mg N m^?2 day^?1, at 16°C.Operating problems and strategies for full-scale treatment are discussed.     

Inhibition of biohydrogen production by ammonia

Ammonia inhibition of biohydrogen production was investigated in batch and continuous flow reactors with glucose as a substrate. In batch tests, biohydrogen production rate was highly dependent on pH and ammonia (defined as the sum of NH3 of NH4+ species) concentrations above 2 g N/L. At pH = 6.2, the maximum production decreased from 56 mL/h at 2 g N/L to 16 mL/h at 10 g N/L. At pH = 5.2, production decreased from 49 mL/h (2g N/L) to 7 mL/h (16 g N/L). Hydrogen yield remained relatively constant in batch tests, varying from 0.96 to 1.17 mol-H2/mol-glucose. In continuous flow tests, both hydrogen production rates and yields were adversely affected by ammonia. When the reactor (2.0 L) was first acclimated under batch conditions to a low nitrogen concentration (<0.8 g N/L), H2 production and yields under continuous flow mode conditions were 170 mL/h and 1.9 mol-H2/mol-glucose, but decreased with increased ammonia concentrations up to 7.8 g N/L to 105 mL/h and 1.1 mol-H2/mol-glucose. There was no hydrogen production under continuous flow conditions if the reactor was initially operated under batch flow conditions at ammonia concentrations above 0.8 g N/L. It is concluded that the hydrogen production is possible at high concentrations (up to 7.8 g N/L) of ammonia in continuous flow systems as long as the reactor is initially acclimated to a lower ammonia concentration (<0.8 g N/L).     

Modeling of ammonia speciation in anaerobic digesters

Anaerobic digestion of high-nitrogen wastes such as animal manure can be inhibited by high concentrations of un-ionized ammonia, NH₃ (aq). Understanding the toxicity of NH₃ (aq) to anaerobic digestion requires a method for determining its concentration. Previous work on ammonia toxicity in anaerobic digesters has utilized a simple equilibrium calculation for estimating NH₃ (aq) concentration from total ammonia, temperature, and pH. This approach is not appropriate for concentrated solutions. In this work, a speciation model for major solutes in anaerobic digesters, based on Pitzer's ion-interaction approach, is presented. Model simulations show that the simple equilibrium calculation (without corrections for non-ideal behavior) substantially overestimates NH₃ (aq) concentration for all but dilute digesters. This error in concentration determination increases with total solids content and is estimated to be greater than 40% for a digester fed dairy manure with 5% total solids or swine manure with 3% total solids. However, including an estimate of the activity coefficient for NH₄⁺ in the simple equilibrium calculation results in much more accurate estimates of NH₃ (aq) concentration. In this case, the estimated error is less than 10% in the absence of struvite precipitation at the highest total solids contents considered.