饲料中添加盐酸甜菜碱对刺参幼参生长、消化酶活力和免疫力的影响

为研究饲料中添加盐酸甜菜碱(Betaine hydrochloride,BHE)对刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参生长、肠道消化指标和免疫性能的影响,采用初始体质量为(2. 32±0. 04) g的刺参为研究对象,将刺参养殖在白色塑桶(60 L)中,海水盐度为33～35,试验期间水温为10. 2～25. 8℃,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0. 2%、0. 4%、0. 6%和0. 8%的BHE后进行投喂,各处理组设3个平行,每桶放养刺参30头,投喂试验共进行90 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,当BHE添加量为0. 2%～0. 6%时,刺参的特定生长率(SGR)显著升高(P<0. 05);添加BHE的处理组刺参干物质表观消化率(ADDM)显著升高(P<0. 05);投喂添加BHE的饲料后,提高了刺参的出皮率(GBWR),但只有添加量为0. 4%和0. 6%的处理组刺参的出皮率显著高于对照组(P<0. 05); BHE添加量为0. 2%～0. 6%的处理组刺参幼参肠道蛋白酶活力显著上升(P<0. 05),而投喂60 d时,添加BHE的处理组幼参肠道淀粉酶活力均显著降低(P<0. 05);随着BHE添加量的升高,刺参幼参肠道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力呈上升趋势,添加BHE可提高碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力,且添加量为0. 4%的处理组幼参的SOD和AKP活力均显著高于对照组(P<0. 05)。研究表明,当BHE添加量为0. 2%～0. 6%时,可使刺参幼参肠道蛋白酶活力上升、非特异性免疫功能改善,并促进刺参幼参生长,饲料中BHE的推荐添加量为0. 4%。     

温度、光强及氮磷比对断枝铜藻幼苗生长的影响

为了优化断枝铜藻Sargassum horneri幼苗生长的室内培养条件,试验分别截取5、2 cm铜藻为材料,在培养箱中培养20 d,通过改变温度(10、15、20、25℃)、光照强度(4500、8900、11 000 lx)和营养盐配比(NH_4NO_3∶Na_2HPO_4=5∶1、8∶1、10∶1、16∶1,质量比)等条件,以及在不同培养时间点测量幼苗的生长情况,寻找有利于其生长的最佳培养条件。结果表明:培养10、20 d时,温度对5 cm组铜藻幼苗长度、质量特定生长率及2 cm组长度特定生长率均有极显著性影响(P<0.01),试验期间温度20℃时,5、2 cm组幼苗平均特定生长率最大且2 cm组生长率显著大于其他温度组(P<0.05);光强仅对2 cm组幼苗培养10 d时的质量特定生长率有极显著性影响(P<0.01),试验期间低光强组(4500 lx)幼苗质量特定生长率显著小于高光强组(11 000 lx)(P<0.05);本试验条件下,营养盐配比对幼苗生长无显著性影响(P>0.05)。研究表明,断枝铜藻幼苗生长适宜水温为15～25℃,最适水温20℃,适宜光强为8900～11 000 lx,且低培养密度(2 cm)有利于铜藻幼苗生长,本研究结果可为漂浮铜藻幼苗生长提供基础技术数据。     

不同形状的附着基对仿刺参幼参生长的影响

在水温为9.0～16.0℃下,将体质量为(0.5±0.2)g的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus Selenka幼参饲养在放置了混凝土制的中空型(A类)、楼层型(B类)和井字型(C类)附着基的塑料水槽(45 cm×31 cm×30 cm)中,投喂配合饲料,采用每周清洗一次附着基(A1、B1、C1组)和不清洗附着基(A、B、C组)的方法饲养80 d,研究了附着基形状及其处理方式对仿刺参幼参生长的影响。结果表明:是否清洗对仿刺参的特定生长率有极显著性影响(P<0.01),附着基形状与是否清洗的交互作用对仿刺参的特定生长率有显著性影响(P<0.05),其中B1组仿刺参的特定生长率最高,B组最低,且两组之间有显著性差异(P<0.05);定期清洗附着基的各试验组水中氨氮和亚硝酸氮含量及化学耗氧量均低于不清洗组;不清洗附着基的各组仿刺参体腔液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)的平均活性分别比清洗组高32.28%、9.17%和5.71%,而相同形状附着基的不清洗组与清洗组仿刺参的SOD活性存在显著或极显著性差异(P<0.05、P<0.01)。     

盐度对刺参碳、氮收支影响的初步研究

在温度为(15.0±0.5)℃条件下研究了不同盐度(22.0、27.0、31.5、36.0)对刺参Apostichopusjaponicus生长和碳、氮收支的影响,建立了不同盐度下刺参的碳、氮收支方程。试验刺参体质量为(37.53±1.84)g,将刺参放于品字形循环水槽(40 cm×30 cm×30 cm,水体约为35 L)中饲养,试验共进行28d。结果表明:盐度为31.5的试验组刺参特定生长率(SGR)显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),达到了1.6%/d;不同盐度下刺参对碳、氮的摄食率分别为72.32～127.85 mg/(g.d)和6.59～11.65 mg/(g.d),盐度为31.5时刺参对碳、氮的摄食率最大,盐度升高或降低均导致刺参对碳、氮的摄食率降低;刺参摄食饲料中的碳后,通过粪便排出的碳达到了61.3%～74.4%,其次是呼吸消耗碳(21.7%～34.9%),用于生长的碳最少(3.8%～4.7%);刺参摄取的氮主要消耗在粪便中(56.6%～64.7%),其次是代谢消耗氮(27.0%～32.6%),用于生长的氮最少(7.4%～10.8%)。通过刺参的特定生长率和盐度对其碳、氮收支的影响可以看出,刺参生长的最适宜盐度为27.0～31.5,盐度的升高或降低均会导致刺参的生长减慢。     

用螺旋藻替代鱼粉对仿刺参生长及其体组成的影响

研究了在配合饲料中用螺旋藻Spirulinameal替代不同比例(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%)的鱼粉对仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus生长及其营养组成的影响。每组设3个平行,仿刺参初始体重为(3.40±0.15)g,投喂期为28 d。饲养结果表明,各组仿刺参的成活率较高(98.33%¹00%),组间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中用螺旋藻替代鱼粉的量为25%时,仿刺参的增重率和特定生长率最大,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);用螺旋藻替代鱼粉的量超过25%时,仿刺参的增重率和特定生长率与全鱼粉组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料中用螺旋藻替代鱼粉的量对仿刺参壁体比及全参营养组成(蛋白质、脂肪、水分和灰分)没有显著影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:仿刺参对植物蛋白源螺旋藻具有较好的利用率,但从仿刺参的生长效果来看,建议鱼粉和螺旋藻按3∶1的比例搭配为好。     

饲料中添加木聚糖酶对刺参幼参生长、消化和体腔液酶活力的影响

为探讨木聚糖酶添加量对刺参Apostichopus japonicus生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力的影响,在饲料中添加不同水平(0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%、0.12%和0.24%)的木聚糖酶制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,试验设6组,每组设3个平行,每个平行放体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的幼参50头,分别用6种饲料进行投喂,共进行56 d养殖试验。结果表明:饲料中添加木聚糖酶显著提高了幼参增重率和特定生长率(P<0.05),且0.09%木聚糖酶添加组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),各添加组增重率与对照组相比均显著提高(P<0.05);木聚糖酶添加组幼参体壁粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.06%～0.24%木聚糖酶添加组幼参粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.06%～0.12%木聚糖酶添加组肠道蛋白酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.24%添加组淀粉酶活力显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);幼参体腔液中溶菌酶、过氧化氢酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力均随木聚糖酶添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,0.06%～0.12%添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加木聚糖酶可显著提高刺参生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力,以增重率为评价指标,折线回归分析得出,对平均体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的刺参,其饲料中木聚糖酶最适添加量为900 mg/kg。     

不同藻类与混养比例对刺参与马粪海胆生长、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

为研究不同藻类、刺参Apostichopus japonicus与马粪海胆Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus混养比例对刺参与马粪海胆生长、体成分和消化酶活性的影响,在水温9.5～16.5℃下,将体质量为(0.38±0.15) g的马粪海胆与体质量为(1.24±0.17) g的刺参混养于幼参育苗车间白色塑料箱(30 cm×40 cm×50 cm)中,各组刺参的初始放养质量为20 g,再按照胆参质量比3∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶3投放马粪海胆,各组分别投喂新鲜黏膜藻Leathesia difformis(H组,H1～H5)或孔石莼Ulva pertusa(L组,L1～L5)各20 g,对照组(D组)仅投喂配合饲料20 g。结果表明:藻类种类和胆参混养比例对刺参增重率(WGR)及特定生长率(SGR)有显著性影响(P<0.05),黏膜藻组在胆参比为3∶1时,刺参特定生长率最高(0.94%/d);孔石莼组在胆参比为2∶1时,刺参SGR最高(1.36%/d);不同藻类和胆参混养比例对海胆生长有显著性影响(P<0.05),海胆的SGR均随胆参混养比例的减小而递增,在同一混养比例下,L组海胆SGR显著高于H组(P<0.05);刺参肠道的胰蛋白酶(TRY)、淀粉酶(AMS)活性随胆参混养比例的降低呈递减趋势,其中,L1和L2组两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);相同混养比例下,L组胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性高于H组(P<0.05);而脂肪酶(LPS)活性仅受胆参混养比例的影响,且随胆参混养比例的降低而递减;胆参混养比例对H组、L组刺参体壁水分、粗脂肪含量均无显著性影响(P>0.05),粗蛋白质含量随胆参混养比例的减小呈先增加后降低趋势,其中L3组最高(39.10%),且显著高于其他各试验组(P<0.05)。研究表明,以孔石莼为饵料时,胆参适宜混养比例为2∶1,而以黏膜藻为饵料时,则为3∶1,研究结果可为构建综合养殖模式及防控刺参池塘大型藻类暴发性增殖提供数据支持。     

饲料中添加蛋氨酸硒对仿刺参幼参存活、生长及免疫指标的影响

在水温为14.0～8.0℃、盐度为31～32和pH为7.5的条件下,将初始体质量为1.30～1.68 g的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参饲养在塑料水槽(40 L)中,投喂蛋氨酸硒添加量分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/kg的饲料60 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复组放15头仿刺参。试验结束后饥饿24h,测定仿刺参体质量的特定生长率(SGR),体腔液中过氧化氢酶(SOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活力,体壁干物质和肠干物质中硒的含量。结果表明:各组仿刺参的成活率为100%;当蛋氨酸硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg时,仿刺参幼参的SGR最大,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),当硒添加量为1.0 mg/kg时,仿刺参幼参的SGR值最小;当硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg时,仿刺参对饲料干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率最高,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各试验组仿刺参体壁干物质中蛋白质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且当硒添加量为0.4 mg/kg时,蛋白质含量最高;当硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg时,幼参肠中的硒含量最高,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但当硒添加量为0.4 mg/kg时,幼参体壁中的硒含量最高,其次为0.6 mg/kg硒组;除硒添加量为1.0 mg/kg外,各试验组仿刺参体腔液中的SOD、CAT值均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加量分别为0.8 mg/kg和0.4 mg/kg时达到最高,其次是0.6 mg/kg组;各试验组仿刺参ACP的活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),硒添加量为0.4 mg/kg时达到最高。研究表明,仿刺参幼参饲料中蛋氨酸硒的适宜添加量为0.4～0.6 mg/kg。     

复合免疫增强剂对刺参生长和非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

为研究不同复合免疫增强剂对刺参Apostichopus japonicus非特异性免疫酶的影响,试验设置正常对照组(A组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+刺五加等中草药组(B组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+百合等中草药组(C组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+大黄等中草药组(D组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+黄芪等中草药组(E组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖组(F组)、壳寡糖组(G组)和芽孢杆菌组(H组)8组,通过在饲料中添加中草药、芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖,研究了芽孢杆菌、壳寡糖和中草药对体质量为(3.87±0.54)g的刺参幼参生长及其酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等非特异性免疫酶活力的影响。结果表明:投喂芽孢杆菌、壳寡糖和中草药制剂均促进了刺参的生长,各试验组刺参的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中,D和E组均显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05);在饲料中添加不同配伍的复合免疫增强剂对AKP活力无显著性影响(P>0.05);投喂50 d后,C、D、E组ACP活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);投喂50 d后,除H组外,其他试验组SOD活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中B、C和D组SOD活力较高;投喂50 d后,除G组外,其他试验组LZM活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲料中共同添加芽孢杆菌、壳寡糖和中草药复合免疫增强剂能进一步提高刺参非特异性免疫酶活力,其中C、D和E试验组均能提高刺参的非特异性免疫力,且C组效果最好。     

复合免疫增强剂对刺参生长和非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

为研究不同复合免疫增强剂对刺参Apostichopus japonicus非特异性免疫酶的影响,试验设置正常对照组(A组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+刺五加等中草药组(B组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+百合等中草药组(C组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+大黄等中草药组(D组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖+黄芪等中草药组(E组)、芽孢杆菌+壳寡糖组(F组)、壳寡糖组(G组)和芽孢杆菌组(H组)8组,通过在饲料中添加中草药、芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖,研究了芽孢杆菌、壳寡糖和中草药对体质量为(3.87±0.54)g的刺参幼参生长及其酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等非特异性免疫酶活力的影响。结果表明:投喂芽孢杆菌、壳寡糖和中草药制剂均促进了刺参的生长,各试验组刺参的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中,D和E组均显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05);在饲料中添加不同配伍的复合免疫增强剂对AKP活力无显著性影响(P>0.05);投喂50 d后,C、D、E组ACP活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);投喂50 d后,除H组外,其他试验组SOD活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中B、C和D组SOD活力较高;投喂50 d后,除G组外,其他试验组LZM活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲料中共同添加芽孢杆菌、壳寡糖和中草药复合免疫增强剂能进一步提高刺参非特异性免疫酶活力,其中C、D和E试验组均能提高刺参的非特异性免疫力,且C组效果最好。     

Comparison of photocatalysis and photolysis of malathion, isomalathion, malaoxon, and commercial malathion--products and toxicity studies

Malathion, one of the most widely applied insecticides, is still used in agriculture. There are many studies regarding its degradation under different experimental conditions, but few deal with its transformation products, i.e. malaoxon and isomalathion. Thus, malathion, malaoxon, isomalathion, and Radotion (one of its over 6000 commercial forms) were studied in terms of their degradation kinetics, identification of their transformation products, their toxicity, and their degree of mineralization, during UV photolysis (lambda = 254 nm) and TiO(2) photocatalysis (lambda = 355 nm). The degradation kinetics was similar for all four starting materials. More than 75% of theoretically expected sulfur in PS and P-S groups was oxidized after 240 min of photolysis and photocatalysis. On the other hand, less than 30% of stoichiometrically predicted amounts of phosphate was detected in the photolytic experiments, but more than 80% of expected phosphate was detected after photocatalytic treatment of all four organophosphorous materials. Several transformation products were identified by mass spectra of representative gas chromatographic peaks. Oxidation and isomerization were found as the main reactions of butenedioc acid diethyl esters and their analogs. The formation of malaoxon, isomalathion or trimethyl phosphate esters correlated well with the induced toxicity (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase), which was observed in photocatalysis of malathion and Radotion, and in photolysis of malaoxon and Radotion.     

Quantities and associations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi delta alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils

The topic of this study is the effect of anthropogenic metals on the geochemical quality of urban soils. This is accomplished by comparing the metal contents and associations between two alluvial soils of the lower Mississippi River Delta, freshly deposited alluvial parent materials and alluvial soils collected from a nearby urban environment. Fresh alluvium samples (n = 97) were collected from the Bonnet Carré Spillway. The urban alluvial soil samples (n = 4026) were collected from New Orleans and stratified by census tracts (n = 286). The Spillway samples tend to have less Pb and Zn than generally noted for the baseline of natural soils. Except for Mn and V, Spillway alluvium contains significantly less metal than urban soils. For Spillway samples, the median metal content (in microg g(-1)) is 4.7 Pb, 11.1 Zn, 0.7 Cd, 164 Mn, 0.8 Cr, 3.9 Ni, 3.2 V, and 3.9 Cu. For urban soils, the median metal content (in microg g(-1)) is 120 Pb, 130 Zn, 3.2 Cd, 138 Mn, 2.1 Cr, 9.8 Ni, 3.8 V, and 12.7 Cu. Metal associations also differ between Spillway alluvium and urban alluvial soils. Fresh alluvium correlation coefficients between individual metals vary from 0.87 to 0.99 (P < 10(-13)) except for Cr which ranges from 0.57 to 0.68 (P < 10(-7)). The urban soil correlation coefficients for metals and the index value are 0.40-0.98. In urban soils, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cu are dominant metals and highly associated, with a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.83 to 0.98 (P < 10(-25)). Their strong association justifies the use of GIS to map the integrated soil metal index (sum of the medians of metals by census tract) of New Orleans. Although also positively correlated (0.40-0.68, P < 10(-10)), Cd, Mn, Ni and V differ in their distribution in the city compared to Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu. Overall, significantly higher metal values occur in the inner city and lower values occur in outlying areas. The human health impact of the mixture of metals is not well understood. This study provides empirical data about the mixture and distribution of metals in New Orleans alluvial soils. Given common technical development, especially of traffic flows in cities, similar patterns of soil metals are expected for all US cities and probably international cities as well. Primary prevention of urban metal accumulations is necessary to enhance and sustain the development of urban culture.     

城市风貌特色的维护、弘扬、完善和塑造

城市风貌特色鲜明是世界上绝大多数优秀城市所共有的一种品质.城市风貌特色具有历史积淀、形态延续和有序演进三大特点.我国城市风貌特色的维育应善于把握城市发展和建设机遇,树立城市人工建设和自然要素的和谐观,遵循总体调控、分区突出倾向、局部彰显特色的原则,努力构建多样统一、和而不同的城市风貌特色.     

室内、空间、环境

步入90年代室内空间设计在飞速发展,“传统”概念向模糊化发展,世界流行文化室内空间设计师越来越注重“共性化”的创造。室内空间设计更有引人注目之处。如大型复合商业设施的升级,历史文化的底蕴,自然材料的应用,高科技的应用。中国在近50年里室内空间设计有了很大的发展,今后应在“国际新文化环境”的创造方面予以更多的重视。     

厦门市生态空间规划管控历程、特征及优化策略

生态空间规划管控是实现生态空间治理和推进生态文明建设的基础.文章回顾与评价了厦门经济特区设立以来的生态空间规划管控历程,并结合国土空间规划体系改革要求和生态理念,对市级生态空间规划进行了思考,从而提出了转变规划思维、调整规划方法,统筹全市域、全要素生态空间;衔接国土空间规划、生态设计、生态修复及生态相关规划,运用"多规...     

Building,Thinking, and Politics: Mies,Heidegger, and the Nazis

The Djoser funerary complex was meant to be a house for a god and a metaphor for the sky. Today, it is usually understood that this original work of classical architecture is a vacant house of stone “from which the gods have fled.”

This difference does not have to be understood as a further sign of an irrecoverable loss of meaning. It is a historical doubling of meaning, or a duplicity. This article explores the duplicity of meaning of the Djoser complex by comparing references to architecture in the Pyramid Texts with texts of contemporary criticism, in particular, “The Pit and the Pyramid” by Jacques Derrida.     

长春科技文化综合中心

三座石质立方体即为三座博物馆．围绕在中心入口楼周围．形如风车上的叶板。这样的建筑设定清晰地表达了三座场馆的功能差异。三座立方体建筑雕塑感十足．高雅而极具个性的开放空间成为入口大堂，令三座展馆别具一格。     

Determination of Co,Cu, Fe,Hg, Mn,Sb, Se and Zn in milk samples

Concentrations of Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Sb, Se and Zn in IAEA milk (dry) standard A-11 were re-evaluated with the help of instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis (NAA). The results show reasonably good agreement for Co (5.1 ± 0.55 ng/g) and Zn (34 ± 2.5 μg/g), in relation to the recommended values. For Cu (374 ± 15 ng/g), Fe (2.4 ± 0.34 μg/g) and Mn (250 ± 20 ng/g); the results obtained are lower than the reported values.Cu, Mn, and Zn were cross-checked by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results, Cu = 331 ± 27 ng/g, Mn = 302 ± 62 ng/g, and Zn = 35 ± 1 μg/g, fall within the range of mean values obtained by NAA.For Hg and Se, using instrumental NAA, only upper limits could be indicated; because of the low levels of concentrations of Hg and Se on one hand, and high content of P (9100 μg/g) in A-11 milk standard on the other, NAA coupled with radiochemistry is to be preferred for these two elements.In pooled human milk, in addition to Cu and Mn (radiochemical) and Co, Fe, Sb and Zn (instrumental), Hg and Se could also be determined non-destructively because of the favourable Hg/P and Se/P ratios in this matrix.