饲料中添加蛋氨酸硒对仿刺参幼参存活、生长及免疫指标的影响

在水温为14.0～8.0℃、盐度为31～32和pH为7.5的条件下,将初始体质量为1.30～1.68 g的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参饲养在塑料水槽(40 L)中,投喂蛋氨酸硒添加量分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/kg的饲料60 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复组放15头仿刺参。试验结束后饥饿24h,测定仿刺参体质量的特定生长率(SGR),体腔液中过氧化氢酶(SOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活力,体壁干物质和肠干物质中硒的含量。结果表明:各组仿刺参的成活率为100%;当蛋氨酸硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg时,仿刺参幼参的SGR最大,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),当硒添加量为1.0 mg/kg时,仿刺参幼参的SGR值最小;当硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg时,仿刺参对饲料干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率最高,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各试验组仿刺参体壁干物质中蛋白质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且当硒添加量为0.4 mg/kg时,蛋白质含量最高;当硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg时,幼参肠中的硒含量最高,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但当硒添加量为0.4 mg/kg时,幼参体壁中的硒含量最高,其次为0.6 mg/kg硒组;除硒添加量为1.0 mg/kg外,各试验组仿刺参体腔液中的SOD、CAT值均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加量分别为0.8 mg/kg和0.4 mg/kg时达到最高,其次是0.6 mg/kg组;各试验组仿刺参ACP的活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),硒添加量为0.4 mg/kg时达到最高。研究表明,仿刺参幼参饲料中蛋氨酸硒的适宜添加量为0.4～0.6 mg/kg。     

蛋氨酸硒对刺参生长及消化道指数的影响

为研究蛋氨酸硒对刺参Apostichopus japonicus个体生长和消化道指数的影响,选用体质量为(45±5)g、体长为(10±1)cm的刺参270头,在基础饲料中添加不同量的蛋氨酸硒,使饲料中硒添加量分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/kg,分6组进行投喂试验,饲养60 d后测定刺参个体生长和消化道指数的变化情况。结果表明:在本试验条件下,随着硒添加量从0增加到1.0 mg/kg,刺参的体长特定增长率从0.11%/d提高到0.34%/d,体质量特定增长率从0.18%/d提高到0.46%/d,均呈上升趋势;肠质量从1.67 g提高到2.21 g;相对消化道质量从0.032 3提高到0.037 0;脏壁比从0.060 8下降到0.051 7。研究表明,蛋氨酸硒可明显促进刺参的消化、生长,且随着蛋氨酸硒含量的增加,促进消化、生长的效果越好。     

饲料中不同类型的硒对仿刺参幼参生长和免疫指标的影响

在水温为13.0²0.0℃、盐度为31.020.0℃、盐度为31.0³2.0和pH为7.5的条件下,将初始体质量为5.3632.0和pH为7.5的条件下,将初始体质量为5.36⁵.57 g的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参放养在塑料水槽中(40 L),每箱15头,分别投喂在基础饲料中添加0.4 mg/kg硒粉、富硒酵母、蛋氨酸硒和亚硒酸钠的试验饲料,以未添加硒的基础饲料作为对照组,每个试验组设3个重复。60 d的饲养结果表明:摄食添加硒饲料的仿刺参的增重率、体壁的粗蛋白含量和对饲料中粗蛋白的表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中摄食添加蛋氨酸硒一组的仿刺参增重最大,摄食添加富硒酵母的次之;摄食添加硒饲料的仿刺参体腔液中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05),而摄食添加酵母硒组的仿刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料硒能促进仿刺参的生长,可能与提高饲料蛋白质的消化率有关;饲料硒能提高仿刺参的成活,可能与提高体腔中SOD、CAT和ACP的活性有关。试验表明,饲料中的有机硒能促进仿刺参对饲料蛋白质的消化和积累,进而促进其生长的效果优于无机硒。     

不同硒源对刺参呼吸代谢的影响

为了研究不同硒源对刺参Apostichopus japonicus特定生长率和呼吸代谢指标的影响,以刺参幼参和成参为研究对象,分别强化投喂硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg的硒代蛋氨酸、硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠饲料,试验周期为60 d。结果表明:硒添加组成参和幼参的特定生长率均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最大,且显著大于硒酸钠组和亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05),除硒代蛋氨酸组外,其他各试验组成参的特定生长率均大于幼参;硒添加组成参和幼参的耗氧率均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最小,显著小于硒酸钠组和亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05),对应组中,幼参耗氧率大于成参;硒添加组成参和幼参的排氨率均低于对照组,除硒代蛋氨酸组成参显著低于对照组(P<0.05)外,其余硒添加组与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05),硒代蛋氨酸组的排氨率最小,对应组中,幼参排氨率大于成参;硒添加组成参和幼参的O/N值均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最小,但硒添加组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),对应组中,成参的O/N值大于幼参。研究表明,饲料中添加硒能够提高刺参的代谢率,促进刺参生长,其中有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸硒)的促生长效果好于无机硒(硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠),且硒代蛋氨酸对幼参的促生长效果要好于成参。     

不同硒源对刺参呼吸代谢的影响

为了研究不同硒源对刺参Apostichopus japonicus特定生长率和呼吸代谢指标的影响,以刺参幼参和成参为研究对象,分别强化投喂硒添加量为0.6 mg/kg的硒代蛋氨酸、硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠饲料,试验周期为60 d。结果表明:硒添加组成参和幼参的特定生长率均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最大,且显著大于硒酸钠组和亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05),除硒代蛋氨酸组外,其他各试验组成参的特定生长率均大于幼参;硒添加组成参和幼参的耗氧率均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最小,显著小于硒酸钠组和亚硒酸钠组(P<0.05),对应组中,幼参耗氧率大于成参;硒添加组成参和幼参的排氨率均低于对照组,除硒代蛋氨酸组成参显著低于对照组(P<0.05)外,其余硒添加组与对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05),硒代蛋氨酸组的排氨率最小,对应组中,幼参排氨率大于成参;硒添加组成参和幼参的O/N值均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),其中硒代蛋氨酸组最小,但硒添加组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),对应组中,成参的O/N值大于幼参。研究表明,饲料中添加硒能够提高刺参的代谢率,促进刺参生长,其中有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸硒)的促生长效果好于无机硒(硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠),且硒代蛋氨酸对幼参的促生长效果要好于成参。     

饲料中添加盐酸甜菜碱对刺参幼参生长、消化酶活力和免疫力的影响

为研究饲料中添加盐酸甜菜碱(Betaine hydrochloride,BHE)对刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参生长、肠道消化指标和免疫性能的影响,采用初始体质量为(2. 32±0. 04) g的刺参为研究对象,将刺参养殖在白色塑桶(60 L)中,海水盐度为33～35,试验期间水温为10. 2～25. 8℃,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0. 2%、0. 4%、0. 6%和0. 8%的BHE后进行投喂,各处理组设3个平行,每桶放养刺参30头,投喂试验共进行90 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,当BHE添加量为0. 2%～0. 6%时,刺参的特定生长率(SGR)显著升高(P<0. 05);添加BHE的处理组刺参干物质表观消化率(ADDM)显著升高(P<0. 05);投喂添加BHE的饲料后,提高了刺参的出皮率(GBWR),但只有添加量为0. 4%和0. 6%的处理组刺参的出皮率显著高于对照组(P<0. 05); BHE添加量为0. 2%～0. 6%的处理组刺参幼参肠道蛋白酶活力显著上升(P<0. 05),而投喂60 d时,添加BHE的处理组幼参肠道淀粉酶活力均显著降低(P<0. 05);随着BHE添加量的升高,刺参幼参肠道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力呈上升趋势,添加BHE可提高碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力,且添加量为0. 4%的处理组幼参的SOD和AKP活力均显著高于对照组(P<0. 05)。研究表明,当BHE添加量为0. 2%～0. 6%时,可使刺参幼参肠道蛋白酶活力上升、非特异性免疫功能改善,并促进刺参幼参生长,饲料中BHE的推荐添加量为0. 4%。     

饲料中添加混合益生菌对幼参生长、消化酶活力和体壁营养组成的影响

为探讨在饲料中添加混合益生菌对刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参生长、消化酶活力和体壁营养组成的影响,以体质量为(0.54±0.06)g幼参为试验对象,研究了投喂含益生菌(1×105cells/g梅奇酵母C14+1×105cells/g红酵母H26+1×107cells/g芽孢杆菌BC26)饲料(益生菌组)和基础饲料(对照组)后,幼参肠道异养细菌数量和弧菌数量,以及幼参生长、肠道消化酶活力和体壁营养组成的变化。结果表明:在试验第4周和第8周时,益生菌组幼参肠道异养细菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);益生菌组幼参特定生长率和肠道胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均较对照组显著提高(P<0.05);益生菌组幼参比对照组具有较高的体壁粗蛋白质及糖分含量(P<0.05);投喂含益生菌饲料的幼参肠道弧菌数量显著低于投喂基础饲料的幼参(P<0.05);饲养8周时,益生菌组幼参体壁灰分含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲料中补充混合益生菌可促进幼参生长和消化酶活力,并影响其体壁营养组成。     

饲料中β-胡萝卜素和虾青素添加量对仿刺参幼参生长及抗氧化能力的影响

在水温11.0～20.0℃、盐度35、pH 7.5的实验室条件下,将初始平均体质量为3.89 g的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参放养在60 L的塑料水槽中,投喂添加30、60、90 mg/kgβ-胡萝卜素和虾青素的饲料,分别记为A、B、C、D、E、F组,以不添加此物质的基础饲料作为对照(G组),每组设3个重复,饲养80 d后测定幼参的生长和几种抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明:摄食添加β-胡萝卜素的饲料时,仿刺参的特定生长率随添加量的增加而升高,A、B、C组分别比对照组提高6.67%、73.33%和100.0%,但仅C组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);摄食添加60 mg/kg和90 mg/kg虾青素的饲料时,仿刺参的特定生长率比对照组提高113.33%和66.67%,但仅E组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);试验组仿刺参体腔液中的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)随饲料中β-胡萝卜素和虾青素含量的增加而升高,除A、B组外其余各试验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料中添加虾青素的各组仿刺参体腔液的平均总抗氧化能力(12.77 U/mL)比添加β-胡萝卜素的各组平均值(8.77 U/mL)高45.61%,表明虾青素的抗氧化能力高于β-胡萝卜素;C、E、F组仿刺参体腔液中的SOD和CAT活性均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而A、B、D组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组仿刺参肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力及体壁成分较对照组均无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

3种硒化合物对刺参的急性毒性比较

在水温18℃条件下,采用Korbor法按等对数间距使用硒代蛋氨酸、亚硒酸钠、硒酸钠对规格为10、20、50 g的刺参Apostichopus japonicus进行急性毒性试验。结果表明:硒代蛋氨酸对10、20、50 g组刺参的96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为0.639、0.741、0.795 mg/L;亚硒酸钠对10、20、50 g组刺参的96 h LC50分别为0.275、0.299、0.324 mg/L;硒酸钠对10、20、50 g组刺参的96 h LC50分别为0.305、0.346、0.368 mg/L;3种硒化合物对3种规格刺参的急性毒性大小均为亚硒酸钠>硒酸钠>硒代蛋氨酸。研究表明,在富硒海参生产中,推荐使用硒代蛋氨酸作为硒源。     

饲料中添加木聚糖酶对刺参幼参生长、消化和体腔液酶活力的影响

为探讨木聚糖酶添加量对刺参Apostichopus japonicus生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力的影响,在饲料中添加不同水平(0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%、0.12%和0.24%)的木聚糖酶制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,试验设6组,每组设3个平行,每个平行放体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的幼参50头,分别用6种饲料进行投喂,共进行56 d养殖试验。结果表明:饲料中添加木聚糖酶显著提高了幼参增重率和特定生长率(P<0.05),且0.09%木聚糖酶添加组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),各添加组增重率与对照组相比均显著提高(P<0.05);木聚糖酶添加组幼参体壁粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.06%～0.24%木聚糖酶添加组幼参粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.06%～0.12%木聚糖酶添加组肠道蛋白酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.24%添加组淀粉酶活力显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);幼参体腔液中溶菌酶、过氧化氢酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力均随木聚糖酶添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,0.06%～0.12%添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲料中添加木聚糖酶可显著提高刺参生长、体成分、消化酶和体腔液酶活力,以增重率为评价指标,折线回归分析得出,对平均体质量为(7.73±0.09)g的刺参,其饲料中木聚糖酶最适添加量为900 mg/kg。     

Serum selenium in adult Taiwanese

The levels of serum selenium in 2755 individuals (1424 males, 1331 females) in Taiwan were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The average selenium concentration in serum was 110.9 microg/l with a standard deviation of 21.5 microg/l, ranging from 40.5 to 186 microg/l. The observation was higher than those recently reported in European regions but comparable to those observed in the USA or seleniferous regions. Serum selenium level did not vary with the gender, educational levels of the subjects and smoking habits. Serum selenium content seemed drop considerably if one is older than 39 years old. Age and alcohol consumption had statistically significant difference with serum selenium concentration.     

Volatilization of selenium from plants and soils

Volatilization of selenium was demonstrated with the two agronomic plant species, Agrostis tenuis Sibth. and Hordeum vulgare L. c.v. tyra grown in sealed chambers and rooted in soil or hydroponic solutions containing low concentrations of [⁷⁵Se]-selenite. Volatile ⁷⁵Se was recorded in the atmosphere surrounding the plants within 10 h after application of [⁷⁵Se]-selenite to the growth medium, which coincided with the transport of selenium to the leaves.In greenhouse experiments [⁷⁵Se]-selenite spiked soil supporting barley plants evolved more selenium than the soil alone, again indicating that plants as well as soil microorganisms play an important part in the process of selenium volatilization.These results are discussed in relation to the atmospheric concentration of selenium throughout the year and the selenium concentrations in rain water.     

Whole blood selenium content in pregnant women

The selenium content in the blood of pregnant women in the Valencian Community, Spain was determined until the end of gestation in order to assess its evolution and detect possible differences in relation to the values corresponding to non-pregnant women of fertile age. A total of 158 blood samples were obtained from 137 pregnant women. Samples were classified as: (a) first; (b) second; and (c) third trimester. Selenium was determined by a flow injection hydride atomic absorption spectrometric method (Seronorm whole blood was used as a quality control check). The selenium values obtained for the three trimesters followed a Gaussian distribution. The intervals for mean found were: (a) 75.7-85.5 micrograms/l; (b) 72.6-81.4 micrograms/l; and (c) 69.9-77.5 micrograms/l. Although a tendency to decrease was observed, no statistical significant differences between the three trimesters of the gestational period were observed. When we compare the values obtained with the blood selenium content of women of fertile age in the Valencian community (87.8-98.8 micrograms/l) by using an ANOVA test, statistically significant differences are found between the selenium values of women of fertile age and those corresponding to pregnant women. The differences, however, are very small and can be partially explained by the level of hemodilution during pregnancy, however, reference values of blood selenium contents in pregnant women should be taken into account.     

Elevated blood selenium levels in the Brazilian Amazon

Contaminated fish poses a difficult challenge throughout the world, on the one hand, fish is a very nutritious food source, while on the other hand it accumulates many toxic substances, including mercury (Hg). As part of our efforts in the Brazilian Amazon to maximize nutritional input from fish consumption, a dietary mainstay, and minimize toxic risk, we have been studying the role of selenium (Se), an essential element, that may influence the distribution of Hg in the body and influence Hg neurotoxicity. Se, which is naturally present in the soil, is ingested through consumption of various foods, notably fish, mammals and certain plants. The objectives of the present study were: (i) evaluate whole blood Se (B-Se) and Hg (B-Hg); (ii) characterize B-Se variations with respect to socio-demographic and dietary variables; and (iii) examine the relation between B-Se and B-Hg. A total of 236 persons from six riparian communities of the Tapajós River Basin, a tributary of the Amazon, participated in this study. Whole blood Se and Hg were measured and interview administered questionnaires were used to obtain data on socio-demographic variable, smoking and drinking habits, and fish and fruit consumption. The results show that B-Se are in the upper normal range (median=284.3 microg/L, range=142.1-2029.3 microg/L). No individuals presented B-Se deficiency, but 9 participants from the same extended family had relatively high B-Se levels, potentially a threat to their health. B-Se varied between communities, was significantly higher among alcohol drinkers and farmers, but not associated with age, sex or tobacco consumption. A significant positive relation between B-Se and B-Hg was noted, independently of the overall fish consumption. B-Se increased with consumption of Peacock bass (Cichla sp.), a piscivorous fish species, and coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L.). The B-Se intercommunity variations may reflect geographic differences in local soil Se levels as well as traditional land use practices in the different ecosystems of the Tapajós River Basin. In this population with relatively high exposure to Hg, Se may play an important role. Further studies should examine, in this region, the sources of Se, its transmission through the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem and its role with respect to human health.     

Factors influencing the volatilization of selenium from soil

The volatilization of selenium-75 from a soil amended with sodium selenite was investigated under laboratory conditions and shown to be dependent upon microbiological activity, temperature, moisture, time concentration of water-soluble selenium and season of the year when the soil sample was collected. Soil collected in the Spring and assayed under standard conditions, evolved substantially more selenium than that collected in the Summer, Autumn or Winter. Selenium volatilization decreased substantially within 10 days of isotope application and was correlated with the decrease in the water-soluble fraction.Estimates of the low-temperature volatilization of selenium from soil indicate, that this source could approach the calculated value for anthropogenic release which emphasises the importance of microbiological transformations of selenium in the cycling of this element.     

Review of selenium toxicity in the aquatic food chain

In many environmental contaminant situations selenium has become the primary element of concern because of its bioaccumulative nature in food webs. Initial concerns about selenium were related to fish kills at Belews Lake, NC, Martin Lake, TX, and Kesterson Reservoir, CA, and to bird deformities at Kesterson Reservoir. Additional concerns were identified under the National Irrigation Water Quality Program at Salton Sea, CA, Kendrick, WY, Stewart Lake, UT, and Grand Valley and Uncompahgre Valley, CO. Recent studies have raised concerns about selenium impacts on aquatic resources in Southeastern Idaho and British Columbia. The growing discomfort among the scientific community with a waterborne criterion has lead the US Environment Protection Agency to consider a tissue-based criterion for selenium. Some aquatic ecosystems have been slow to recover from selenium contamination episodes. In recent years, non-governmental researchers have been proposing relatively high selenium thresholds in diet and tissue relative to those proposed by governmental researchers. This difference in opinions is due in part to the selection of datasets and caveats in selecting scientific literature. In spite of the growing selenium literature, there are needs for additional research on neglected organisms. This review also discusses the interaction of selenium with other elements, inconsistent effects of selenium on survival and growth of fish, and differences in depuration rates and sensitivity among species.     

Complementary accumulation of selenium and mercury in fish muscle

The concentrations of total selenium and total mercury in the muscle of striped mullet from four stations in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea and one in the Black Sea were analyzed. If the sum of the concentrations of mercury and selenium (expressed as nmoles/g) is plotted against the age of the specimens, a single function describes all of the results.The explanation suggested by the authors is that SeHg receptors exist and increase with the age of the animal. These receptors may be occupied by mercury in proportion to its concentration in the environment.     

An assessment of selenium to mercury in Greenland marine animals

Information on mercury and selenium molar relation in muscle, liver and kidney tissue of Greenland marine animals is presented. In the majority of the samples selenium was present in a molar surplus to mercury. This was most clear in molluscs, crustaceans, fish and seabirds. A 1:1 molar ratio was found in tissues of marine mammals with high mercury concentrations (above approx. 10 nmol/g). This was most clearly demonstrated for liver and kidney tissue of polar bear and for ringed seal with high mercury concentration in the liver. These findings support previous results found in liver tissue of marine mammals, suggesting that methyl mercury is detoxified by a chemical mechanism involving selenium. If the anthropogenic release of mercury to the environment increases in the future due to increasing energy demands, species such as polar bears and seals with high tissue mercury concentrations should be monitored to elucidate whether this protective mechanism can be maintained in target organs.     

Distributions of arsenic and selenium in selected Chinese coal mines

The contents of arsenic and selenium in 33 coals collected from the main coal mines in northeastern, northern and eastern China were determined by flow injection-hydride generation and non-dispersion atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HGAFS). The concentrations of As in the northeast region are relatively higher with the values > 100 microg g(-1); in the east they are lower with values < 100 microg g(-1). The contents of Se in these three areas are the opposite, most of them from the northeast mines are < 1 microg g(-1) and increase as the mine location advances south where the average contents are > 5 microg g(-1).     

硒硫化镉颜色玻璃制造中的若干问题

综合叙述了硒硫化镉颜色玻璃的制造过程。介绍了硒硫化玻璃的着色机理及ZnO所起的作用。分析了着色剂的用量以及着色剂的Se/CdS比值对玻璃透光曲线的影响。分析了二次显色湿度对玻璃透光曲线的影响程度、显色温度与时间之间的关系，指出为了制得高质量的滤光玻璃在生产中应注意的事项。