BAg30CuZnSn退火过程中组织性能演变

Ag基钎料由于具有适宜的熔化温度范围、良好的流动性、润湿性及优良的力学性能而受到广泛关注。其中，带状银钎料更因其能够预置工件填缝、便于实现自动化、提升焊接效率、节能节材等优点，成为近些年来市场广泛采用的钎料。但要制成表面洁净、氧化夹杂少的带状钎料，轧制工艺是关键。目前带状银钎料在轧制过程中，轧制道次繁琐，杂质易引入，这些杂质的引入影响了产品的外观，更重要是使得钎料的润湿性和流动性都会有较大波动，最终导致焊接接头的质量下降。为获得良好的钎料表面质量，降低杂质引入概率，轧制前均需选择合适的退火工艺以优化钎料组织，从而减少轧制次数，提升质量的同时提高生产效率。本工作采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析（EDS）、显微硬度等多种分析手段系统研究了BAg30CuZnSn钎料在不同退火温度、时间下组织和硬度的变化规律，研究结果表明BAg30CuZnSn微观组织和硬度在不同退火温度、保温时间下差异较大。随着退火温度的升高，富银相基体中的Ag不断向网状相中扩散，Ag含量不断降低，整体均匀性增加；铜从富铜相中向基体相中迁移。当温度超过500℃，晶粒粗化，出现大量的树枝晶，在枝晶末端Sn和Ag不断...     

表面粗糙度对TiAl/AgCu/TiAl钎焊质量的影响

为探究表面粗糙度对钎焊质量的影响,在优选的钎焊温度870 ℃和保温时间5 min条件下,以AgCu合金为钎料,进行TiAl合金的真空钎焊,研究了表面粗糙度与磨痕方向对钎料润湿铺展、钎焊接头界面组织、力学性能的影响.采用扫描电镜、能谱分析、光学显微镜和万能材料试验机等分析测试手段,对钎焊接头的组织与力学性能进行分析.结果表明：AgCu钎料在各向异性的TiAl基板表面润湿铺展时会受表面特征影响,沿着特定的方向优先铺展,当基板表面不具各向异性特征时,钎料润湿铺展近似为圆形;表面粗糙度S_a=0.103 μm的基板,钎焊接头的平均剪切强度最优,达到323 MPa,而表面粗糙度S_a=0.133 μm的基板,接头平均剪切强度为245 MPa,钎焊接头强度均方差最大.     

仿SIMA法钎焊对Mn-Cu合金与430不锈钢接头组织及性能的影响

采用Cu-Mn-Ni-Sn钎料对Mn-Cu合金与430不锈钢分别进行普通钎焊(铸态钎料,850℃)和仿SIMA法钎焊(轧制态钎料,半固态温度790℃),研究钎焊温度对接头微观组织、化合物的形成数量以及剪切强度的影响。结果表明:普通钎焊接头中,不锈钢与钎缝的界面处形成(Mn,Fe,Cr)固溶体扩散层,但扩散层与钎缝界面位置形成裂纹。富Sn相沿Mn-Cu合金的晶界渗透促进了合金的熔化,钎缝与Mn-Cu合金之间形成联生结晶。不锈钢向钎料中的过度溶解以及Mn-Cu合金的局部熔化导致钎缝中形成大量针状Mn-Cr-Cu-Fe化合物。仿SIMA法钎焊接头中,不锈钢与钎缝的界面结合良好。在半固态温度下,钎料向不锈钢侧的扩散量减小,同时不锈钢向钎料溶解的程度也较小。在Mn-Cu合金侧,富Sn相沿晶界的渗透得到了有效抑制,钎缝与Mn-Cu合金之间可观察到明显的界面。由于钎料与母材之间的相互作用减弱,钎缝中针状化合物的数量明显减少。剪切试验中,两种钎焊接头均断裂于钎缝中的针状化合物分布区域。普通钎焊接头的剪切强度为173 MPa,仿SIMA法钎焊接头的剪切强度有所提高,为230 MPa。     

冷拉拔铜包铝细丝的退火工艺与组织性能研究

研究了冷拉拔铜包铝细丝合理的退火工艺及其对材料力学性能、铜包覆层组织及界面扩散层厚度的影响规律.结果表明:铜包铝细丝的最佳退火工艺为300℃×60min.低于200℃退火时,铜包铝细丝铜包覆层处于回复阶段,细丝强度从冷拉态的361MPa急剧下降到236MPa,延伸率略有降低;300℃退火后,铜包覆层的再结晶完成,细丝的抗拉强度下降至约152MPa,延伸率升到最高,达到16.3%;400℃退火后,铜包覆层晶粒显著长大,界面处生成脆性金属间化合物,延伸率急剧下降.界面扩散层的厚度随退火温度和保温时间的增加而增大,当退火温度低于300℃时,扩散层厚度随退火时间增加缓慢;当退火温度高于350℃后,扩散层厚度快速增大.延伸率随扩散层厚度的增加先升高后降低,当界面扩散层厚度为2μm时,铜包铝细丝的延伸率最高.     

退火工艺对铜包钢线界面扩散和结合强度的影响

采用双铜带压接法制备铜包钢线,研究了铜包钢线的退火热处理工艺,探讨了退火温度和时间对铜-钢复合界面扩散和结合强度的影响。结果表明,随着铜包钢线退火温度的升高和时间的延长,扩散层厚度增加,界面结合强度提高。与保温时间相比,退火温度对其影响较大。退火温度为750℃,保温2h后界面结合效果最佳,继续升高温度和延长时间,界面扩散层厚度和结合强度几乎不变。利用扩散方程计算Fe和Cu原子的扩散激活能和扩散常数,确定了扩散常数与退火温度的关系。综合考虑铜包钢线扩散层厚度与结合强度的关系及生产实际要求,得到铜包钢线的最佳退火工艺为750℃保温2h。     

中温轧制制备镁/铝/钽多层复合材料的界面扩散与力学性能研究

目的 实现镁铝钽异种金属复合板材的制备并优化复合板材的力学性能,以获得强轻质–高抗辐射屏蔽性能的复合金属材料。方法 通过中温轧制工艺,先进行首道次大压下量轧制、随后不断提升轧制道次的方法开展Mg–Al–Ta板材轧制复合研究,分析不同轧制道次下Mg–Al–Ta的界面扩散行为。结果 通过引入Al过渡层,成功实现Mg–Al–Ta轧制复合,不同轧制道次下制备出的Mg–Al–Ta层状复合材料表面较为平整,界面处结合良好;Mg–Al和Al–Ta界面的扩散宽度均随着轧制道次的增加而增大,在1道次到5道次的轧制中,Al–Ta界面的扩散宽度由1.2 μm增大到5.18 μm,Mg–Al界面的扩散宽度由2.38 μm增大到4.25 μm,随着轧制道次的增加,界面层硬度逐渐增大;Mg–Al–Ta层状复合板材的抗拉强度随轧制道次的增加而增大,2道次和5道次轧制板材的抗拉强度分别达到293、365 MPa;轧制道次对板材的塑性影响较小,不同轧制道次的复合板材伸长率均不足1%。结论 研究结果表明,Al是互不相溶金属Mg和Ta冶金结合的有效媒介;中温轧制的热力耦合作用是实现Mg–Al–Ta板材协同变形和界面扩散的主要机制。     

Microstructure and properties os steelAl-Pb composite bearing plate prepared by spray forming and rolling

采用喷射轧制工艺制备了钢/Al-8.5Pb-4Si-Cu-0.5Sn复合轴瓦带材，分析了所制备材料的组织及性能。结果表明，喷射轧制工艺制备的轴瓦合金Al-Si基体中具有均匀细小的Pb相粒子分布，经过50%变形量的轧制及320℃，5小时的后续退火处理，复合轴瓦带材的界面处发生了合金元素的扩散，形成了良好的冶金结合层，界面强度高，剪切强度可以达到72MPa，制备的轴瓦合金耐磨性能良好。     

喷射轧制钢/Al-Pb复合轴瓦带材的组织与性能

采用喷射轧制工艺制备了钢/Al-8.5Pb-4Si-Cu-0.5Sn复合轴瓦带材,分析了所制备材料的组织及性能.结果表明,用喷射轧制工艺制备的轴瓦合金Al-Si基体中分布有均匀细小的Pb相粒子,经过50%变形量的轧制和在320℃后续退火5h的处理,在复合轴瓦带材的界面处发生了合金元素的扩散,形成了良好的冶金结合层,界面强度高,剪切强度达到72MPa.用喷射轧制工艺制备的轴瓦合金具有良好的耐磨性能.     

Ni-Cr-P焊膏钎焊C/C复合材料的组织和性能

用真空熔炼、惰性气体雾化法制备Ni-Cr-P金属粉末,再加入有机黏结剂高速搅拌,制备Ni14Cr10P膏状活性钎料。用制备好的焊膏真空钎焊C/C复合材料,测试钎焊接头的剪切强度,通过OM,SEM,EDS,XRD等对钎焊接头界面组织结构进行分析。结果表明:在钎焊温度1000℃、保温时间0.5 h条件下,获得的接头剪切强度达到28.6 MPa,然后随着钎焊温度上升或保温时间延长,钎焊接头强度下降;通过界面组织结构分析发现焊膏可以增加钎料层与C/C复合材料表面的接触面积,有利于堵塞C/C复合材料表面的孔隙。焊后在界面处形成了交错分布的Cr碳化物相缓冲层,使得界面呈现热膨胀系数梯度增加的结构,有助于缓解热失配,提高C/C复合材料钎焊接头强度。     

轧制复合三层铝合金板变形规律及力学性能的研究

采用"热轧+中间退火+冷轧+轧后退火"法复合轧制AA1100/AA7075/AA1100三层铝合金板。利用金相、SEM-EDS观察微观组织变化及界面元素扩散,由显微硬度和拉伸试验测定复合板力学性能。结果表明,AA7075层组织呈拉伸纤维状沿轧向分布;热轧包覆率不变,中间退火后包覆率随冷轧应变的增加先减小后几乎不变;结合界面处存在Mg、Zn元素扩散。轧后退火使复合板强度降低、塑性增加,硬度沿厚度方向呈现梯度变化规律。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to