生物砂滤池不同挂膜方法的试验研究

根据生物砂滤池的运行特点，通过试验对自然挂膜和接种挂膜两种不同挂膜方法下，各滤柱中的生物量和生物活性，对CODMn、NH4^＋ -N和UV254的去除效果以及运行周期进行了分析研究。结果表明，接种挂膜的启动时间比自然挂膜缩短了6～8d，同时生物量较多，但生物活性比自然挂膜法低12．03％～14．29％；各柱对CODMn、NH4^＋ -N均有很好的去除效果，平均去除率在35％和80％以上；但采用自然挂膜法对污染物的去除效果更佳，特别是对UV254的去除率较接种挂膜法提高了5．01％～10．8％，并且运行周期延长了6～10h，运行更为稳定。     

3级生物滤池挂膜启动分析

试验采用交替式进水的3级生物滤池处理校园生活污水,并分析讨论了3根滤柱的挂膜启动规律。在水温11.3～21.0℃条件下,3根滤柱均用接种挂膜法启动,分别历时23、20、23 d,3根滤柱出水的COD、BOD去除率稳定在80%左右,出水分别维持在95、29 mg/L以下。研究了NH4+-N的去除效果,一、三级滤柱为兼性厌氧滤柱,去除率范围为57%～67%;二级滤柱为好氧滤柱,去除率为71%～78%,此时3根滤柱挂膜启动成功。     

不同原水条件下曝气生物滤池的挂膜启动

考察了曝气生物滤池（BAF）在污水深度处理中不同原水条件下的挂膜启动情况.挂膜方式为复合接种挂膜,即先用活性污泥闷曝接种,然后逐步提高进水流速,直到滤料表面形成稳定的生物膜.试验结果表明,使用污水处理厂初沉池的出水启动挂膜速度要明显优于采用二沉池出水启动挂膜,但采用二沉池出水启动挂膜后滤料表面生物膜的附着更牢固,实际运行中采用后者更可行.     

改性滤料在水处理中应用

利用涂层改性滤料可以去除水中许多种微量有毒有害污染物质而不需要增加任何药剂,因此,改性滤料在给水处理中被广泛关注。在收集阅读大量资料的基础上,综述了改性滤料的改性剂、载体材料、制备方法、处理原理及在给水处理中应用。并讨论了尚存在问题和需作进一步研究的课题。     

曝气生物滤池的低温挂膜研究

低温下曝气生物滤池的挂膜结果表明,在滤池中异养微生物能有效地形成生物膜,饥饿的硝化细菌重新获得营养后其生长和活性能得到恢复,但会受到低温或异养菌生长的限制.     

一体化多层滤料曝气生物滤池的启动特性

为探讨集缺氧层与好氧层于一体的多层滤料曝气生物滤池(BAF)的挂膜启动特性,以火山岩、粉煤灰陶粒和聚丙乙烯泡沫滤珠为滤料,构建了一体化多层滤料曝气生物滤池,并在初次挂膜和重新挂膜时分别采用复合挂膜法和两阶段复合挂膜法进行启动,考察了该工艺在挂膜启动阶段对COD、SS、NH3-N和TN的去除效果。结果表明:对NH3-N和TN的去除率可以作为一体化多层滤料曝气生物滤池挂膜成功的标志;26 d后初次挂膜启动完成,此时对COD、SS、NH3-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在70%、85%、60%、50%以上。生物膜脱落后,重新挂膜启动15 d即可完成,且对COD、SS、NH3-N和TN的去除率分别达到70%、87%、97%、51%左右。研究表明,一体化多层滤料BAF对城市污水有较好的处理效果。     

膜生物反应器填料上微生物特性及其处理效果

在膜生物反应器中（MBR）加入泡沫填料,研究了MBR中微生物的作用机理及投加填料对反应器处理效果的影响.结果表明：填料的加入丰富了反应器的生物种类,提高了反应器的处理能力和稳定性,在填料的表面及内部形成了好氧层、过渡层和厌氧层,填料上特有的后生动物和厌氧细菌强化了对难降解有机物的分解;当反应器未加填料时MLSS值稳定,加入填料后附着其上的微生物不断生长、增殖,悬浮生物由于食料竟争而被抑制,致使MLSS值降低,缓解了膜组件的污染;填料内部出现的厌氧反硝化细菌把硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸盐和氮气,促进了氨氮的分解.     

循环水养殖系统生物滤池自然挂膜启动及效果研究

在水温为21.3~25.6℃、p H值为7.8~8.3、滤速为0.034 5 m/s的条件下,研究了生物滤池利用低有机物含量原水进行自然挂膜启动的过程,试验以生物膜生长与水质指标变化情况之间的关系为参考指标。结果表明:在低有机物含量条件下,可以直接采用原水进行挂膜,经过约38 d生物滤池自然挂膜启动成功,但粗过滤环节的过滤效果不佳,这对滤池的生物处理效果有较大影响。     

预处理生物滤池挂膜的影响因素

详细讨论了微污染源水生物滤池预处理工艺中挂膜的影响因素,对采用自然富集培养挂膜方式而言,温度较低时挂膜难以进行,而温度较高时挂膜速度很快;填料的物化性质会影响挂膜时间的长短(颗粒滤料挂膜时间较短);增加进水污染物浓度或提高水力负荷均可缩短挂膜时间;过高的进水悬浮物浓度不利于微生物吸附和在填料表面形成均匀的生物膜;在挂膜的不同阶段气水比应有所调整.     

臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理饮用水挂膜试验研究

以中置式高密度沉淀池沉后水作为进水,考察了臭氧-生物活性炭（O3-BAC）饮用水深度处理工艺的挂膜过程,并探讨了生物活性炭挂膜的影响因素。结果表明,挂膜期间O3-BAC工艺对水中浊度、CODMn及氨氮具有较好的去除效果,运行后期浊度、CODMn及氨氮的去除率分别达到50％,62．71％和62．5％以上;运行至82天时,CODMn和氨氮去除率分别大于30％和60％．生物膜趋于成熟。     

UV disinfection in a model distribution system:; biofilm growth and microbial community

Two model distribution systems were operated in parallel to investigate the impact of UV disinfection on water distribution system biofilms and microbial community composition. One system received an influent irradiated with UV light, whereas the control received the same influent with no treatment. The biofilm in the UV system, as compared to the control, was more responsive (i.e., had a greater increase in steady-state density of heterotrophic bacteria) to the increased nutrient availability afforded by a decrease in HRT from 12 to 2 h. However, the UV treatment did not have a consistent impact on the biofilm community, indicating the processes controlling HPC density were independent of the specific strains of bacteria forming the biofilm. There was evidence that particle shielding contributed to the survival of UV-susceptible bacteria. This hypothesis was consistent with the presence of UV-susceptible bacteria in the UV system, as well as the high similarity of the biofilm communities in the UV and control systems in one of the experiments. To simulate an intrusion event, opportunistic pathogens were added to each system after the biofilm community reached steady-state. Opportunistic pathogen attachment was not affected by the UV treatment, but was instead correlated to the biofilm density of heterotrophic bacteria.     

Temperature effect on microbial community of enhanced biological phosphorus removal system

Microbial population dynamics to gradual temperature change in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system was kinetically investigated. As the temperature rose from 20.0 degrees C to 30.0 degrees C, and to 35.5 degrees C, the predominant microbial group changed from the phosphorus-accumulating organisms, PAOs (47-70% of total VSS) to the glycogen-accumulating organisms (64-75% of total VSS), and to the ordinary heterotrophs (90% of total VSS), respectively. Despite the species alteration, the phosphorus contents of the PAOs appeared to be steady within 0.182-0.308 mg/mg VSS(PAO) regardless of the temperature level. The initial specific phosphorus release rates, which are solely due to the PAOs activities, increased with the temperature from 37.5-55.9 to 51.8-61.3, 52.0-76.9, 147.2-210.3, and 374.2-756.3 mgP/gmVSS(PAO) h, at 20.0 degrees C, 25.0 degrees C, 30.0 degrees C, 32.5 degrees C, and 35.0 degrees C, respectively. On the other hand, mean initial specific phosphorus uptake rates of the biomass decreased as the temperature increased; however, the data implied that the rate of the PAOs was higher than the other two microbial groups. These results indicate that the PAOs are lower-range mesophiles or possibly psychrophiles. As the temperature rises, the portion of energy required for maintenance increases substantially which reduces the energy availability for cell reproduction; hence, the PAOs are washed out from the system.     

Evaluation of some halogen biocides using a microbial biofilm system

A simple method for the formation of microbial biofilms of three species, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, on a small glass slide was established, and its suitability for evaluation of disinfectant efficacy was examined. The biofilms formed were observed in situ by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Using the biofilms established, biocidal efficacy of several halogen biocides, such as hypochlorite (HOCl), bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (Br, Cl-DMH), ammonia monochloramine (NH2Cl), a stabilized hypobromite biocide named STABREX, and a mixed solution of NH4Br and HOCl, was evaluated. The formation of NHBrCl in the mixed solution was indicated by UV spectra analysis. Biofilm cells were more resistant to these biocides than planktonic cells and the extent of resistance varied with the biocide tested. Among the biocides tested, the biocidal potency of HOCl was the most susceptible to the change brought about by biofilm formation. By CLSM observation, differences in biofilm conformation were revealed between the microbial species. The efficacy of the biocide tested varied with the structure of biofilms formed. The assay method developed in the present study would be useful for further investigation on biofilm disinfection.     

敞开式循环冷却水系统的水质处理

介绍了循环冷却水系统水质处理的目的，并就循环冷却水水垢的形成及腐蚀的机理和影响因素作了分析，提出了水垢及腐蚀的控制方法和措施。     

The effect of environmental conditions and electrical charge on the weighing accuracy of different filter materials

Different filter materials and electrical charge elimination methods were used to investigate the weighing accuracy of filter papers under different environmental conditions. The results show that the standard deviations (S.D.) of weight data for glass fiber and MCE filters were substantial without environmental control, whether or not the electrical charge eliminators were used. Values of 0.157 and 0.349 mg were determined for glass and MCE filters, respectively. The accuracy of weighing was substantially improved and the S.D. was reduced to 0.01 and 0.09 mg for glass fiber and MCE filters, respectively, after applying the environmental control conditions. For PVC and Teflon filters, the accuracy of weighing was good, even in the uncontrolled environmental conditions, whether or not the electrical charge eliminators were used. The S.D. values of weighing data of PVC and Teflon filters were 0.007 and 0.011 mg, respectively.     

中央空调循环水系统腐蚀分析与对策

论述了污垢及腐蚀对中央空调系统的影响,并介绍了管道污染生成的机理及其产生的影响,从清洗、预膜、定期水质检测调整等方面,阐述了循环水处理的具体对策,有利于中央空调系统的正常运行。     

污水的地下渗滤处理系统在农村应用的探讨

结合具体的工程实例，阐述了污水的地下渗滤处理系统的原理，并对其具体工程设计参数及主要参数的计算作了探讨，并对其经济性进行了分析比较，指出地下渗滤处理系统简单可行，值得提倡。     

The effect of temperature on the growth of microbial film in a model trickling filter

The daily weight change of a microbial film in a model filter after the start of synthetic feed application was observed and the effect of temperature on the growth of the film was studied. The rate of BOD removal, the rate at which SS was washed out, the yield coefficient and the autolysis coefficient were chosen as the factors related to the growth of the film and the effects of temperature on them were examined.The growth pattern of the film can be divided into the lag-phase, growth-phase and stationary-phase. The growth equation of the film in the growth-phase was obtained by assuming that the rates of BOD removal and SS washed out were constant.In order to evaluate the growth of the film at various temperatures, the growth capacity and the mean growth rate were defined. The growth capacity is the film weight at the stationary-phase and expresses the maximum weight to which the film can increase in a given filter. The growth capacity increased as the temperature fell. This is due to the autolysis coefficient which becomes lower at low temperatures. The period necessary to reach the stationary-phase was shorter at high temperatures. The mean growth rate, which was defined as the rate when the film has reached half the growth capacity, was at its maximum at 15°C.     

Biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and changes in microbial community structure in a membrane bioreactor: effect of different carbon sources

Bacterial community structures in four sequencing anoxic/anaerobic-aerobic membrane bioreactors (SAMs) that were fed with synthetic medium composed of different organic compounds in substrate as carbon source; acetate-dominant (acetate/propionate = 4/1), propionate-dominant (acetate/propionate = 1/4), glucose-dominant (glucose/acetate = 4/1) and methanol-dominant (methanol/acetate/propionate = 6/3/1) were analyzed by respiratory quinone profile and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. The SAMs were operated at controlled pH range 7-8.5 and at constant temperature 25 degrees C. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and COD removal performances were also evaluated and compared. In addition, trans-membrane pressure was monitored to observe the impact of substrate composition on membrane fouling. The dominance of the mole fraction of ubiquinone (UQ-8) in the SAMs indicated dominance of the beta-subclass of Proteobacteria; however, its population comparatively decreased when the substrate was glucose dominant or methanol dominant. A relatively higher and stable enhanced biological phosphorus removal performance was observed when methanol-dominant substrate was used concurrently with an increase in the gamma-subclass of Proteobacteria. The population of the alpha-subclass of Proteobacteria slightly increased along with a decrease in phosphate removal activity when the substrate was glucose-dominant. Results from FISH analysis also supported the findings of the quinone profile. The trans-membrane pressure variation in the SAMs indicated that fouling was relatively rapid when propionate-dominant or methanol-dominant substrate was used and most stable when glucose-dominant substrate was used. A combination of methanol and acetate would be a better choice as an external carbon source when nutrients removals, as well as fouling, are considered in the membrane bioreactor- (MBR-) coupled biological nutrients removing (BNR) process.     

臭氧法水处理在空调冷却水系统中的应用

探讨了臭氧法杀菌灭藻，缓蚀，阻垢的机理，认为臭氧法可用于空调冷却水处理，并给出在工程设计中的应用方法。