海水中规模化培养西藏拟溞的技术优化研究

为了给北方海水鱼虾蟹类育苗增添一种新的生物活饵料,利用循环水培养装置研究了西藏拟溞Daphniopsis tibetana Sars在稀释海水(盐度为18²0)中规模化培养的技术工艺参数,即起始放养密度、充纯氧和日采收率。结果表明:起始放养密度对西藏拟溞种群增长和日产量影响显著(P<0.05),不同起始放养密度(200、550、900、1250 ind./L)培养试验中,放养密度为1250ind./L时,培养第33天时种群密度达最高,为(9500±550.73)ind./L,平均日产量为(125.00±8.35)g/(m3·d);充纯氧与充空气相比较,充纯氧能显著提高种群密度和日产量(P<0.05),当放养密度为1250 ind./L、充纯氧时,西藏拟溞种群密度最高达(11 600±560.45)ind./L,平均日产量为(156.82±8.49)g/(m3·d);日采收率对西藏拟溞的种群增长和日产量也有显著影响(P<0.05),日采收率为20%时最佳,放养密度为1250ind./L、日采收率为20%时,西藏拟溞种群密度最高为(12 900±995.04)ind./L,平均日产量为(176.52±15.08)g/(m3·d)。     

温度对不同体质量红鳍东方鲀幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在实验室条件下,进行了3种温度(15、20、25℃)对体质量分别为(23.9±2.0)、(30.1±1.5)、(43.8±1.6)g的红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes幼鱼呼吸和代谢的影响试验。结果表明:在温度为15²5℃时,红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的耗氧率(RO)和排氨率(RN)均随着温度的升高而增大,RO和RN与温度(T)之间的关系符合指数函数关系;红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均随着鱼体质量的增加而减少,RO和RN与体质量(W)之间的关系符合幂函数关系;红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的O/N值随温度的升高而降低,随体质量的增加而升高。研究表明,在试验温度范围内,红鳍东方鲀幼鱼对温度的敏感性相对较弱,温度变化对其代谢的影响较小,且红鳍东方鲀幼鱼摄取的主要能源物质是蛋白质。     

菊黄东方鲀(♀)×红鳍东方鲀(♂)F_1代及其亲本肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对菊黄东方鲀Takifugu flavidus(♀)×红鳍东方鲀T.rubripes(♂)F1代(简称杂交东方鲀)及其亲本(均为人工养殖的3龄鱼)肌肉营养成分进行了测定与分析。结果表明:杂交东方鲀肌肉粗蛋白质与亲本无显著性差异(P>0.05),粗脂肪、粗灰分和必需氨基酸总量显著高于两亲本(P<0.05);杂交东方鲀肌肉鲜味氨基酸含量与菊黄东方鲀无显著性差异(P>0.05),而显著高于红鳍东方鲀(P<0.05);杂交东方鲀肌肉饱和脂肪酸含量与亲本无显著性差异(P>0.05),不饱和脂肪酸含量与红鳍东方鲀无显著性差异(P>0.05),而显著高于菊黄东方鲀(P<0.05);杂交东方鲀富含K、P、Na、Mg、Ca和Se等元素,其中K含量显著高于菊黄东方鲀(P<0.05),P含量介于两亲本之间且有显著性差异(P<0.05),Na含量显著高于两亲本(P<0.05),Se含量显著高于红鳍东方鲀(P<0.05);杂交东方鲀必需氨基酸指数(86.38)显著高于两亲本(P<0.05)。本研究表明,杂交东方鲀的肌肉营养成分综合了双亲的优良性状,是一种高蛋白、低脂肪且富含必需氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸及微量元素的优质鱼类。     

红鳍东方鲀抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH)基因在不同发育时期的组织表达

为研究抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH)基因在红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes各组织和不同发育时期的表达情况以及在性别分化和性腺发育等过程中的作用,利用荧光实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术对红鳍东方鲀成鱼的肾脏、脑、心脏、脾脏、肝脏、精巢和卵巢等组织进行了amh基因的表达分析以及不同发育时期(23、30、40、60、80日龄及2龄和3龄鱼)红鳍东方鲀个体水平上amh基因的表达分析。结果表明:红鳍东方鲀3龄成鱼脾脏、肾脏和肝脏中的amh基因表达量极显著高于其他组织(P<0.01),在精巢和心脏中的表达量极显著高于卵巢和脑(P<0.01),其中脾脏中表达量最高,脑中表达量最低;红鳍东方鲀23日龄、30日龄、2龄和3龄鱼中,雄鱼amh基因的表达量极显著高于同期雌鱼(P<0.01),而60日龄和80日龄时雌鱼表达量显著高于雄鱼(P<0.05),40日龄时雌、雄鱼的表达量无显著性差异(P>0.05),3龄时雌、雄个体性腺中amh基因的表达量均显著高于2龄鱼(P<0.05);雄性幼鱼amh基因的表达量从23³0日龄呈增长趋势,且在30日龄时达到最高,随后逐渐降低,而雌鱼整体amh基因的表达量也呈现先升高后降低的趋势,80日龄时雌鱼amh基因表达量最高。研究表明,amh基因在红鳍东方鲀的性腺发育和性别分化过程中发挥着一定的作用。     

饵料浮游动物种类和密度对海月水母摄食和生长的影响

研究了5种浮游动物(卤虫Artemia无节幼体、大尾猛水蚤Harpacticus uniremis、短角异剑水蚤Apo-cyclops royi、蒙古裸腹溞Moina mongolica和褶皱臂尾轮虫Brachionus plicatilis)饵料对海月水母Aurelia aurita摄食和碟状体生长的影响。结果表明:海月水母摄食卤虫无节幼体没有明显的节律性,对蒙古裸腹溞、大尾猛水蚤、短角异剑水蚤和褶皱臂尾轮虫都是在上午8:00摄食量最大;海月水母对卤虫无节幼体和轮虫的个体摄食率最大,分别为42.8、42.0个/(个.h)。摄食卤虫无节幼体的海月水母碟状体的生长率最大,达到8.8%¹1.2%;摄食蒙古裸腹溞和大尾猛水蚤的次之,生长率分别为4.4%11.2%;摄食蒙古裸腹溞和大尾猛水蚤的次之,生长率分别为4.4%⁶.1%和3.1%6.1%和3.1%⁵.2%;摄食褶皱臂尾轮虫的碟状体生长率极低,仅为0.3%5.2%;摄食褶皱臂尾轮虫的碟状体生长率极低,仅为0.3%⁰.4%。研究表明,卤虫无节幼体、蒙古裸腹溞和大尾猛水蚤均可作为篢滤傅刺宓亩?合适投喂密度分别为5500.4%。研究表明,卤虫无节幼体、蒙古裸腹溞和大尾猛水蚤均可作为篢滤傅刺宓亩?合适投喂密度分别为550⁷00、150700、150³00个/L和250300个/L和250⁴50个/L。     

利用微卫星标记指导红鳍东方鲀亲本选配

为制定红鳍东方鲀家系配组方案提供可行性指导,利用微卫星标记辅助红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes家系的建立,选择34个微卫星标记对红鳍东方鲀两个群体进行遗传评估。结果表明:A群体的平均等位基因数(Na)和Nei基因多样性指数(He)分别为6.647 0和0.711 5,B群体的相应值分别为4.647 1和0.646 1,且两个群体之间的遗传差异达到显著性水平(P<0.05);群体间的遗传分化系数(GST)为0.050 7,基因流(Nm)为4.679 6,表明红鳍东方鲀群体间存在低程度的遗传分化和一定程度的基因交流;分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异主要存在于群体内,所占比例为78.49%,而群体之间仅占21.51%;根据群体间Nei氏遗传距离构建UPGMA系统树,群体内个体之间的遗传距离为0.11⁰.82,依据遗传距离的远近将全部个体分成多个分支,不同分支内含有数个个体;各项遗传参数表明,试验群体具备一定程度的遗传变异,不同个体之间拥有相对较远的亲缘关系,可以根据个体之间遗传距离制定育种计划,建立家系进行选育研究。研究表明,利用微卫星标记信息构建红鳍东方鲀家系的方法是切实可行的。     

饲料中牛磺酸水平对红鳍东方鲀免疫及消化酶的影响

为研究饲料中牛磺酸水平对红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes免疫功能及消化酶的影响,选用初始体质量为(32.28±0.20)g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼,随机分为5个处理组,每组设3个重复,配制牛磺酸添加量分别为0%(T1,对照)、0.5%(T2)、1.0%(T3)、2.0%(T4)和5.0%(T5)的试验饲料,分别投喂不同的处理组,试验在15个200 L方形聚乙烯水槽中进行,养殖试验共进行56 d。结果表明:添加了不同水平牛磺酸的饲料可显著提高红鳍东方鲀肝脏中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活性(P<0.05),显著降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05),提高机体内自由基的清除能力,且在2.0%添加量时T-AOC达到峰值,而MDA含量下降到最低(P<0.05),SOD、CAT和GSH-PX在添加量为1.0%时酶活力达到峰值(P<0.05);肝脏AKP活力随饲料中牛磺酸含量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,在1.0%添加量时达到最大值(P<0.05),但牛磺酸对肝脏ACP活力无显著性影响(P>0.05);不同牛磺酸水平的饲料能显著提高红鳍东方鲀肠道脂肪酶活力,2.0%添加量时脂肪酶活力最高,且显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),但牛磺酸添加量对肠道蛋白酶无显著性影响(P>0.05);1.0%、2.0%、5.0%添加量时红鳍东方鲀体表黏液溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在2.0%添加量时体表黏液溶菌酶活力达到最大值;通过对T-AOC、肠道消化酶和体表黏液溶菌酶这3个指标折线模型分析得出,红鳍东方鲀幼鱼饲料牛磺酸最适添加量为1.35～2.21 g/100 g(干饲料)。研究表明,饲料中添加牛磺酸可显著提高红鳍东方鲀的机体抗氧化及免疫能力,但过多的牛磺酸会导致抗氧化及免疫能力降低。     

红鳍东方鲀鳍细胞系的建立及生长特性研究

为研究红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes鳍细胞系对该鱼病毒病诊断和治疗的影响,采用组织块培养法启动红鳍东方鲀鳍组织细胞的原代培养,用胰蛋白酶消化法进行传代培养,目前红鳍东方鲀鳍细胞传至40代,为成纤维细胞样细胞,原代培养和早期传代培养使用的培养基为添加了20%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12高糖培养基,添加的生长因子分别为终浓度为10 ng/m L的人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b FGF)、终浓度为20 ng/m L的Ⅰ型胰岛素样生长因子和终浓度为20μg/m L的硫酸软骨素,30代以后使用含20%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基,将细胞于25℃、5%CO2恒温培养箱中培养。结果表明:生长曲线显示,细胞在0～2d内处于潜伏期,2～4 d时进入对数期,4～5 d时进入平台期,5 d后开始转入衰退期;红鳍东方鲀鳍细胞系的倍增时间为50. 24 h;细胞经超低温保存60 d,解冻复苏后测定其存活率为80%;经微卫星位点扩增,凝胶电泳后的条带证实细胞系来源于红鳍东方鲀。研究表明,红鳍东方鲀鳍细胞系的建立丰富了鱼类细胞系的种类,也为红鳍东方鲀病毒病的研究及疫苗制备等提供了数据资料。     

饲料中牛磺酸水平对红鳍东方鲀免疫及消化酶的影响

为研究饲料中牛磺酸水平对红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes免疫功能及消化酶的影响,选用初始体质量为(32.28±0.20)g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼,随机分为5个处理组,每组设3个重复,配制牛磺酸添加量分别为0%(T1,对照)、0.5%(T2)、1.0%(T3)、2.0%(T4)和5.0%(T5)的试验饲料,分别投喂不同的处理组,试验在15个200 L方形聚乙烯水槽中进行,养殖试验共进行56 d。结果表明:添加了不同水平牛磺酸的饲料可显著提高红鳍东方鲀肝脏中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)的活性(P<0.05),显著降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05),提高机体内自由基的清除能力,且在2.0%添加量时T-AOC达到峰值,而MDA含量下降到最低(P<0.05),SOD、CAT和GSH-PX在添加量为1.0%时酶活力达到峰值(P<0.05);肝脏AKP活力随饲料中牛磺酸含量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,在1.0%添加量时达到最大值(P<0.05),但牛磺酸对肝脏ACP活力无显著性影响(P>0.05);不同牛磺酸水平的饲料能显著提高红鳍东方鲀肠道脂肪酶活力,2.0%添加量时脂肪酶活力最高,且显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),但牛磺酸添加量对肠道蛋白酶无显著性影响(P>0.05);1.0%、2.0%、5.0%添加量时红鳍东方鲀体表黏液溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在2.0%添加量时体表黏液溶菌酶活力达到最大值;通过对T-AOC、肠道消化酶和体表黏液溶菌酶这3个指标折线模型分析得出,红鳍东方鲀幼鱼饲料牛磺酸最适添加量为1.35～2.21 g/100 g(干饲料)。研究表明,饲料中添加牛磺酸可显著提高红鳍东方鲀的机体抗氧化及免疫能力,但过多的牛磺酸会导致抗氧化及免疫能力降低。     

光周期对红鳍东方鲀脑组织中GH和SS基因表达水平和昼夜表达模式的影响

为研究光周期对红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes脑组织中生长激素(Growth hormone,GH)基因、生长激素抑制素(Somatostatin,SS)基因表达水平和昼夜表达模式的影响,采用初始体质量为(7.89±0.42)g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼为研究对象,养殖在试验桶(直径80 cm、深50 cm)中,海水温度为19～23℃,盐度为31～32,共设置5种光周期8L∶16D、12L∶12D、16L∶8D、20L∶4D、24L∶0D,每个处理组设3个平行,每桶放60尾鱼,试验周期为30 d,试验结束后全天取样,测定脑组织中GH、SS基因表达水平。结果表明:8L∶16D光周期处理组红鳍东方鲀脑组织中GH基因相对表达量显著高于其他光周期处理组(P<0.05);8L∶16D光周期处理组SS基因相对表达量显著高于24L∶0D组(P<0.05),其他处理组SS基因相对表达量无显著性差异(P>0.05);GH和SS基因表达水平分别在12L∶12D和8L∶16D光照条件下呈现昼低夜高的特点。研究表明,结合GH和SS基因在不同光周期下的表达量及昼夜表达特点,长时间光照(16～24 h/d)并不利于红鳍东方鲀幼鱼生理节律的维持,本试验条件下最佳光照时长为8～12 h/d。     

Removal of humic substances (HS) from water by electro-microfiltration (EMF)

Humic substances (HS) represent the common agents contributing to flux decline during membrane filtration of natural water. In order to minimize the fouling during microfiltration (MF) of HS, modifying the operation of MF presents a promising alternative. A laboratory-scale electro-microfiltration (EMF) module was used to separate Aldrich HS from water by applying a voltage across the membrane. The presence of an electric field significantly reduced the flux decline. A flux comparable to that of ion-free water was attained when the voltage was near the critical electric field strength (Ecritical), i.e., the electrical field gradient that balances the advective and electrophoretic velocities of solute. At an applied voltage of 100 V (approximately 110 V/cm), it was able to reduce UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), total organic carbon (TOC) and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) by over 50% in the permeate. Results from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis suggest that the aromatic and functionalized aliphatic fractions decreased significantly in the permeate. The charged HS have large molecule weight compared with those passing through membrane. Results clearly indicate that a combination of electric force with MF can increase HS rejection and decrease flux decline. Electrophoretic attraction was the major mechanism for the improvement of flux and rejection over time.     

Removal of antimony(V) and antimony(III) from drinking water by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS)

Antimony occurs widely in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activity. Although antimony is similar to arsenic in chemical properties and toxicity, and a pollutant of priority interest to the USEPA and the EU, its environmental behaviors, control techniques, and even solution chemistry, are yet barely touched. In this study, antimony removal from drinking water with coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) is comprehensively investigated with respect to the dependence of both Sb(III) and Sb(V) removal on the initial contaminant-loading level, coagulant type and dosage, pH and interfering ions. The optimum pH for Sb(V) removal with ferric chloride (FC) was observed at pH 4.5-5.5, and continuously reduced with further pH increase. Over a broad pH range from 4.0 to 10.0, effective Sb(III) removal with FC was obtained. Contrary to the effective Sb removal with FC, the degree of both Sb(III) and Sb(V) removal with aluminum sulfate (AS) was very low, indicating the impracticability of AS application for antimony removal. The presence of phosphate and humic acid (HA) markedly impeded Sb(V) removal, while exhibited insignificant effect on Sb(III) removal. The effects of coagulant type, Sb species and pH are more pronounced than the effects of coagulant dose and initial pollutant concentration. After preliminarily excluding the possibility of precipitation and the predominance of coprecipitation, the adsorption mechanism is used to rationalize and simulate Sb/FC coagulation with good result by incorporating diffuse-layer model (DLM).     

秦山二厂冷冻水系统(DEG)的运行

本文主要讲述了秦山二厂冷冻水系统的结构组成,相关设备的工作原理以及在实际运行中存在的问题及操作。     

Z县自来水厂设计的几点体会

Z县自来水厂设计的几点体会:1.城镇中小型水厂采用网格絮凝池,结构简单,方便施工安装.2.为避免絮凝池形成的矾花被打碎,穿孔花墙设计采用低流速;3.平流沉淀池池长度方向采用转折布置,取得了较好的效果;4.为提高出水水质,减少平流沉淀池积泥的影响,平流沉淀池设计中应特别注意并采取相应措施,消除池底积泥状况;5.集水槽设计...     

Immobilization of Hg(II) in water with polysulfide-rubber (PSR) polymer-coated activated carbon

An effective mercury removal method using polymer-coated activated carbon was studied for possible use in water treatment. In order to increase the affinity of activated carbon for mercury, a sulfur-rich compound, polysulfide-rubber (PSR) polymer, was effectively coated onto the activated carbon. The polymer was synthesized by condensation polymerization between sodium tetrasulfide and 1,2-dichloroethane in water. PSR-mercury interactions and Hg-S bonding were elucidated from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy analyses. The sulfur loading levels were controlled by the polymer dose during the coating process and the total surface area of the activated carbon was maintained for the sulfur loading less than 2 wt%. Sorption kinetic studies showed that PSR-coated activated carbon facilitates fast reaction by providing a greater reactive surface area than PSR alone. High sulfur loading on activated carbon enhanced mercury adsorption contributing to a three orders of magnitude reduction in mercury concentration. μ-X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopic analyses of the mercury bound to activated carbon and to PSR on activated carbon suggests the chemical bond with mercury on the surface is a combination of Hg-Cl and Hg-S interaction. The pH effect on mercury removal and adsorption isotherm results indicate competition between protons and mercury for binding to sulfur at low pH.     

Fine-spray (water mist) protection of shipboard engine rooms

Twenty-three fire tests were conducted to determine the ability of current fine-spray (water mist) technologies to extinguish fires specified in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) fire test procedure for engine rooms greater than 3000 m³. The tests were conducted using nozzle installed at a 5 m height and 1·5 m spacing in a large test facility (2800 m² area and 18 m height). Two types of nozzles were tested: a low pressure nozzle operating between 1·2 and 1·5 MPa with flow per nozzle between 12·0 and 13·41/m and a multi-nozzle high-pressure prototype consisting of seven nozzles operating at 6·9 MPa flowing at 5·3 1/m per prototype. These nozzles were selected because they had been shown to extinguish IMO fire tests in enclosures with a protected area of 83 m² and a ceiling height of 4·5 m. The fire tests selected from the IMO procedure included 6 MW diesel spray fires on top of the IMO engine mock-up, a shielded 6 MW diesel spray fire adjacent to the mock-up, a 1 MW shielded diesel spray fire adjacent to the mock-up, and a wood crib within a 2 m² pan filled with heptane. In tests in which no additional enclosure surrounded the nozzles other than the test facility, fires were not significantly affected by the water mist using either nozzle. To further investigate mist-system capabilities, a ceiling was then placed directly over the nozzles at a 5 m height covering an area of 188 m². Using 90 high-pressure prototype nozzles, the test fires were not extinguished. A 940 m³ enclosure was then formed by dropping tarpaulins to the floor from the ceiling. A 4 m² vent was placed in the wall. With the 90 high-pressure prototype nozzles, the 6 MW spray fire on top of the mock-up was extinguished. When the 6 MW fire was shielded beside the mock-up, the fire was not extinguished. With the vent closed, the 6 MW shielded spray fire was extinguished. Under the same test conditions, a 1 MW shielded diesel spray fire and a 0·1 m² heptane pool fire were not extinguished. The fire test results indicated that protection of engine rooms with volumes of about 1000 m³ is possible by optimizing current fine-spray technology while significantly larger volumes will require improved discharge characteristics.     

推动水(地)源热泵技术应用

随着科技的发展,水（地）源热泵的技术将更加成熟,使用成本逐渐下降。因此水（地）源热泵系统依靠其显著的节能、环保特性,以及投资经济性的优势,而具有极大的市场潜力,目前已经成为华北和中原地区的一大热点,而且发展势头看好。已经从北京、天津、山东、河南、河北迅速扩大到湖北、湖南、内蒙古和东北等地。近几年,山东、河南、湖北、辽宁、黑龙江、北京市及河北等地,已有2000多个水（地）源热泵工程在实际应用,但也存在着问题,如井水回灌不够理想,温度也存在着不平衡,COP值还需进一步提高,大面积群井的合理布控和调节等问题。     

Electrothermal atomic-absorption determination of Ti(III) in water

We have developed a technique for determining Ti(III) in surface and drinking waters including its preconcentration by coprecipitation with diantipyrylpropylmethane iodide or bromide. The concentration coefficient is 1 × 10² with a water sample of 1 dm³. The degree of extracting thallium at a concentration of 0.1–2 μg/dm³ constitutes 85–100%. We have proposed reagents for covering graphite dishes and chemical modifiers.     

Membrane coagulation bioreactor (MCBR) for drinking water treatment

In this paper, a novel submerged ultrafiltration (UF) membrane coagulation bioreactor (MCBR) process was evaluated for drinking water treatment at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) as short as 0.5h. The MCBR performed well not only in the elimination of particulates and microorganisms, but also in almost complete nitrification and phosphate removal. As compared to membrane bioreactor (MBR), MCBR achieved much higher removal efficiencies of organic matter in terms of total organic carbon (TOC), permanganate index (COD(Mn)), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV absorbance at 254nm (UV(254)), as well as corresponding trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acids formation potential (HAAFP), due to polyaluminium chloride (PACl) coagulation in the bioreactor. However, the reduction of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) by MCBR was only 8.2% and 10.1% higher than that by MBR, indicating that biodegradable organic matter (BOM) was mainly removed through biodegradation. On the other hand, the trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of MCBR developed much lower than that of MBR, which implies that coagulation in the bioreactor could mitigate membrane fouling. It was also identified that the removal of organic matter was accomplished through the combination of three unit effects: rejection by UF, biodegradation by microorganism and coagulation by PACl. During filtration operation, a fouling layer was formed on the membranes surface of both MCBR and MBR, which functioned as a second membrane for further separating organic matter.     

Nitrate intake from drinking water on Tenerife island (Spain)

Although meat and vegetable products contain higher concentrations of nitrate, drinking water is the fastest and most direct form of nitrate consumption by the population. It becomes contaminated with nitrates when sea water infiltrates fresh water aquifers and when rain and irrigation water wash through soils that have been excessively treated with nitrated fertilizers. Nitrates are of great toxicological interest as they are involved in the origin of nitrites and nitrosamines and the development of metahaemoglobinaemia in infants. The objective of this study was to determine the quantities of NO(3)(-) in the water supply of each of the Island's municipalities and in the leading brands of bottled waters consumed by the population of Tenerife. This parameter is necessary for the determination of Acceptable Daily Intake (A.D.I.) of nitrates from drinking water. With one unremarkable exception, the nitrate levels found in the water analyzed were optimum for human consumption and amply complied with current European Legislation.