蛤仔南北方养殖群体杂交子代早期生长发育的研究

以蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum北方大连养殖群体(N)和南方莆田养殖群体(S)为亲本,采用群体内自交和群体间杂交的方法建立了NN(N♀×N♂)、SS(S♀×S♂)、NS(N♀×S♂)和SN(S♀×N♂)4个试验组,比较了自交与杂交F1在幼虫期和稚贝期的生长与存活,研究了蛤仔不同地理群体间的杂交效应。结果表明:正反交组的单亲生长优势具有明显的不对称性,在幼虫期NS组和SN组的单亲生长优势分别为11.23%和-6.05%,双亲生长优势为2.12%,正交组NS表现出杂种优势,而反交组SN表现出杂种劣势;在稚贝期,正反交组都表现出杂种优势,NS组和SN组的单亲生长优势分别为24.89%和15.12%,双亲生长优势为19.93%;在幼虫期和稚贝期,杂交F1的存活性状未表现出明显的杂种优势。本研究结果表明,利用蛤仔南北方群体杂交育种的方法,可有效地改良蛤仔的生长性状,并为蛤仔速生新品种培育提供基础资料。     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因序列的中日朝菲律宾蛤仔野生群体遗传多样性分析

为了解中国菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum野生苗种产区的群体和潜在可作修复用途的日本、朝鲜群体的种质遗传基础,以中国山东莱州(LZ)、广西北海(BH)、辽宁营口(YK)、天津(TJ)4个野生群体,以及日本北海道(JH)和朝鲜新义州(NKS)野生群体(各10个)为材料,通过线粒体16S rRNA基因片段扩增测序,比较了各群体的遗传结构和遗传多样性。结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔16S rRNA序列扩增片段为535 bp,基因片段的T、C、A、G含量分别为33.3%、10.9%、33.8%和22.0%,A+T含量为67.1%,60个个体共确定了20个单倍型,不同个体间存在单倍型共享现象;6个群体的单倍型多样性(H_d)为0.378～0.911,核苷酸多样性(P_i)为0.000 75～0.010 60,核苷酸差异数(K)为0.400～5.578;菲律宾蛤仔中国天津、营口、莱州及北海4个群体具有较丰富的遗传多样性,朝鲜新义州和日本北海道群体遗传多样性(H_d<0.5,P_i<0.005)较低。研究表明,中日朝菲律宾蛤仔野生群体可划分为南、北方谱系,即北海群体为南方谱系,其他5个群体为北方谱系,中国北方的3个群体(营口、天津和莱州)及日本、朝鲜群体间存在距离隔离模式基因流,中国人工异地移养菲律宾蛤仔活动对本地野生群体基因资源产生一定影响,本研究结果可为菲律宾蛤仔种质资源保护和可持续利用提供参考。     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因序列的中日朝菲律宾蛤仔野生群体遗传多样性分析

为了解中国菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum野生苗种产区的群体和潜在可作修复用途的日本、朝鲜群体的种质遗传基础,以中国山东莱州(LZ)、广西北海(BH)、辽宁营口(YK)、天津(TJ)4个野生群体,以及日本北海道(JH)和朝鲜新义州(NKS)野生群体(各10个)为材料,通过线粒体16S rRNA基因片段扩增测序,比较了各群体的遗传结构和遗传多样性。结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔16S rRNA序列扩增片段为535 bp,基因片段的T、C、A、G含量分别为33.3%、10.9%、33.8%和22.0%,A+T含量为67.1%,60个个体共确定了20个单倍型,不同个体间存在单倍型共享现象;6个群体的单倍型多样性(H_d)为0.378～0.911,核苷酸多样性(P_i)为0.000 75～0.010 60,核苷酸差异数(K)为0.400～5.578;菲律宾蛤仔中国天津、营口、莱州及北海4个群体具有较丰富的遗传多样性,朝鲜新义州和日本北海道群体遗传多样性(H_d<0.5,P_i<0.005)较低。研究表明,中日朝菲律宾蛤仔野生群体可划分为南、北方谱系,即北海群体为南方谱系,其他5个群体为北方谱系,中国北方的3个群体(营口、天津和莱州)及日本、朝鲜群体间存在距离隔离模式基因流,中国人工异地移养菲律宾蛤仔活动对本地野生群体基因资源产生一定影响,本研究结果可为菲律宾蛤仔种质资源保护和可持续利用提供参考。     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔生长发育的比较

于2007年6月—11月,对菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum莆田群体(PT)、大连群体(DL)和东京群体(DJ)的生长发育情况进行了比较。结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔3个群体的受精率、孵化率无显著差异(P>0.05);卵径、D形幼虫大小、单水管稚贝大小差异显著(P<0.05);附着规格、亲贝形态,PT群体与DL、DJ群体间差异显著(P<0.05)。浮游期间,幼虫生长速度依次为PT>DJ>DL,分别为(9.37±0.44)、(9.28±0.59)、(8.70±0.51)μm/d,PT、DJ群体与DL群体差异显著(P<0.05);9日龄时,PT、DL、DJ群体幼虫的存活率分别为(95.08±1.87)%、(85.22±3.34)%、(75.32±3.49)%,彼此间差异显著(P<0.05)。变态期间,3个群体幼虫的生长速度依次为PT>DJ>DL,分别为(2.54±0.39)、(2.37±0.52)、(2.05±0.45)μm/d,彼此间差异显著(P<0.05);变态率、变态时间、变态规格,PT群体与DL、DJ群体间差异显著(P<0.05)。室内培育阶段(20⁴0日龄),3个群体稚贝的生长速度依次为PT>DL>DJ,分别为(22.60±4.04)、(20.67±4.74)、(18.74±5.15)μm/d,PT、DL群体与DJ群体间差异显著(P<0.05);40日龄时,PT、DL、DJ群体稚贝的存活率分别为(87.07±4.29)%、(66.73±6.43)%、(35.75±4.84)%,彼此间差异显著(P<0.05)。室外养成阶段(8040日龄),3个群体稚贝的生长速度依次为PT>DL>DJ,分别为(22.60±4.04)、(20.67±4.74)、(18.74±5.15)μm/d,PT、DL群体与DJ群体间差异显著(P<0.05);40日龄时,PT、DL、DJ群体稚贝的存活率分别为(87.07±4.29)%、(66.73±6.43)%、(35.75±4.84)%,彼此间差异显著(P<0.05)。室外养成阶段(80¹60日龄),3个群体稚贝的生长速度依次为PT>DL>DJ,分别为(86.94±21.72)、(75.23±16.91)、(67.25±18.26)μm/d,彼此间差异显著(P<0.05);160日龄时,PT、DL、DJ群体幼贝的存活率分别为(90.21±4.68)%、(66.73±4.94)%、(56.98±6.58)%,彼此间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

菲律宾蛤仔选育家系间杂交的Kung育种值及配合力分析

为评估菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum家系间杂交的遗传效应,以生长和抗逆性状优良的壳面具有斑块花纹的蛤仔家系子一代(C31、C32)及壳面背景颜色为橙色的蛤仔家系子三代(Or)作为基础群体,采用单对单双列杂交方法构建选育家系,对建立的蛤仔家系进行Kung育种值、配合力和杂种优势分析。结果表明:15日龄时,C32(♀)×Or(♂)家系Kung育种值最大,30~90日龄时,C31(♀)×C32(♂)家系Kung育种值最大;6日龄时,各杂交家系一般配合力有极显著性差异(P<0.01),特殊配合力无显著性差异(P>0.05);9~90日龄时,除60日龄杂交家系特殊配合力无显著性差异外(P>0.05),各测量日龄杂交家系的一般配合力、特殊配合力和反交效应均有显著或极显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);30日龄后,C31(♀)×C32(♂)杂交家系子代杂种优势最为明显。研究表明,以斑块花纹C31(♀)与斑块花纹C32(♂)为亲本的杂交家系表现出较好的Kung育种值、配合力和杂种优势,是较好的杂交亲本来源。     

盐度胁迫对不同发育时期菲律宾蛤仔生长和存活的影响

为研究盐度对不同发育时期菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum(以下称蛤仔)生长和存活的影响,在水温24℃条件下,对不同盐度(5、8、11、14、32、38、41、44、47,盐度32为对照组)胁迫下蛤仔幼虫、稚贝和幼贝(壳长10 mm)的生长和存活情况进行了研究。结果表明:盐度胁迫对蛤仔的生长和存活具有显著影响(P<0.05),盐度胁迫72 h时,盐度38组蛤仔幼虫、稚贝、幼贝的存活率均最高,分别为97.87%±3.69%、100%、100%,且与其他盐度组有显著性差异(P<0.05),而盐度5组蛤仔幼虫、稚贝、幼贝以及盐度8组的幼贝全部死亡;盐度38组蛤仔幼虫及稚贝的生长速度最快,壳长平均日生长分别为(4.83±0.03)μm和(6.81±0.11)μm,仅次于对照组(盐度32),并显著高于其他盐度组(P<0.05);蛤仔幼虫、稚贝和幼贝对盐度的耐受范围随着蛤仔受盐度胁迫时间的延长逐渐减小;盐度胁迫21d时,盐度38组幼虫存活率为50.27%±3.76%,显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其他各盐度组幼虫全部死亡;盐度胁迫30 d时,盐度38组稚贝存活率为68.75%±5.25%,与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),其他盐度组稚贝全部死亡;盐度胁迫30 d时,盐度14组幼贝存活率为94.36%±2.03%,与对照组接近(P>0.05),而盐度38组存活率为60.00%±14.53%,较对照组显著下降(P<0.05),其他盐度组幼贝全部死亡。本试验结果可为蛤仔的生态养殖及抗逆品系的选育提供理论依据。     

菲律宾蛤仔莆田群体两个壳色品系生长发育的比较

于2004年确立了菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum莆田群体斑马蛤和两道红壳色品系,并对不同品系D形幼虫的生长、存活和变态及稚贝期和养成期的生长与存活进行了比较。结果表明:斑马蛤与两道红品系D形幼虫大小差异极显著(P<0.01),其它组间仅两道红组与对照组(混合壳色)D形幼虫大小差异显著(P<0.05);斑马蛤和两道红4日龄及7日龄幼虫的壳长均大于对照组(P<0.05),但斑马蛤和两道红之间壳长差异不显著(P>0.05);各组之间4日龄幼虫存活率无明显差异(P>0.05),但变态率斑马蛤明显高于对照组(P<0.05);24日龄时,斑马蛤壳长显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其它组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);66日龄时,斑马蛤和两道红壳长均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),但斑马蛤与两道红壳长差异不显著;135日龄时,两道红壳长明显大于斑马蛤和对照组(P<0.05),斑马蛤壳长也明显大于对照组(P<0.05);393日龄时,两道红壳长明显大于斑马蛤和对照组(P<0.01)。稚贝期和养成期的存活率均以斑马蛤最高,对照组次之,两道红最低。     

菲律宾蛤仔选育家系间杂交的Kung育种值及配合力分析

为评估菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum家系间杂交的遗传效应,以生长和抗逆性状优良的壳面具有斑块花纹的蛤仔家系子一代(C31、C32)及壳面背景颜色为橙色的蛤仔家系子三代(Or)作为基础群体,采用单对单双列杂交方法构建选育家系,对建立的蛤仔家系进行Kung育种值、配合力和杂种优势分析。结果表明:15日龄时,C32(♀)×Or(♂)家系Kung育种值最大,30⁹0日龄时,C31(♀)×C32(♂)家系Kung育种值最大;6日龄时,各杂交家系一般配合力有极显著性差异(P<0.01),特殊配合力无显著性差异(P>0.05);990日龄时,C31(♀)×C32(♂)家系Kung育种值最大;6日龄时,各杂交家系一般配合力有极显著性差异(P<0.01),特殊配合力无显著性差异(P>0.05);9⁹0日龄时,除60日龄杂交家系特殊配合力无显著性差异外(P>0.05),各测量日龄杂交家系的一般配合力、特殊配合力和反交效应均有显著或极显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);30日龄后,C31(♀)×C32(♂)杂交家系子代杂种优势最为明显。研究表明,以斑块花纹C31(♀)与斑块花纹C32(♂)为亲本的杂交家系表现出较好的Kung育种值、配合力和杂种优势,是较好的杂交亲本来源。     

仿刺参多种杂交方式下杂交效果的初步研究

对仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus中国群体(C)与俄罗斯群体(R)杂交子一代F1(C×R)亲参的发育情况及其与中国仿刺参群体多种杂交后代的早期生长情况进行了研究。结果表明:杂交仿刺参子一代F1(C×R)在渤海北部池塘可自然发育成熟,或经人工促熟后发育成熟。3龄成熟子一代个体体重为(246.5±65.1)g,体重为140⁴00 g,性腺指数为(15.7±1.6)%,卵径为130400 g,性腺指数为(15.7±1.6)%,卵径为130¹60μm。通过人工催产获得成熟精卵,F1(C×R)与C回交,在温度为(20.0±0.5)℃、盐度为31、pH为8.0、溶氧为7.4mg/L的条件下进行幼体培育,并对其生长指标进行测量。结果表明:各组杂交后代在体长、体重方面表现出一定的杂种优势。其中,耳状幼体阶段各组仿刺参生长速度由高到低依次为F1(C×R)♀×C♂>C♀×F1(C×R)♂>F1(C×R)♀×F1(C×R)♂>C♀×C♂;4月龄时各组稚参、幼参体长日增长由高到低依次为F1(C×R)♀×F1(C×R)♂>C♀×F1(C×R)♂>C♀×C♂>F1(C×R)♀×C♂,体重日增长由高到低依次为F1(C×R)♀×F1(C×R)♂>F1(C×R)♀×C♂>C♀×F1(C×R)♂>C♀×C♂。     

低温对3种壳色菲律宾蛤仔幼贝耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为了探明不同壳色蛤仔的耐低温能力和低温下的基础代谢状况,在实验室条件下研究了低温(7.6、3.0、0.6、-1.6℃)对壳长约17 mm的菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum斑马蛤Zebra clam、白蛤White clam和两者杂交所得白斑马蛤White zebra clam 3种壳色品系幼贝存活率、耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明:在温度由7.6℃逐渐降低至-2.1℃,并且在冰水混合状态下胁迫7 d时,3种壳色蛤仔的存活率依次为白斑马蛤(98.6%)>斑马蛤(93.3%)>白蛤(74.6%);随着温度的降低,3种壳色蛤仔的耗氧率显著下降(P<0.05),排氨率总体呈下降趋势,耐低温能力强的蛤仔,其接近冰点时(-1.6℃)的耗氧率和排氨率较高,随温度下降的幅度也较小;3种壳色的蛤仔O∶N值为6.86~20.72,壳色对O∶N值影响不显著(P>0.05),温度及温度与壳色的交互作用对O∶N值影响极显著(P<0.001),低温导致蛤仔呼吸代谢底物发生变化,而3种壳色蛤仔之间呼吸代谢底物无显著性差异(P<0.05);在0.6~7.6℃时,3种壳色蛤仔耗氧率Q10值为1.426~3.203,总体平均为2.508,排氨率Q10值为0.276~3.422,总体平均为1.724;温度由0.6降至-1.6℃时,Q10值异常升高,以白蛤升高最明显。本研究结果可为探明蛤仔耐低温的生理机制和定向选育抗低温的蛤仔新品种提供理论参考。     

Spatial interdependencies in population distributions: a study in univariate map analysis. 1. Rural population densities. 2. Urban population distributions

The author uses univariate map techniques to study the pattern properties of population distribution. In Part 1 methods for analyzing statistically homogeneous maps are discussed, and the results of rural population density studies are reviewed. The methodology of map analysis to be adopted is considered. In Part 2, the relationship between process and map structure is explored with respect to the nature of certain types of geographical spaces. Urban population distributions are discussed, and statistical techniques different from those used in Part 1 are presented. The study is based on U.S. census data for Iowa and Wisconsin for every 10 years from 1930 and 1970     

Modelling urban-rural population growth in China

"The population of China is still growing despite a dramatic decline in fertility in the past two decades. There are marked urban-rural differentials in fertility and, as a result, the pace of urbanization has significant effects on population growth. In this research an attempt is made to model urban-rural population growth in China. A demoeconomic model of urban and rural sectors is calibrated to account for the long-term trend of urbanization in China.... An accounts-based urban-rural population model, in which rural to urban migration and transition are driven by the foregoing demoeconomic model, is established.... These models are used to make urban-rural population projections for the period 1988-2087 under various fertility rate assumptions."     

Parametric analyses of population growth in bio-assays

Parametric analyses are presented for the population growth occurring in bio-assays for toxicological purposes. Three types of effects of toxic chemicals have been recognized: acute mortality and reduction of yield and reproduction rate. A family of models is presented to describe the simultaneous effects. Problems concerning non-estimable model parameters in non-linear regression and practical non-identifiability of the models are discussed. The application of the theory is illustrated by several examples.     

Microbial population in a hydrogen-dependent denitrification reactor

The bacterial population in an H2-dependent denitrification system was studied. The laboratory set-up was designed for the treatment of potable water and consisted of an electrochemical cell, where the water to be treated was enriched with H2 prior to entering a bioreactor. Bioreactors (columns packed with granulated active carbon) were inoculated with denitrifying bacterial strains isolated from a previous reactor, then sampled immediately after inoculation, or after 1 or 3 months of continuous operation. Total number of the bacteria and numbers of each different strain were determined at various levels of the bioreactor. The strains present in the inoculum were identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Paracoccus panthotrophus and Paracoccus denitrificans. Numbers of the latter declined markedly with time with the other three strains being responsible for nitrate removal. A correlation was found between the relative abundance of each strain and its specific denitrification activity.     

Blood mercury concentration in an urban population

Mercury concentrations in whole blood of 210 patients admitted to two urban hospitals ranged from 0 to 298 ppb with a mean of 14.2 ppb. When corrected by omission of nine values over 50 ppb the mean was 8.1 ppb. Although mean values for men were slightly higher than those for women, this difference was not significant. Results of a 12-test blood chemistry screening profile were available for 186 subjects, but no correlation between mercury concentrations in blood and those chemistry measurements could be detected. Simultaneous determinations of mercury in whole blood and plasma were performed for 65 subjects; the mean for plasma was 5.0 ppb, somewhat below the mean of 6.3 ppb for whole blood in the same group. Other surveys have shown corrected values of 13.3 and 6.7 ppb for normal populations. These values are very much higher than current estimates of 0 to 2 ppb for normals. Levels are higher in urban residents than in rural probably because of increased exposure to combined industrial and environmental sources. The mean level appears to be 8 ppb with a range of 0 to 30 ppb.     

Modelling population changes in small English urban areas

The authors examine processes underlying the growth of small urban areas in England. "There is evidence of 'people-led' growth in environmentally attractive locations (for example, through retirement migration). However, growth of small- and medium-sized towns also reflects employment decentralisation and deconcentration to freestanding or satellite towns, and the extension of commuter hinterlands.... Government policies encouraging growth are also demonstrated to be significant." The processes resulting in population decline in some small towns are identified. "The impact on modelling growth in urban areas of a diversity of causal processes and locational contexts for growth is considered."     

新农村人口规模研究

阐述了研究农村人口规模的重要性,对综合平衡法、城镇化水平法以及人口容量法三种新农村人口规模预测方法进行了详细介绍,该预测法对新农村的人口规模预测具有参考价值。     

The prevention of genetic disease in the population

As environmentally produced diseases become less common, so others which are largely or even entirely genetically determined assume greater importance and the need for genetic counselling in disease prevention increases.

The results of studies of the families of individuals referred to a genetic clinic over the last few years indicate that there are many people in the population at risk of having a child with a serious genetic disorder, yet are unaware of this. However, there is no defined procedure for tracing and following up such individuals. It is suggested that the answer to this problem may lie in a computerized genetic register system. Such a system is being developed in Edinburgh under the acronym RAPID (Register for the Ascertainment and Prevention of Inherited Disease). If such a system is to be effective it would have to be organized on a national basis.