文化认同视角下的北魏平城时期贵族佛道信仰变迁

平城时期是北魏少数民族政权发展的重要历史阶段,在社会变革的推动下,文化碰撞与融合共存。在信仰文化上,北魏政权改变了原始的自然崇拜状态,转而尊崇代表当时主流信仰文化的佛道,故信仰文化的认同加快了鲜卑族汉化的步伐。佛道间的根源性差异、北魏上层的认同性取向等因素致使二者在北魏平城时期实现了历史性的变迁,使得佛道信仰文化发展更趋于成熟。     

北魏平城时代的佛呗文化

北魏平城时代所开凿的云冈石窟及同时期的墓葬中表现出的乐器元素,反映着北魏平城时代佛呗文化的异域特色,这一风格对隋唐音乐文化产生深远的影响。     

北魏平城时代的佛呗文化

北魏平城时代所开凿的云冈石窟及同时期的墓葬中表现出的乐器元素,反映着北魏平城时代佛呗文化的异域特色,这一风格对隋唐音乐文化产生深远的影响。     

大同北魏传统文化元素的挖掘及实践应用研究

公元398年,北魏道武帝拓跋珪将国都自盛乐迁至平城。自此,开启了北魏平城时代,伴随着一系列的社会改革,大力推动了民族融合,这在中华民族构建史上起到了承前启后、继往开来的重大作用,同时也为大同烙上了深深的鲜卑烙印。本文以北魏平城时期传统文化元素的深入挖掘为基础,归纳和总结北魏平城时期传统文化元素类型和涵义,重点探析大同融合本地文化元素,打造内外兼修的"城市印象",以期通过文化自觉与文化自信来提升城市文化软实力。     

北魏平城明堂复原设计研究

北魏平城明堂建筑是北魏帝王祭祀活动的重要场所,用作朝会诸侯、发布政令、秋季大享祭天,并配祀祖宗。南北朝时期,我国少数民族政权吸收中原文化,并与本民族文化相交融,形成了较为独特的礼制建筑营造体系。该文根据北魏平城明堂遗址发掘情况、相关历史文献资料及大同地区现存同时期墓葬、石窟所载的历史建筑信息,以复原设计的方式对北魏平城明堂建筑进行空间形态的研究,探寻该时期我国礼制建筑的形制和特点。     

胡汉杂糅还是民族融合？——论北魏平城早期规划

北魏平城是首个北方游牧民族进入中原建立政权的文化产物,由于早期民族文化异质性和都城地理区位过渡性,早期立国阶段的平城规划建设尚处于探索时期,既要继承秦汉以来中原都城规划思想“模邺、雒、长安之制”以示正统,又要保留自己的民族特性和礼俗,呈现出“胡汉杂糅”的空间表象。但回归到北魏立国之初的政权建立、文化制度建构和经济生产方式确立的历史过程中,会发现平城的都城空间形态和规划思想是北魏国家和制度确立的空间投射,不是简单的胡汉杂糅,而是民族融合的产物,在民族融合作用下,都城规划建设在自然山水利用、礼制空间组织和社会治理等多方面探索创新。平城早期的空间形态具有游牧到农耕文化发展和汉唐都城演变的过渡性,对后期孝文帝时期平城的空间形态和迁都后北魏洛阳的规划具有重要的奠基作用,进而影响隋唐长安和后世都城。因此,研究北魏平城早期的都城形态,对阐释空间-文化耦合机制、揭示北魏文明建构、诠释都城演变脉络具有重要的学术价值。     

北魏时期瓦当刍议

瓦当是我国特有的一种建筑构件,早在西周时期就出现了瓦当的运用。平城,作为北魏的都城,从(公元398年)北魏道武帝迁都至此,"建宗庙、立社稷",到(公元494年)魏孝文帝迁都河南洛阳。近一百年中,曾在平城筑有大规模的建筑群。北魏平城时代遗址出土的瓦当,展现出北魏政治、经济和文化发展的样貌,特别是佛教的传入和多民族文化的融合,使瓦当带有明显宗教色彩和民族文化特征。     

从平城时期墓葬看云冈石窟鲜卑供养人像的流行

云冈石窟二期以鲜卑装束为主的供养人像是北朝佛教艺术中的特殊现象。本文从平城时期的墓葬来分析这批供养人像的背景,并由此讨论鲜卑文化在平城的流行情况和接受问题。云冈石窟二期的鲜卑供养人像属于太武帝以来平城地区制作鲜卑人像的传统。这类人像不仅见于石窟,亦在墓葬壁画、陶俑间流行,其制作受到了北魏皇室的佛教造像工程的影响。这类人像在平城地区的流行既反映了当地鲜卑文化的浓厚,亦显示了北朝不同族属民众对鲜卑文化的接受和认同。     

北魏平城的商业经济建设及其特点

公元5世纪前的大同是一个位于游牧区和农耕区衔接地带的小镇,政治不稳,农业和手工业滞后,商业更处于不发达的状态。北魏定都平城后,这里不仅成为北魏的政治和军事中心,也成为北魏的经济和文化中心。在北魏政权统治下,平城与周边地区发达的道路交通,为其商业的发展奠定了基础。商业格局的初步形成,为经济的繁荣提供了条件。对商贸活动的鼓励政策和宽松的管理,则是平城地区商业经济的显著特点。     

试论西域僧入魏与北魏佛教的发展、演变及影响

北魏时大量西域僧进入中原,其中有师贤、昙曜、菩提留支、勒那摩提等名僧。西域僧在北魏译经、传法、开窟、建寺,与国家政权相结合,传承凉州佛教所带有的浓重西域元素,确立了北朝佛教强烈的国家经营色彩和重信仰福德的特征。北魏时期鲜卑统治者的佛教化、汉化和佛教的中国化融合在一起,佛教给己身融于其中的全新中原文化打下了深深烙印。西域僧入魏促进了北魏僧的西行求法和经教西传,加强了中西文化交流,推动了中国佛教宗派的发展演化。     

污泥制砖存在问题浅析

污泥制砖符合国家的环保政策,但在技术方面还待进一步创新和突破。为此分析了污泥制砖在技术方面、环保方面和社会大众认可方面存在问题及相应的改进措施。     

干旱区绿洲环境下的新疆小城镇建设投资

一、研究区域基本现状新疆地处欧亚大陆腹地,地貌轮廓表现为“三山夹两盆”,山地与平原的面积大致各占50%,镶嵌于戈壁沙漠的绿洲仅有7万平方公里。新疆土地面积166.49万平方公里,占全国总面积的六分之一。气候干旱,荒漠广布,是中国最大的干旱区,是亚洲干旱核心区,也是世界上著名的干旱区之一。水资源短缺,生态极度脆弱。新疆2004年底有1950万人,人均GDP已经超过了1000美元,城镇化进入了快速发展阶段,特别是小城镇的发展速度较快。但新疆特殊的干旱区绿洲环境,使得小城镇的发展存在许多问题。一是城镇规模小而散,基础设施配套差,城镇集散和…     

Levels of manganese in the urine of female farmers in non-polluted regions in Japan

Nearly 1500 urine samples were collected from female farmers in eight regions widely scattered in the islands of Japan in the winter of 1987-1988. The samples were analysed for manganese by wet ashing and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry under strict quality control. The values observed after adjustment for a specific gravity of 1.016 were distributed log-normally with a geometric mean of 0.65 microgram/l and a geometric standard deviation of 2.47. There was no effect of aging or any effect of smoking on the urinary manganese concentration. The inter-regional difference may be present but not yet conclusive. As no sex difference was observed in a previous study, it may be possible to deduce that the value may possibly stand for the "background" level of both men and women, either smoking or non-smoking, among the general Japanese population. The observed value is discussed in comparison with values reported in the literature.     

Typification of Fires in Buildings in Spain

Although the Dirección de General de Protección Civil (DGPC), an agency of the Spanish government, has been responsible for the collection of data and the statistical analysis of fires since 1985, it has not as yet issued any reports. It is true that a couple of studies have been made, but in neither case did they use a standardized methodology but relied simply on the heterogeneous information provided by the fire brigades which cooperated in the studies. At that time Spanish fire brigades did not have special units for professional fire investigation, nor was the information derived from standardized methodologies suited to research purposes. In addition, information was extremely scarce and basic, focussed only on the fire, the use of the building and personal data of the victims. In this context, the project for a Fire Investigation Unit in the Fire Brigade of Málaga (the sixth largest Spanish province in inhabitants) was set up. Although inspired in the methodologies used in the USA and in the UK, the aim was to create a customized methodology for the first scientific investigation of fires in Spain. Our research was conducted in 2007. Using the methodologies of the USA and the UK, our own methodological approach and the Spanish regulations, we drew up a questionnaire with 110 variables arranged into 6 modules. We studied 96 fires out of the 154 emergency fire calls received in 2007, having omitted some emergency calls for various reasons. Our results revealed that it was necessary to generalize the installation of fire extinguishers in residential buildings, to train the general public in the use of these devices, to promote the use of fire and smoke detectors in residential buildings, to encourage the inspection and control of old electric installations and to monitor the new installations, to generalize the implementation of emergency and evacuation plans and to design new systems and materials for the cabinets where hand-held extinguishers are stored.     

分光光度法测水中余氯

介绍了用双硫腙分光光度法测定水中余氯的新方法，阐述了其测定试验过程，根据试验结果显示，其结论符合国家标准，表明该方法可用于自来水等样品中余氯含量的测定，结果比较准确。     

Intersections of inequality in homeownership in Sweden

Abstract

Inequalities relating to ownership of housing have become a major issue de jour in many Western societies. This article examines how the distribution of homeownership in Sweden relates to two factors widely seen as significant to such inequalities, namely parental tenure status and place of birth. We use longitudinal registry data to examine the bearing of these two factors on individual-level tenure progression since the beginning of the 1990s for persons at different stages of their housing careers. We extend existing understandings of Swedish homeownership patterns by demonstrating that inequalities relating to place of birth and parental tenure intersect with one another in ways that substantially advantage certain subgroups while disadvantaging others, and by demonstrating that experiences of entry into homeownership have in recent years been changing in markedly different ways for these different subgroups. Overall, Swedish homeownership inequalities, far from dissipating, appear to be hardening along existing lines.     

莳花在城市绿化中的应用

目的:花化、香化、彩化已成为城市园林绿化的主要趋势,也是为满足人们对环境要求越来越高的一种心境。方法:选择采用莳花能表现出品种繁多,色彩艳丽等不同的方式,从而能在很大程度上丰富了植物造景的层次感要求。结果:能使其达到美化环境、增添节日气氛、提高绿化品质等方面有着突出的作用。结论:莳花造景对城市的美化可达到立杆见影效果,从而提高城市的形象和品位。     

日本城市浅层地下空间利用的新成就

本文结合日本川崎市站前广场和神户市哈巴兰德地区的立体化再开发，分析介绍当前日本浅层地下空间开发利用的成就和特点。     

遗传算法在边坡稳定系数计算中的应用

边坡稳定性的关键问题是确定最危险滑动面(潜在最危险滑动面)和边坡的稳定系数。国内外一般是采用先假定边坡滑移模式,然后近似确定最危险滑动面,再求近似的边坡稳定系数的方法来分析边坡的稳定性,但假设的边坡滑移模式难以反映边坡滑移的实际状态。因此本文探索利用遗传算法搜索最危险滑动面,并得到最小稳定系数及对应的最危险滑动面曲线,取得了较好的效果。     

地质情况复杂地区高速公路隧道地质预报研究

针对地质情况复杂地区垫邻高速公路设计、施工中的具体问题，从地质预报的方法、原理方面入手，对地质情况复杂地区高速公路隧道施工中的地质超前预报工作进行了深入的研究，在分析归纳的基础上，提出合适的工作方法。