大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作系统土壤剖面甲烷分布的影响

在田间开放式空气条件下模拟未来50年后气候变化的情况,包括大气温度升高(T)和CO2浓度升高(FACE)以及二者同时升高(FACE+T)对稻麦轮作生态系统稻田土壤剖面温室气体甲烷(CH4)分布的影响。通过田间小区试验,运用土壤剖面气体原位采集系统周年观测,研究CH4在水稻-小麦轮作周期淹水或排水状态下4个不同土壤层次(0⁷cm,77cm,7¹5cm,1515cm,15³0cm,3030cm,30⁵0cm)的行为特征。研究表明:各处理的不同土壤剖面CH4的动态变化趋势相同;水稻生长季CH4浓度随着土层深度的增加而减少,各土壤剖面CH4平均浓度显著高于小麦生长期;小麦生长季CH4浓度则随着土层深度的增加而增加,而且降水显著增加了该季表层CH4浓度。与对照(CK)相比,气候变化的3个处理(FACE、T、FACE+T)均显著增加了土壤剖面各层次的CH4浓度(P<0.05),其中T处理7cm处CH4的平均浓度最高。     

Development of q-PCR approaches to assess water quality: effects of cadmium on gene expression of the diatom Eolimna minima

This study was undertaken to develop molecular tools to assess water quality using diatoms as the biological model. Molecular approaches were designed following the development of a rapid and easy RNA extraction method suited to diatoms and the sequencing of genes involved in mitochondrial and photosystem metabolism. Secondly the impact of cadmium was evaluated at the genetic level by q-PCR on 9 genes of interest after exposure of Eolimna minima diatom populations cultured in suspension under controlled laboratory conditions. Their growth kinetics and Cd bioaccumulation were followed.Population growth rates revealed the high impact of Cd at 100 μg/L with total inhibition of growth. These results are linked to the high bioaccumulation values calculated after 14 days of exposure, 57.0 ± 6.3 μg Cd/g dw and 734.1 ± 70 μg Cd/g dw for exposures of 10 and 100 μg Cd/L respectively.Genetic responses revealed the impact of Cd on the mitochondrial metabolism and the chloroplast photosystem of E. minima exposed to 10 and 100 μg Cd/L with induction of cox1, 12S, d1 and psaA after 7 days of exposure for the concentration of 100 μg Cd/L and of nad5, d1 and psaA after 14 days of exposure for both conditions.This is the first reported use of q-PCR for the assessment of toxic pollution on benthic river diatoms. The results obtained presage interesting perspectives, but the techniques developed need to be optimized before the design of new water quality diagnosis tools for use on natural biofilms.     

海水吸收低浓度CO_2相平衡数据的测定与关联

为了获得不同温度、不同进气CO2体积分数条件下,模拟海水CO2吸收平衡时液相各组分的浓度,在自制的带夹套的双驱动搅拌装置中,在系统温度为20~40℃,进气CO2体积分数分别为2%、5%、10%、15%、20%的条件下,采用气相流动法测定了CO2在模拟海水中的气、液相平衡数据。采用含电解质的eNRTL模型描述液相的非理想性,采用SRK方程描述气相的非理想性,对实验测得的气、液相平衡数据进行了关联计算。结果表明:模型的计算值与实验测定值吻合程度较好,pH测量值与计算值的相对偏差平均为2.36%。     

Effects of elevated CO2 on fen peat biogeochemistry.

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on northern peatland biogeochemistry was studied in a short-term experiment. Eight intact soil cores (11-cm diameter x 40-cm depth) with Juncus and Festuca spp. were collected from a calcareous fen in north Wales. Half of the cores were incubated under 350 ppm CO2 concentration, whilst the other four cores were maintained at 700 ppm CO2. After a 4-month incubation, significantly higher biomass (root + shoot + algal mat) was determined under elevated CO2 conditions. Higher emissions of N2O and CO2, and higher concentration of pore-water DOC (dissolved organic carbon) were also observed under elevated CO2. However, no significant differences were found in CH4 emission or soil enzyme activities (beta-glucosidase, phosphatase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase) in the bulk soil. Overall, the results suggest that elevated CO2 would increase the primary productivity of the fen vegetation, and stimulate N2O and CO2 emissions as a consequence of an enhanced DOC supply from the vegetation to the soil microbes.     

Effects of CO_2-water interaction with coal on mineral content and pore characteristics

There are a large number of abandoned coalmines in China,and most of them are located around major coal-fired power stations,which are the largest emission sources of carbon dioxide(CO2).Considering the injection of CO2 into abandoned coalmines,which are usually in the flooded condition,it is necessary to investigate the effect of CO2-water-coal interaction on minerals and pore structures at different pressures,temperatures and times.It reveals that the CO2-water-coal interaction can significantly improve the solubility of Ca,S,Mg,K,Si,Al,Fe and Na.By comparing the mineral content and pore structure before and after CO2-water-coal interaction,quartz and kaolinite were found to be the main secondary minerals,which increased in all samples.The structures of micropores and mesopores in the range of 1.5-8 nm were changed obviously.Specific surface areas and pore volumes first increased and then decreased with pressure and time,while both increased with temperature.By using the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill model,the fractal dimensions of all samples were analyzed based on D(s1)and D(s2),which reflected the co mplexities of the pore surface and pore volume,respectively.The re sults show that fractal dimensions had very weak positive correlations with the carbon content.D(s1)had a positive correlation with the quartz and kaolinite contents,while D(s2)had a negative correlation with the quartz and kaolinite contents.     

Effects of effective stress and temperature on permeability of sandstone from CO_2-plume geothermal reservoir

Rock is generally complex and heterogeneous,therefore the heterogeneity effects of effective stress and temperature on permeability should be taken into account.In this study,two-part Hooke's model(TPHM) is introduced to understand the influences of effective stress and temperature on permeability of soft and hard parts(two parts) of rock based on coupling thermo-hydro-mechanical tests.Under a fixed temperature level(25 ℃.35 ℃.50 ℃.65 ℃.80 ℃.90 ℃ and 95 ℃).the tests were carried out in a conventional triaxial system whereas the confining pressure was remained at 50 MPa.and the pore pressure was increased to the specified levels step by step.i.e.8 MPa,18 MPa.28 MPa.38 MPa.41 MPa,44 MPa.46 MPa and 48 MPa.The temperature-dependent relationships for two parts permeabilities are proposed on the basis of the initial test results.We point out that temperature of 65 ℃-90 ℃ is the threshold for the development of CO_2-plume geothermal(CPC) reservoir sandstone cracking under low effective stress(2-9 MPa) based on the relationship between temperature and soft part permeability.Furthermore,we discuss the effect of temperature on the two parts in the rock.The results indicate that as the temperature increases from 25 ℃ to 65 ℃.the flow channel in the hard part has a stronger response to temperature than that in the soft part at a fixed effective stress level,which is opposite to the situation of effective stress.Considering that natural rock is generally heterogeneous with non-uniform pore structure,we suggest a physical interpretation of the phenomenon that before the thermal cracking threshold the two parts have different responses to temperature.     

CO_2在页岩中的吸附解吸性能评价

利用自主设计的页岩中气体吸附解吸实验装置,在不同温度和压力条件下研究CO2在不同页岩中的吸附解吸性能。结果表明:CO2在页岩上的等温吸附曲线属于典型的Ⅰ型等温曲线,可采用Langmuir模型对吸附及解吸数据进行拟合;相同温度下,CO2在页岩中的吸附量随着压力的升高而增大;相同压力下,CO2在页岩中的吸附量随着温度的升高而减小;相同温度压力条件下,CO2解吸过程中存在解吸滞后现象,且解吸附曲线表征的最大吸附能力低于吸附曲线表征的最大吸附能力;CO2在页岩上最大吸附量随有机碳含量增加而增大,随石英含量增加而减小。     

高温条件下煤对CO_2的吸附解吸特性实验研究

为了研究煤在不同环境温度下对CO_2的吸附解吸特性,为利用天然煤层的强吸附性进行CO_2封存或用CO_2驱替煤层瓦斯等技术提供基础依据,针对内蒙古榆林葫芦素煤矿和河南焦作方庄煤矿煤样,在自主研制的高温气体吸附解吸设备上进行定容吸附解吸实验,研究煤样在高温条件下对CO_2的吸附解吸特性。结果表明:在相同温度条件下,同种煤样随着粒径的减小,吸附量逐渐变大,温度越高,吸附量越低,当吸附温度达到150℃左右时,不同粒径煤样的吸附量基本一致;不同粒径煤样,解吸量都随着温度的上升而增加,温度越高,初始时刻累积解吸量的增加也越快;随着时间的增加,解吸速度慢慢减小,最后达到解吸平衡;煤样解吸率随着温度的上升而变大,随着粒径的减小而逐渐增大;当温度上升到150℃以后,不同粒径煤样的解吸量和解吸率趋于一致;同一煤样在相同条件下解吸速度在最初阶段达到最大值,随着解吸的进行,解吸速度迅速衰减,最后趋于同一个值;同一煤样粒径越小,初始时刻的解吸速度越大;同一煤样温度越高,初始时刻的解吸速度越快。     

慢性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆的影响及脑内Wnt3a的表达

目的:研究慢性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆的影响及机制。方法 :慢性应激模型的建立采用的是持续21天的7种不同应激方式,通过Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠的空间学习记忆能力,免疫组织化学方法检验小鼠脑内各脑区wnt3a的表达。结果:慢性应激组小鼠与对照组小鼠相比,在定位航行试验中,小鼠寻找平台的逃避潜伏期明显提高(P<0.05),空间搜索实验中,应激组小鼠在目标象限的游泳时间明显减少(P<0.05)。在小鼠脑内PFC区wnt3a表达显著减少(P<0.01)。结论 :慢性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆的能力具有损伤作用,这与wnt3a在脑内的表达关系密切。     

从目的论视角看书名翻译

书名是一本书的灵魂,它可以提炼全书的内容、突显全书的思想并引起读者的阅读兴趣。因此,书名翻译对全书翻译的成功与否起到重要作用。受时代、社会环境、译者风格等诸多因素的影响,一个书名可有多种译本。在目的论的视角下进行书名翻译,书名的翻译策略便能更加明晰,最终实现书名翻译最大价值并为读者接受和喜爱。