共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
B. Lyseng T. Niet J. English V. Keller K. Palmer-Wilson B. Robertson A. Rowe P. Wild 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(4):1966-1979
According to outlooks by the IEA and the U.S. EIA, renewables will become the largest source of electricity by 2050 if global temperature rise is to be limited to 2 °C. However, at penetrations greater than 30%, curtailment of wind and solar can be significant in even the most flexible systems. Energy storage can reduce curtailment and increase utilisation of variable renewables. Power-to-gas is a form of long-term storage based on electrolytic production of hydrogen. This research models the co-sizing of wind and solar PV capacity and electrolyser capacity in a jurisdiction targeting 80% penetration of variable renewable electricity. Results indicate that power-to-gas can reduce required wind and solar capacity by as much as 23% and curtailment by as much as 87%. While the majority of charging events last less than 12 h, the majority of the total annual stored energy comes from longer-term events. Additional scenarios reveal that geographic diversity of wind farms reduces capacity requirements, but the same benefit is not found for distributing solar PV. 相似文献
2.
Various configurations of power-to-gas system are investigated as a means for capturing excess wind power in the Emden region of Germany and transferring it to the natural gas grid or local biogas-CHP plant. Consideration is given to producing and injecting low concentration hydrogen admixtures, synthetic methane, or hydrogen/synthetic methane mixtures. Predictions based on time series data for wind generation and electricity demand indicate that excess renewable electricity levels will reach about 40 MW and 45 GW h per annum by 2020, and that it is desirable to achieve a progression in power-to-gas capacity in the preceding period. The findings are indicative for regions transitioning from medium to high renewable power penetrations. To capture an increasing proportion of the growing amount of excess renewable electricity, the following recommendations are made: implement a 4 MW hydrogen admixture plant and hydrogen buffer of 600 kg in 2018; then in 2020, implement a 17 MW hybrid system for injecting hydrogen and synthetic methane (with a hydrogen storage capacity of at least 400 kg) in conjunction with a bio-methane injection plant. The 17 MW plant will capture 68% of the available excess renewable electricity in 2020, by offering an availability to the electricity grid operator of >97% and contributing 19.1 GW h of ‘green’ gas to the gas grid. 相似文献
3.
A model of a solar-hydrogen powered residence, in both stand-alone and grid parallel configurations, was developed using Matlab/Simulink®. The model assesses the viability of employing a regenerative fuel cell (RFC) as an energy storage device to be used with photovoltaic (PV) electrical generation. Other modes of energy storage such as batteries and hybrid storage were also evaluated. Analyses of various operating conditions, system configurations, and control strategies were performed. Design requirements investigated included RFC sizing, battery sizing, charge/discharge rates, and state of charge limitations. Dynamic load demand was found to be challenging to meet, requiring RFC and or battery sizes significantly larger than those required to meet average power demand. Employing a RFC with batteries in a hybrid configuration increased PV utilization and both battery efficiency and power density. Grid parallel configurations were found to alleviate many of the difficulties associated with energy storage costs and meeting peak demand. 相似文献
4.
This study presents an analysis and assessment study of an integrated system which consists of cryogenic air separation unit, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer and reactor to produce ammonia for a selected case study application in Istanbul, Turkey. A thermodynamic analysis of the proposed system illustrates that electricity consumption of PEM electrolyzer is 3410 kW while 585.4 kW heat is released from ammonia reactor. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the ammonia production system which are observed at daily average irradiance of 200 W/m2 are found as 26.08% and 30.17%, respectively. The parametric works are utilized to find out the impacts of inlet air conditions and solar radiation intensity on system performance. An increase in the solar radiation intensity results in a decrease of the efficiencies due to higher potential of solar influx. Moreover, the mass flow rate of inlet air has a substantial effect on ammonia production concerning the variation of generated nitrogen. The system has a capacity of 0.22 kg/s ammonia production which is synthesized by 0.04 kg/s H2 from PEM electrolyzer and 0.18 kg/s N2 from a cryogenic air separation unit. The highest exergy destruction rate belongs to PEM electrolyzer as 736.2 kW while the lowest destruction rate is calculated as 3.4 kW for the separation column. 相似文献
5.
S. Weidner M. Faltenbacher I. François D. Thomas J.B. Skùlason C. Maggi 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(33):15625-15638
The use of hydrogen to store electricity is no longer utopian nor merely theoretical. Hydrogen applications such as Power-to-Gas systems are entering the market and some of them are ready to compete with other options in the near future. This means they have indeed a potential for profitability, especially if seen as large-scale storage solutions for the electricity surplus produced by variable renewable energy sources.In this study Power-to-Industry, Power-to-Mobility and Power-to-Power applications are chosen to be investigated and compared through levelized cost of hydrogen to identify the main cost drivers and consequently understand the possible solutions to reduce costs. The feasibility of the applications is discussed and analyzed in Germany, Belgium and Iceland, with mid and long-term perspectives, focusing the analysis on the advantage of scaling up. 相似文献
6.
James D. MaclayJacob Brouwer G. Scott Samuelsen 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2011,36(19):12130-12140
An experimental solar-hydrogen powered residence simulator was built and tested. The system consisted of a solar photovoltaic array connected to an electrolyzer which produced hydrogen as a means of energy storage. The hydrogen was used to produce electricity in a fuel cell that operated in parallel with a battery to meet dynamic power demand similar to that found in residential applications. The study demonstrated the technical feasibility of operating such a system under the simultaneous dynamics of solar input and load. Limitations of current fuel cell and electrolyzer designs, as they pertain to both power delivery and energy storage, were identified. The study also established the need to understand and address dynamic performance in the design and application of solar-hydrogen reversible fuel cell hybrid systems. An economic analysis found that major cost reductions would need to be achieved for such systems to compete with conventional energy storage devices. 相似文献
7.
Faizur Rahman Shafiqur Rehman Mohammed Arif Abdul-Majeed 《Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews》2012,16(1):274-283
Renewable power (photovoltaic, solar thermal or wind) is inherently intermittent and fluctuating. If renewable power has to become a major source of base-load dispatchable power, electricity storage systems of multi-MW capacity and multi-hours duration are indispensable. An overview of the advanced energy storage systems to store electrical energy generated by renewable energy sources is presented along with climatic conditions and supply demand situation of power in Saudi Arabia. Based on the review, battery features needed for the storage of electricity generated from renewable energy sources are: low cost, high efficiency, long cycle life, mature technology, withstand high ambient temperatures, large power and energy capacities and environmentally benign. Although there are various commercially available electrical energy storage systems (EESS), no single storage system meets all the requirements for an ideal EESS. Each EESS has a suitable application range. 相似文献
8.
Kodjo Agbossou Mohan Lal Kolhe Jean Hamelin tienne Bernier Tapan K. Bose 《Renewable Energy》2004,29(8):1305-1318
The Hydrogen Research Institute (HRI) has developed a stand-alone renewable energy (RE) system based on energy storage in the form of hydrogen. When the input devices (wind generator and photovoltaic array) produce more energy than is required by the load, the excess energy is converted by an electrolyzer to electrolytic hydrogen, which is then stored after stages of compression, purification and filtration. Conversely, during a time of input energy deficit, this process is reversed and the hydrogen produced earlier is reconverted to electrical energy through a fuel cell. The oxygen which has been produced by the electrolyzer during the hydrogen production is also stored at high pressure, after having gone through a purification and drying process. This stored oxygen can be re-utilized as oxidant in place of compressed air in the fuel cell. The modifications of the electrolyzer for oxygen storage and re-utilization of it as oxidant for the fuel cell are presented. Furthermore, the HRI has designed and developed the control system with power conditioning devices for effective energy management and automatic operation of the RE system. The experimental results show that a reliable autonomous RE system can be realized for such seasonal energy sources, using stored hydrogen as the long-term energy buffer, and that utilizing the electrolyzer oxygen by-product as oxidant in the fuel cell increases system performance significantly. 相似文献
9.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(55):30113-30128
Utilizing renewable energy resources is one of the convenient ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the intermittent nature of these resources has led to stochastic characteristics in the generation and load balancing of the microgrid systems. To handle these issues, an energy management optimization for microgrids operation should be done to urge the minimization of total system costs, emissions, and fuel consumption. An optimization program for decreasing the operational cost of a hybrid microgrid consisting of photovoltaic array, wind unit, electrolyzer, hydrogen storage system, reformer, and fuel cell is presented. Two different methods of producing hydrogen are considered in this study to ensure the effectiveness of the developed methodology. In the microgrid system with high penetration of renewable energy resources, using storage technologies to compensate for the intermittency of these resources is necessary. To evaluate the functioning of the microgrid system, a mathematical model for each source is developed to coordinate the system operation involving energy conversion between hydrogen and electricity. Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm is utilized to determine the optimum size and operational energy management within the system. It is evident from the results that there is about a 10% reduction in the amount of CH4 consumption in reformer when the electrolyzer was employed in the system. It is observed that the CH4 reduction in summer and fall is higher than other seasons (10.6% and 11.5%, respectively). The reason is that the highest RES production occurs in these seasons during a year. It is also worth mentioning that the electrolyzer technology would play a significant role in decreasing the CH4 consumption in the microgrid system. 相似文献
10.
Zachary Taie Gertrude Villaverde Jennifer Speaks Morris Zoe Lavrich Anna Chittum Keith White Christopher Hagen 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(5):3365-3378
To determine if a power-to-gas pilot-scale plant would be possible in Oregon, a feasibility study was conducted that assessed the technical, political, economic, environmental, safety, and policy aspects of a potential project in the region. The results of this study were submitted as part of Oregon State University – Cascades' entry to the Hydrogen Education Foundation's 2018 student design competition. The Pacific Northwest has a need for long term energy storage (seasonal energy shifting) due to seasonally available low-priced, low-carbon electricity. There appears to be the political motivation and the technical feasibility to install a demonstration-scale power-to-gas plant in the region to assess the technical and economic performance of the system when exposed to real-world boundary conditions. However, preliminary economic analyses show the system will be challenged by low capacity factor operation resulting in a levelized cost of hydrogen of $121.81/kgH2 when only using otherwise curtailed electricity, or $8.84/kgH2 when running continuously for 6 months per annum. To fund a pilot scale plant a renewable gas development surcharge of $0.18/therm is proposed as a way for willing customers to support the decarbonization mission. There is precedent within the utility for such an incentive, indicating that it would be approved by the utility commission and could be a viable path forward for a pilot-scale plant. 相似文献
11.
In the mainframe of a research contract, a feasibility pre-design study of a hydrogen-fuelled Laboratory-Village has been carried out: the goals are the design and the simulation of a demonstration plant based on hydrogen as primary fuel. The hydrogen is produced by electrolysis, from electric power produced by a mix of hydroelectric and solar photovoltaic plants. The plant will be located in a small remote village in Valle d’Aosta (Italy). This country has large water availability from glaciers and mountains, so electricity production from fluent water hydroelectric plants is abundant and cheap. Therefore, the production of hydrogen during the night (instead of selling the electricity to the grid at very low prices) could become a good economic choice, and hydrogen could be a competitive local fuel in term of costs, if compared to oil or gas. The H2 will be produced and stored, and used to feed a hydrogen vehicle and for thermal purposes (heating requirement of three buildings), allowing a real field test (Village-Laboratory). 相似文献
12.
A. Sainz-Garcia E. Abarca V. Rubi F. Grandia 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2017,42(26):16657-16666
Renewable energies fluctuate, resulting in temporary mismatches between demand and supply. The conversion of surplus energy to hydrogen and its storage in geological formations is one option to counteract this energy imbalance. This study evaluates the feasibility of seasonal storage of hydrogen produced from wind power in Castilla-León region (northern Spain). A 3D multiphase numerical model is used to test different extraction well configurations during three annual injection-production cycles in a saline aquifer. Results demonstrate that underground hydrogen storage in saline aquifers can be operated with reasonable recovery ratios. A maximum hydrogen recovery ratio of 78%, which represents a global energy efficiency of 30%, has been estimated. Hydrogen upconing emerges as the major risk on saline aquifer storage without using other cushion gases. However, shallow extraction wells can minimize its effects. Steeply dipping geological structures are key for an efficient hydrogen storage. 相似文献
13.
Over the past decade, state governments have emerged as US energy policy leaders. Across the country, states are adopting policy instruments aimed at carbon mitigation and renewable energy deployment. One of the most prevalent and innovative policy instruments is a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), which seeks to increase the share of renewable energy electrification in the electricity market. This analysis evaluates the effectiveness of state energy programs with an empirical investigation of the linkage between state RPS policy implementation and the percentage of renewable energy electricity generation across states. We use a variant of a standard fixed effects model, referred to as a fixed effects vector decomposition, with state-level data from 1998 to 2006. Results indicate that RPS implementation is not a significant predictor of the percentage of renewable energy generation out of the total generation mix, yet for each additional year that a state has an RPS policy, they are found to increase the total amount of renewable energy generation. These findings reveal a potentially significant shortcoming of RPS policies. Political institutions, natural resource endowments, deregulation, gross state product per capita, electricity use per person, electricity price, and the presence of regional RPS policies are also found to be significantly related to renewable energy deployment. 相似文献
14.
In the current study, two different integrated systems for vehicular applications are presented and thermodynamically analyzed. The first system consists of liquefied ammonia tank, dissociation and separation unit (DSC) for decomposition of ammonia and an internal combustion engine (ICE) to power the vehicle. The second system is a hybrid system consisting of liquefied ammonia tank, DSC unit, a small ICE and a fuel cell system. In the second system, the main power unit is fuel cell and a supplementary internal combustion engines is also utilized. The exhaust gasses emitted from the ICE are used to provide the required heat for the thermal decomposition process of ammonia. The ICE is fueled with a mix of ammonia and hydrogen generated from the DSC unit that is installed in the two systems. Hydrogen generated from DSC unit will be utilized to operate fuel cell installed in system 2. The proposed systems are analyzed and assessed both energetically and exergetically. A comprehensive parametric study is carried out for comparative assessments to determine the influence of altering design and operating parameters such as the amount of ammonia fuel supplied to the two systems on the performance of the two systems. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies for system 1 and system 2 are found to be 61.89%, 63.34%, 34.73% and 38.44% respectively. The maximum exergy destruction rate in the two systems occurred in the ICE. 相似文献
15.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(66):28626-28644
This paper proposes a system modeling and performance analysis of a renewable hydrogen energy hub (RHEH) connected to an ac/dc hybrid microgrid (MG). The proposed RHEH comprises a photovoltaic (PV)-based renewable energy source (RES) as the primary source, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the secondary power source, and a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMELZ) that can generate and store hydrogen in a hydrogen tank. All these resources are directly connected at the dc bus of the ac/dc microgrids. The PEMFC operates and utilizes the hydrogen from the hydrogen tank when the energy generated by RES cannot meet the load demand. A coordinated power flow control approach has been developed for the RHEH to mitigate the mismatch between generation and demand in the ac/dc microgrid and produce renewable hydrogen when renewable power is in excess. The paper also proposes a modified hybrid Perturb & Observe-Particle Swarm Optimization (Hybrid PO-PSO) algorithm to ensure the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation of the PV and the PEMFC. The operation of the proposed RHEH is validated through simulations under various critical conditions. The results show that the proposed RHEH is effective to maintain the system power balance and can provide power-to-hydrogen and hydrogen-to-power when required. 相似文献
16.
The high wind and solar potential along with the extremely high electricity production cost met in the majority of Greek Aegean islands comprising autonomous electrical networks, imply the urgency for new renewable energy sources (RES) investments. To by-pass the electrical grid stability constraints arising from an extensive RES utilization, the adaptation of an appropriate energy storage system (ESS) is essential. In the present analysis, the cost effect of introducing selected storage technologies in a large variety of autonomous electrical grids so as to ensure higher levels of RES penetration, in particular wind and solar, is examined in detail. A systematic parametrical analysis concerning the effect of the ESSs’ main parameters on the economic behavior of the entire installation is also included. According to the results obtained, a properly sized RES-based electricity generation station in collaboration with the appropriate energy storage equipment is a promising solution for the energy demand problems of numerous autonomous electrical networks existing worldwide, at the same time suggesting a clean energy generation alternative and contributing to the diminution of the important environmental problems resulting from the operation of thermal power stations. 相似文献
17.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2023,48(26):9574-9591
The problems of energy shortage, severe pollution, and global warming are becoming increasingly severe. Renewable energy systems with hydrogen have been widely used. In recent years, much literature has described the energy management of renewable energy systems with hydrogen in a comprehensive way. However, most of them are proposed and discussed from an academic point of view. There are likewise several different approaches and ideas in the patents that address the energy management of hydrogen renewable energy systems. Moreover, most patents are oriented toward industrial applications and still need to be reviewed and analyzed. To fill this gap, this paper reviews relevant US patents to find potential and industrial hydrogen applications and energy management strategies in renewable energy systems. The work presented in this paper will provide solutions and guidance in solving energy management problems in renewable energy systems. 相似文献
18.
The unevenness of solar photovoltaic energy output poses a number of issues that reduce its capability to be considered a reliable substitute for fossil fuels. For instance, solar photovoltaic plants convert and inject energy in the grid during the daytime, but fail to do so during bad weather conditions or at night. Variable weather conditions also render a reliable energy injection planning impossible, causing the photovoltaic power plant output to be most often unpredictable. Furthermore, all the energy converted and immediately injected in the grid poses the risk of creating imbalances in the electric energy distribution lines. A nation-wide energy system characterized by a large penetration of photovoltaic and wind energy sources can therefore be extremely difficult to manage and cannot be considered dependable. The core issue is how to improve the reliability of electricity production from such renewable energy sources. 相似文献
19.
Realization of benefits from on-grid distributed generation based on renewable energy sources requires employment of energy storage to overcome the intermittency in power generation by such sources, while accounting for time-varying electricity prices. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of time-varying electricity prices on the performance of energy storage components for an on-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) utilizing an optimized fuzzy logic controller (FLC). To achieve the objective, FLC membership functions are optimized for minimizing the operational cost of the HRES based on weekly and daily prediction of data for grid electricity price, electrical load, and environmental parameters, including wind speed, solar irradiation, and ambient temperature, using shuffled frog leap algorithm. FLC three inputs include (a) grid electricity price, (b) net power flow as the difference between energy produced and energy consumed, and (c) state of charge (SOC) of battery stack. It is confirmed that accounting for grid electricity price has considerable effects on the performance of energy storage components for operation of on-grid HRES, as the weekly and daily optimized FLCs result in less working hours for fuel cell and electrolyzer and less fluctuations in SOC of battery stack. 相似文献
20.
This article presents and discusses the results of measurements of solar radiation and wind speed obtained during the operation of a test-bed hybrid wind/solar generator with hydrogen support designed and constructed at the Industrial Engineering School at the University of Extremadura, Badajoz (Spain). An energy balance analysis is made of the different components of the system, calculating their conversion efficiencies, and proposing future improvements to increase the efficiency of the use of the surplus energy produced by the wind/solar generator. The continued collection of this data series will make it possible to perform energy and exergy analyses to allow extrapolation of the results to real stand-alone applications providing an uninterrupted power supply to receptors isolated from the grid. 相似文献