纳米SiO_2的表面改性

分别用吐温-80、油酸、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、硅烷偶联3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)和硅烷偶联剂γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)处理纳米二氧化硅,用沉降体积和亲油化度来对比改性效果,结果表明KH570改性效果最好,其最佳工艺条件为:KH570用量为8%,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为2 h,反应pH为5.5。对KH570改性前后的纳米粉体进行了红外光谱分析、热重分析、紫外-可见光谱分析、扫描电镜分析等表征。结果表明,硅烷偶联剂与纳米二氧化硅之间形成了化学结合,改性后的纳米SiO_2分散性提高,从而更好地应用于聚合物材料中。     

纳米SiO_2的表面改性

分别用吐温-80、油酸、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、硅烷偶联3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)和硅烷偶联剂γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)处理纳米二氧化硅,用沉降体积和亲油化度来对比改性效果,结果表明KH570改性效果最好,其最佳工艺条件为:KH570用量为8%,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为2 h,反应pH为5.5。对KH570改性前后的纳米粉体进行了红外光谱分析、热重分析、紫外-可见光谱分析、扫描电镜分析等表征。结果表明,硅烷偶联剂与纳米二氧化硅之间形成了化学结合,改性后的纳米SiO_2分散性提高,从而更好地应用于聚合物材料中。     

硅基抗菌粉体表面改性及对聚氯乙烯塑料抗菌性能影响

用硅烷偶联剂KH570对硅基抗菌粉体进行表面有机化改性,研究了偶联剂用量、反应时间及反应温度对表面改性效果的影响.通过润湿性和吸光度测定,确定了最佳表面改性条件:硅烷偶联剂KH570含量为2份(100 g粉体中加入的改性剂量),反应温度为80℃,反应时间为5 h.通过红外光谱(FTIR)、热重(TG)和透射电镜(TEM)等对改性前后的粉体表面结构、热性能及在聚氟乙烯(PVC)中分散性分析表明:KH570以化学键形式接枝到粉体表面,形成了有机包覆,改变了粉体表面的极性;改性后的抗菌粉体在PVC中的分散性得到了提高,使其抗菌性增强.     

酚醛树脂改性纳米蒙脱土填充PA6的制备及性能研究

分别利用经十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)、酚醛树脂(PF)表面改性的纳米蒙脱土(MMT)填充聚酰胺(PA)6,研究了不同表面改性剂及其用量对PA6的力学性能、热性能和吸水性的影响。结果表明,经OTAC改性的纳米MMT和经PF改性的纳米MMT对PA6的热性能改善效果有限,但有利于提高PA6的刚性和降低吸水性。PF改性纳米MMT对PA6的改性效果优于OTAC改性纳米MMT,当PF改性纳米MMT的质量分数为3%时,材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和维卡软化温度分别比纯PA6提高了12.3%、58.8%和2%,吸水率降低0.5%。     

丙烯酸酯共聚物/有机硅改性凹凸棒土复合材料的制备及性能研究

凹凸棒土(AT)经提纯后,通过使用γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-570)对其进行有机改性,得到有机化的凹凸棒土(OAT),并对其进行FTIR和XRD表征,结果表明,KH570对凹凸棒土起到了良好的修饰改性作用。采用悬浮复合法合成了AT用量为0～5 phr的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)-聚丙烯酸丁酯(PBA)/凹凸棒土纳米复合材料(PMMA-PBA/(KH570-AT)-x),对复合材料进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、动态力学分析(DMA)和热重分析TGA等表征。SEM结果表明,KH570-AT的加入使复合材料断裂由脆性断裂向韧性断裂转变。通过对复合材料的综合热性能分析和力学性能分析,PMMA-PBA/KH570-AT-3复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和玻璃花转变温度(Tg)比纯PMMA-PBA分别高出15.72%、34.59%和4.74℃。     

表面改性凹凸棒土对等规聚丁烯-1结晶行为影响

使用γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)对凹凸棒土(ATP)进行表面改性制备改性凹凸棒土(KATP),以改善其与等规聚丁烯-1(iPB)的界面相容性并使用溶液共混法制备iPB/ATP复合材料.红外光谱仪与扫描电子显微镜结果证明,KH570成功接枝到ATP表面,从而改善了两者的界面相容性.复合材料的结晶行为表...     

硅灰石表面改性研究及应用

利用硅烷偶联剂KH570改性硅灰石,并用其填充聚丙烯制备复合材料(KW/PP)。通过比较水接触角考察了KH570用量、改性时间及改性温度对硅灰石表面改性效果的影响,并用红外光谱、扫描电镜对复合材料进行表征。结果表明:当KH570为硅灰石质量的4%,改性时间为2 h,改性温度为80℃时,改性效果最好。KW/PP复合材料的冲击强度与弯曲强度较纯PP有明显提高。     

硅烷偶联剂对纳米氧化锌的表面改性研究

采用硅烷偶联剂KH-570对纳米ZnO进行表面改性,研究了硅烷偶联剂用量、pH值、时间及反应温度等因素对纳米ZnO表面改性的影响,利用亲油化度实验、红外光谱(IR)、热重(TG)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段表征了纳米ZnO的改性效果和结构。红外光谱和热重研究表明,KH-570以化学键合的方式结合在纳米ZnO的表面,并形成了有机包覆层。经测量,纳米ZnO表面的KH-570的质量分数为4.6%;讨论了产生KH-570理论包覆量与实际包覆量差异的原因。TEM图表明经KH-570改性过的纳米ZnO的分散性大大提高;亲油化度实验表明,当硅烷偶联剂用量为6%,pH值为6.5,反应温度为85℃,反应2 h时,纳米ZnO改性效果最好。     

氮钒共掺杂纳米TiO2的表面改性及其对涂料中甲醛的降解

利用硅烷偶联剂(KH570)对氮钒共掺杂纳米TiO2进行表面改性,考察了偶联剂用量、反应时间、反应温度及pH等改性条件的影响,从而确定最佳用量和最佳反应条件.利用元素分析、红外光谱、透射电子显微镜和热质等表征手段及亲油化度的测定,研究了表面改性的效果及分散状况.红外光谱表明,KH570以化学键合的方式结合在纳米TiO2的表面,并形成了有机包覆层,经测量,氮钒共掺杂纳米TiO2表面包覆的KH570的质量分数约为13.36％ ～14.99％.将改性后的氮钒共掺杂纳米TiO2以一定的比例加入到成膜物质中制成一系列的涂料样品,然后测定其甲醛含量.结果表明,甲醛的降解率可达到82.2％.与普通涂料相比,加入改性后的氮钒共掺杂的纳米TiO2的涂料具有优异的物理性能.     

γ-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷对纳米二氧化硅表面接枝改性的研究

采用γ-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH590)对纳米二氧化硅表面进行接枝改性,研究KH590用量、反应时间和反应温度等对纳米二氧化硅相对接枝率和粒径的影响;采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对改性前后的纳米二氧化硅进行表征。结果表明:KH590通过水解后与二氧化硅粒子表面的羟基发生反应,成功接枝到纳米二氧化硅表面;其最佳工艺条件为:KH590用量为二氧化硅质量的15%,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为10 h,其相对接枝率达到10.3%;与未改性纳米二氧化硅相比,其平均粒径明显变小,分散性及亲油性明显变好。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.