白斑狗鱼与黑斑狗鱼繁殖力的比较研究

对白斑狗鱼Esoxlucius和黑斑狗鱼Esoxreichrti的个体繁殖力进行了比较,并对两种狗鱼的个体繁殖力与其各主要体征指标的关系进行分析。结果表明:白斑狗鱼绝对繁殖力(F)为3 808～173 500粒/尾,黑斑狗鱼的F为5 380～184 630粒/尾,两种狗鱼的个体相对繁殖力(FW)差异极显著(P<0.01),F和相对繁殖力(FL)差异不显著。F、FW和FL与各主要体征指标呈正态分布,白斑狗鱼F、FW和FL与各主要体征指标关系密切;黑斑狗鱼F与各主要体征指标关系密切,FW和FL与各体征指标的关系均不密切。白斑狗鱼的F、FL、FW与各体征指标的多元逐步回归方程分别为F=-50090.38+421.661Wo-74.083Wn+205.845L,FL=6.977+0.271Wo,FW=-5.88+0.37L+0.514M;黑斑狗鱼F、FL、FW与各体征指标的多元逐步回归方程分别为F=-19300.721+33.262Wn+728.415M,FL=-20.948+0.129Wn+2.056M-0.071W,FW=15.743+0.661M。根据两种狗鱼的卵径频率分布图判断,白斑狗和黑斑狗鱼都为一次性产卵鱼类。     

唇鱼骨、花鱼骨及其杂交F_1的形态差异分析

运用3种多元分析法分析了唇鱼骨Hemibarbus labeo、花鱼骨H.maculates及其杂交F1(唇鱼骨♀×花鱼骨♂)的形态差异。结果表明:杂交F1在体形和体色上完全偏向于母本唇鱼骨,仅背部的小黑点是继承了花鱼骨的形态特征;唇鱼骨、花鱼骨和杂交种F1的可数性状中背鳍、臀鳍、胸鳍和腹鳍条数基本上一致,各项差异均不显著。利用主成分分析构建了9个主成分,对总变异的累积贡献率为80.8%。聚类分析结果表明,杂交F1的形态与唇鱼骨形态较为相似。采用逐步判别分析方法建立了3种鱼的判别函数,判别准确率分别为86.7%～100%(P1)、87.9%～100%(P2),综合判别率为94.4%。     

布氏鲷形态特征和染色体核型的研究

对布氏鲷的外部形态、生长特点和染色体核型进行了研究,测定了布氏鲷的主要可数性状、可量性状及其比例,观察其变动情况。结果表明:布氏鲷体被圆鳞,体表有两条侧线;体长和体重呈幂函数相关,即W=2.03×10-2L3.231(R2=0.9883)。采用PHA体内培养法,取鱼体肾脏用空气干燥法制备布氏鲷染色体标本,经核型分析,布氏鲷的染色体数目为2n=44,6 sm+26 st+12 t,染色体臂数NF=50,与尼罗罗非鱼和奥利亚罗非鱼的形态和核型接近。     

中华鳖5个不同群体的形态差异分析

通过对中华鳖Trionyx sinensis洞庭(DT)、黄河(HH)、黄沙(HS)、日本(RB)以及绿卡(LK)(洞庭与黄河杂交子代,DT♀×HH♂)5个不同群体16项生物学外部形态性状的测量,采用多元分析方法对其进行比较分析。聚类分析结果表明,绿卡与其母本洞庭群体先聚合,然后再与其父本黄河群体聚为一支,而黄沙和日本群体另外聚为一支,然后两支再汇聚;主成分分析得到了2个主成分,其贡献率分别为51.93%和11.02%,累计贡献率达62.95%;在16个测量参数中挑选9个对判别贡献较大的参数建立5个群体的判别函数,判别准确率为61.7%～89.5%,判别分析结果也显示,中华鳖5个不同群体分为两大支。     

两种壳色文蛤壳形态性状对活体质量的影响

为了解文蛤Meretrix meretrix壳形态性状对活体质量的影响,获得具有优良遗传性状的群体,以经过7年群体选育的F_4代黑斑文蛤和红色文蛤为试验对象,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和通径分析等统计方法,对两种文蛤进行了壳长(X_1)、壳高(X_2)、壳宽(X_3)对活体质量(Y)的影响分析,建立了壳形态性状对活体质量影响的最优回归方程。结果表明:两种文蛤表型性状差异不大(P>0.05),但壳性状对活体质量的主要影响因子不同,壳高和壳宽是决定黑斑文蛤活体质量的主要因素,而壳长是决定红色文蛤活体质量的主要因素(P<0.01);多元逐步回归分析得到最优回归方程Y_(黑斑)=-8.308+0.361X_2+0.391X_3,Y_(红色)=-8.389+0.500X_1,回归关系和偏回归系数均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。本研究结果对生产实践中两种文蛤的选育具有较高的参考价值。     

两种壳色文蛤壳形态性状对活体质量的影响

为了解文蛤Meretrix meretrix壳形态性状对活体质量的影响,获得具有优良遗传性状的群体,以经过7年群体选育的F_4代黑斑文蛤和红色文蛤为试验对象,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和通径分析等统计方法,对两种文蛤进行了壳长(X_1)、壳高(X_2)、壳宽(X_3)对活体质量(Y)的影响分析,建立了壳形态性状对活体质量影响的最优回归方程。结果表明:两种文蛤表型性状差异不大(P>0.05),但壳性状对活体质量的主要影响因子不同,壳高和壳宽是决定黑斑文蛤活体质量的主要因素,而壳长是决定红色文蛤活体质量的主要因素(P<0.01);多元逐步回归分析得到最优回归方程Y_(黑斑)=-8.308+0.361X_2+0.391X_3,Y_(红色)=-8.389+0.500X_1,回归关系和偏回归系数均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。本研究结果对生产实践中两种文蛤的选育具有较高的参考价值。     

珠江鲮的形态变异及与人工繁殖群体的比较

对珠江野生鲮的形态变异进行了观察研究,同时将野生鲮与人工繁殖群体进行了比较。发现采集的珠江野生鲮中有两种不同颜色的类群:一个群体背部呈绿色,颜色较深,称为深色群体;一个群体背部呈黄色,颜色相对较浅,称为浅色群体;人工繁殖群体的体色与深色群体相近。在3龄鲮中,浅色群体与深色群体个体的平均体重具有显著差异(P<0.001),前者比后者高37.8%;在5龄鲮中,两个群体的个体平均体重差异不显著。根据11项可量数据转化来的9项特征参数,利用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析3种方法对野生鲮两个类群及养殖群体进行比较分析,得到基本一致的结果。结果显示:3个群体在形态上有一定的差异,其中野生群体中的浅色群体与养殖群体的差异较明显,表明珠江鲮已有一定的分化,外型的不同为开展鲮优良品系的选育研究提供了很好的形态标记。     

马铃薯种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解引进马铃薯种质资源的遗传多样性,为山西马铃薯新品种选育的亲本选配提供参考。田间采集种质资源的11个质量性状和10个数量性状,进行Shannon-Wiener指数、相关性、主成分与聚类分析。质量性状的多样性指数为0.42~1.52,其中薯形、皮色、肉色、株型的多样性指数较高;数量性状中,产量、株高、生育期、单株块茎数的遗传多样性指数较高,均≥2.0。相关分析结果显示,产量与出苗率、商品薯率、单株块茎数、株高、生育期和单薯质量呈极显著正相关。主成分分析确定了单薯质量、生育期、比重、株高4个主成分因子,累计贡献率达83.997%。聚类分析将种质资源分为中早熟低产型、中早熟高产型、中晚熟高产型、中晚熟低产型4大种质群。引进资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,第Ⅱ类种质群可作为早熟高产育种的优异资源,第Ⅲ类种质群可作为多目标性状育种的亲本材料加以利用。     

基于主成分与聚类分析的小豆品种综合评价

为简化评价体系、客观地评价小豆品种的优劣,采用相关、主成分及聚类方法,对30个小豆品种11个主要性状进行分析。结果表明,11个性状的变异系数在5.66%~26.38%,其中主茎分枝的变异系数最大,荚长的变异系数最小。相关分析表明,单株产量与全生育期、生育后期、株高、主茎分枝、单株荚数呈极显著正相关。主成分分析表明,11个主要性状可用5个主成分来表述(累积贡献率达92.3955%)。主成分聚类,筛选出单荚粒数、单株荚数、主茎分枝、生育前期、株高和百粒重6个因子来代替原有的11个性状指标。因此,对小豆进行综合评价时,可只考虑单荚粒数、单株荚数、主茎分枝、生育前期、株高和百粒重这6个因子,简化了评价体系;经综合评价,唐山本地的2个品种排在前2位,综合性状最好;来自东北的几个品种位居最后。     

野外、实验室驯化和实验室繁殖中缅树鼩身体组成和消化道形态的比较研究

对不同来源(野外、实验室驯化和实验室繁殖)的中缅树鼩的体重、身体组成和消化道形态进行了测定.结果表明:实验室驯化种群和实验室繁殖种群胴体湿重差异显著,实验室繁殖种群的心干重、肝脏重、肺湿重、肺干重和肾干重都较其他两个种群明显偏大.实验室驯化种群个体之间的胃含内容物重差异显著,胃长度较其他两组差异极显著,其他消化道形态差异指标均表现为野外个体较小.表明不同来源的中缅树鼩在体重、身体组成和消化道形态等方面已经出现了差异,这些差异可能和其栖息的环境有关.     

Selective exploitation of large pike Esox lucius--effects on mercury concentrations in fish populations

The present study outlines two main trends of mercury transfer patterns through the fish community: 1) the Hg concentrations increase with increase in the trophic level, with top predators having the highest concentrations, and 2) a fast growth rate may dilute the concentrations of Hg in fish muscle tissue (growth biodilution). In 2004, an extensive reduction in number of large pike (Esox lucius L.), was initiated by selective gillnet fishing in Lake Arungen, Norway, in order to increase the pike recruitment due to an expected reduction in cannibalism. In this connection, total mercury (THg) concentrations in the fish community were studied both before (2003) and after (2005) the removal of large pike. The delta(15)N signatures and stomach content analyses indicated that pike and perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) occupied the highest trophic position, while roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) was at the lower level, and rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.) at the lowest. The piscivores, pike and perch, had the highest concentrations of THg. The biomagnification rate of THg through the food web in the fish community was 0.163 (per thousand delta(15)N), with the highest uptake rate (0.232) in perch. A significant decrease in THg concentrations was found in all fish species in 2005 compared to 2003. Removal of the top predators in an Hg contaminated lake might thus be an important management tool for reducing Hg levels in fish, thereby reducing health risk to humans.     

乌苏里江上游黑斑狗鱼种群的生长特性

于2003年秋季对乌苏里江上游黑斑狗鱼Esox reicherti的种群结构和生长特性进行了调查研究,共采集样本840尾。结果表明:该水域的黑斑狗鱼主要由6+龄以下个体组成,其中以3+龄以下个体为主。体长与体重之间的关系为W=0.0051L3.1023(r=0.9762);生长方程为Lt=120.17[1-e-0.1215(t+0.5983)],Wt=15139.22[1-e-0.1215(t+0.5983)]3.1023;生长拐点年龄t=8.7龄,拐点体重W=4531.7 g,说明黑斑狗鱼在8#龄前均能维持较快增长。鉴于目前的捕捞状况,应对4#⁸#龄之间的个体适当加以保护。     

水平荷载作用下嵌岩桩的桩端约束分析

本文从地质条件、施工设备及施工工艺等方面分析嵌岩桩在水平荷载作用下的桩端实际约束情况,同时介绍了该状态下桩身变形及内力分析方法,并以此为判定桩身质量的依据之一,对类似工程的处理及研究有一定的借鉴价值。     

Determination of mercury in freeze-dried muscle samples of pike, cod and perch using an ASV-technique

Determination of mercury in fish muscle samples can be made by an anodic stripping voltammetric technique (ASV) using a gold disc as the working electrode. Prior to analysis deep-frozen fish were thawed and then dissected using quartz scalpels. The freeze-dried samples were homogenised by the brittle fracture technique. Two wet digestion procedures were investigated, namely the HNO3/HCIO4 and the HNO3/H2SO4 system, and both were found to be useful. In order to complete the oxidation, the sample had to be UV-irradiated. The stripping procedure can be done in either a new medium - 0.1 M HCIO4 and 2.5 mM HCl - or directly in the sample solution. Using HNO3 and H2SO4 as oxidising agents and subsequently stripping the mercury directly in the sample solution is recommended, as the analytical procedure will be simpler and more time-saving. The concentrations obtained for pike, cod and perch, caught at a near-shore Baltic Sea station off the Forsmark nuclear power plant in Sweden, were 19.6, 0.84 and 5.1 (micrograms/g dry weight), respectively. On comparison with results obtained from neutron activation analysis, good agreement was found.     

Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on early life stages of the pike (Esox lucius L.)

Freshly fertilized pike eggs were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 ppt (ng/liter) for 96 hours. At all concentrations examined egg development was retarded by 23%, and the growth of fry was also significantly retarded for a long period after exposure. A dose-related mortality was observed. Highest mortality rates occurred during resorption of the yolk and reached almost 100 percent at a concentration of 10 ppt. Death was preceded by development of severe generalized edemas.Histopathologically edemas and hemorrhages were observed, together with alterations of bloodvessel walls. In the liver, two stages of pathological changes were distinguished. The first was characterized by a dilation of sinusoids and a slight swelling of hepatocyte nuclei; in the second stage the nuclei were enlarged up to twice the normal diameter. Hepatocytes were degenerated and varied in size and shape and liver architecture was a almost completely lost.     

Radiocesium in muscle tissue of reindeer and pike from northern Sweden before and after the Chernobyl accident. A retrospective study on tissue samples from the Swedish Environmental Specimen Bank.

After the Chernobyl accident in April 1986, considerable deposition of radionuclides occurred regionally in eastern, central and northwestern Sweden. Locally, the fallout of radiocesium exceeded the remainder from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests by several magnitudes. Since the end of the 1960s samples of organs from various plant and animal species, annually collected at different localities, have been preserved in the Swedish Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). In this work samples from the ESB have been used for retrospective studies of radioactive pollution. The activities of Cs-134 and Cs-137 in muscle tissues from reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, and pike, Esox lucius, preserved in the ESB, were measured. The samples were collected annually; the reindeer at three localities in northern Sweden and the pike at one of them. In material collected prior to the Chernobyl accident, the levels of Cs-137 were 57-180 Bq/kg in reindeer and 14-24 Bq/kg in pike, fresh weight basis. These levels relate to earlier nuclear bomb tests. A significant decrease was found in pike during the pre-Chernobyl period (1971-86). In post-Chernobyl samples the burden of Cs-137 varied from amounts equal to the former levels in the northernmost locality and up to 80 times higher for the maximum values in the southernmost locality. The highest value recorded was 18,425 Bq/kg in reindeer. The geographic variations in reindeer from Chernobyl fallout were in accordance with the pattern of deposition estimated by aircraft surveys performed in May 1986. The ratio between 'new' and 'old' radiocesium burdens in pike, caught in 1987, approached the corresponding ratio for reindeer grazing in the precipitation area of the lake; 33 and 19, respectively.     

历史文化城镇与可持续旅游

很多文物保护单位和历史街区 以下几项要求: 建设之风,使历史环境迅速退化——都散布在小城镇。无论从自然环境、　　　　——遗产保护和管理者应当使 此类情况在历史文化城镇中几乎处社会环境、抑或是经济环境的维度来 当地居民和游客理解并认同遗产的处可见。如承德,外八庙周围原来只考察,历史遗产的保护都与其所关联 历史意义; 有几个不甚起眼的小村落,环境十分的小城镇的发展密不可分。 　　　　——旅游运营机构促进旅游业 …     

Design and development and exclusions

Organisations that seek accredited certification to the quality management systems standard ISO 9001: 2000, or transfer to the new edition of the standard from the 1994 version, can exclude any part of sub-clause 7, provided such exclusions can be justified. Exclusions can be easily justified in some cases, but others, such as sub-clause 7.3, 'design and development', are sometimes more difficult to justify. This paper gives an interpretation of sub-clause 7.3, and discusses exclusions in manufacturing companies and service industries (a field marketing company, and nursing homes)     

我国历史文化名城名镇名村保护的回顾和展望

回顾1982年以来30年我国历史文化名城名镇名村保护发展历程,初步分为历史文化名域保护兴起、历史文化街区深入保护、历史文化名城名镇名村全面保护3个阶段.从历史文化名域名镇名村评选评价、保护体系、保护规划等方面探讨了一些概念和方法问题,并对我国今后的历史文化名域名镇名村保护提出了工作和研究建议.