简单而有效的废气再循环装置

采用废气再循环能够降低柴油机NOx排放。介绍了一个简单而有效的废气再循环装置,简要列举了该装置装在发动机台架上的部分试验结果,为更好地利用废气再循环技术减少柴油机NOx排放有借鉴作用。     

CA6102Q发动机废气再循环系统的设计及试验研究

在介绍ＣＡ６１０２Ｑ发动机废气再循环装置结构特点的基础上，着重分析了废气再循环对发动机排放功能、经济性和动力性的影响。实验证明，发动机安装该装置后，在合理控制废气再循环率而对发动机经济性和动力性影响不大的情况下，排放性能大为改善。     

电控五气门汽油机稀燃与废气再循环性能对比研究

在一电控喷射稀薄燃烧五气门汽油机上，以稀薄燃烧汽油机电控开发系统及相应的废气再循环系统为试验平台，对五气门汽油机在各种进气模式下实施稀混合气燃烧及废气再循环时的燃油消耗率和排放性能进行了详细的试验研究，进而对本发动机的稀燃性能与废气再循环性能进行了比较，分析实施不同方法对发动机性能的不同影响效果，实验结果表明，采用分层EGR技术以后，EGR比率可达32％，稀燃和分层废气再循环都有效地降低了NOx排放，分层废气再循环对NOx降低的效果更为明显，而且降低速度更快，尤其在中、低负荷，可以使排气中的NOx降低85％～95％．对于油耗，稀燃的效果显然要好于废气再循环，在较高负荷尤为明显，稀燃可显著降低HC、CO，分层EGR对HC、CO排放降低幅度不大。     

二甲醚发动机性能试验研究

对柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)，在各种技术条件下的发动机排放性能、动力性和经济性进行了试验研究．结果表明，燃用二甲醚时，发动机碳烟排放很低，但在大负荷工况下，由于燃烧不好，CO和HC的排放较高．采用进气增压技术，有利于改善燃烧，降低排放和能量消耗率．采用废气再循环(EGR)技术可以有效地降低NO，排放，但在大负荷和过高的废气再循环率情况下，会使燃烧恶化．进气增压和适度的废气再循环率相结合，可以同时降低排放和改善能量消耗率，有利于达到超低排放的要求。     

柴油机NOX排放控制与废气再循环技术

本文从柴油机废气再循环的角度分析了降低柴油机NOX排放的原理、实施方案、存在的问题及其解决方法。可以相信,随着废气再循环技术和发动机相关技术的发展,柴油机NOX和颗粒排放物将会进一步降低     

柴油机废气再循环技术评述

废气再循环是控制发动机氮氧化物排放的一项重要技术,本文全面论述了柴油发动机的废气再循环技术及其对发动机的影响,提出了一些今后的研究方向。     

柴油机NOx排放控制与废气再循环技术

本文从柴油机废气再循环的角度分析了降低柴油机ＮＯｘ排放的原理、实施方案、存在的问题及其解决方法。可以相信,随着废气再循环技术和发动机相关技术的发展,柴油机ＮＯｘ和颗粒排放物将会进一步降低。     

低压喷射天然气双燃料船机清洁燃烧策略的数值模拟

基于三维计算流体力学软件CONVERGE,通过数值模拟的方法,研究了排气阀关闭时刻(EVC)、废气再循环(EGR)、引燃油喷射时刻(PFIT)对船用低速二冲程双燃料发动机有害污染物氮氧化物(NOx)生成的影响,并分析了多种技术路线耦合对NOx排放和燃油经济性的综合作用.结果表明:排气阀推迟关闭降低NOx排放效果显著;废气再循环是降低NOx排放最有效的措施;推迟引燃油喷射时刻可以使主燃烧过程滞后,实现NOx排放的降低.推迟PFIT耦合EGR可以在较明显降低NOx的同时保持比较好的燃油经济性,推迟EVC耦合EGR可以实现超低NOx排放.     

EGR/EGC技术结合系统降低柴油机排放的研究

对柴油机的排放尾气NOx，CO，HC和PM等进行全面分析，探索设计了一套由EGR（废气再循环技术）和EGC（发动机机外废气净化技术）结合的系统，EGR技术可以有效降低NOx的排放，机外废气净化技术技术可以在有效除去PM的同时降低HC，CO的排放，该系统能在较宽的转速和负荷范围内有效降低废气排放，解决同时降低NOx与PM排放的矛盾，废气排放全面降低。     

改善涡流室柴油机供油系统和利用废气再循环降低排放研究

通过改进柴油机供油系统和利用废气再循环来改善混合气质量和燃烧过程,进而降低其有害排放。结果表明,推迟喷油提前角,适当降低喷油压力,抑制初期喷油率,减小高压油管直径,利用废气再循环以及几种方法的结合能够有效地降低排放。     

Low-load hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine operation – A combustion efficiency improvement approach

Hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel operation can provide significant benefits to the performance and carbon-based emissions formation of compression-ignition engines. The wide flammability range of hydrogen allows engine operation at extremely low equivalence ratios while its high diffusivity and flame speed promote wide range combustion inside the cylinder. Nonetheless, despite the excellent properties of hydrogen for internal combustion, unburned hydrogen emissions and poor combustion efficiency have been previously observed at low-load conditions of compression ignition engines.The focus of the present study is to assess the effects of different engine operation and diesel injection parameters on the combustion efficiency of a heavy-duty dual-fuel engine while observing their interactions with the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emissions formation of the engine. In an attempt to reduce the unburned hydrogen rates at the exhaust of the engine, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and different diesel injection strategies were implemented. Statistical methods were applied in this study to reduce the experimental time.The results show a strong connection between unburned hydrogen rates, combustion and brake thermal efficiencies with the EGR rate. Higher EGR rates increase the intake charge temperature and provide improved hydrogen combustion and fuel economy. Operation of the dual-fuel engine at low-load with high EGR rate and slightly advanced main diesel injection can deliver simultaneous benefits to most of the harmful emissions and the BTE of the engine. Despite the efforts to achieve optimal engine operation at low loads, the combustion efficiency for most of the tested cases was in the range of 90%. Thus, increased hydrogen rates should be avoided as the benefits of the dual-fuel operation are weak at low-load conditions.     

进气加湿结合废气再循环技术对高压直喷双燃料低速机燃烧及排放的影响

基于CONVERGE软件建立了高压直喷双燃料船用发动机三维仿真模型,研究了空气加湿技术和废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)对发动机燃烧过程及排放的影响,并通过耦合进气加湿、EGR和天然气喷射策略等技术,最终得到满足TierⅢ排放法规的可行性技术路线。结果表明,进气加湿降低NOx排放潜力较大(约55%),且对燃料经济性恶化程度较小(约1.6%);单独采用进气加湿技术难以满足TierⅢ排放标准,60%进气加湿程度结合较低程度EGR率(20%)可进一步提高降低NOx排放的潜力(78%);为降低进气加湿和EGR带来的功率损失,在20%EGR率耦合60%进气加湿氛围下,提前2°曲轴转角喷射天然气可使天然气消耗率可降低约1g/(kW·h),同时NOx排放满足TierⅢ排放法规要求。     

Experimental study on lean-burn characteristics of an SI engine with hydrogen/gasoline combined injection and EGR

Hydrogen has shown potential for improving the combustion and emission characteristics of the spark ignition (SI) dual-fuel engine. To reduce the additional NO_x emissions caused by hydrogen direct injection, in this research, the cooperative control of the addition of hydrogen with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in the hydrogen/gasoline combined injection engine was investigated. The results indicate that both the addition of hydrogen and the use of EGR can increase the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). As the α_H2 value increases from 0% to 25%, the maximum BMEP increases by 9%, 12.70%, 16.50%, 11.30%, and 8.20%, respectively, compared with the value without EGR at λ = 1.2. The CA0-10 tends to increase with increases in the EGR rate. However, the effect of EGR in increasing the CA0-10 can be offset by the addition of 15% hydrogen at λ = 1.2. Measurements of the coefficient of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure (COV_IMEP) indicate that the addition of hydrogen can effectively extend the EGR limit. Regarding gaseous emissions, NO_x emissions, after the introduction of EGR and the addition of hydrogen, are lower than those of pure gasoline without EGR. An 18% EGR rate yields a significant reduction in NO_x, reaching maximum decreases of about 82.7%, 77.8%, and 60% compared to values without EGR at λ = 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4, respectively. As the EGR rate increases, the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions continuously increase, whereas a blend of 5% hydrogen can significantly reduce the HC emissions at high EGR rates at λ = 1.4. Finally, according to combustion and emissions, the coupling of a 25% addition of hydrogen with 30% EGR at λ = 1.2, and the coupling of a 20% addition of hydrogen with an 18% EGR rate at λ = 1.4 yield the best results.     

双燃料HCCI燃烧的优化策略

对有废气再循环(EGR)的情况下单一二甲基醚(DME)、DME／甲醇(Methanol)和DME/天然气(CNG)双燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧进行了实验研究．研究结果表明,单一DME的HCCI只能在小负荷下实现．采用DME／甲醇双燃料后,HCCI的负荷范围达到了原柴油机中高负荷水平．EGR能扩大双燃料HCCI的可控燃烧范围,但对扩展双燃料HCCI燃烧的负荷范围作用不大．分层燃烧技术有扩大双燃料发动机的负荷范围到大负荷的潜力．DME／甲醇双燃料HCCI的指示热效率要优于DME／CNG．在低负荷工况,采用单一DME加EGR的HCCI燃烧能获得更好的经济性指标．     

Performance and emissions of a supercharged dual-fuel engine fueled by hydrogen-rich coke oven gas

This study investigated the engine performance and emissions of a supercharged dual-fuel engine fueled by hydrogen-rich coke oven gas and ignited by a pilot amount of diesel fuel. The engine was tested for use as a cogeneration engine, so power output while maintaining a reasonable thermal efficiency was important. Experiments were carried out at a constant pilot injection pressure and pilot quantity for different fuel-air equivalence ratios and at various injection timings without and with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experimental strategy was to optimize the injection timing to maximize engine power at different fuel-air equivalence ratios without knocking and within the limit of the maximum cylinder pressure. The engine was tested first without EGR condition up to the maximum possible fuel-air equivalence ratio of 0.65. A maximum indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of 1425 kPa and a thermal efficiency of 39% were obtained. However, the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were high. A simulated EGR up to 50% was then performed to obtain lower NOx emissions. The maximum reduction of NOx was 60% or more maintaining the similar levels of IMEP and thermal efficiency. Two-stage combustion was obtained; this is an indicator of maximum power output conditions and a precursor of knocking combustion.     

废气再循环在柴油机中的应用

本文回顾了废气再循环（EGR）在减少排放，特别是减少NOx排放上的潜力以及限定这一技术的应用范围。详细分析了RGR装置对柴油机的排放和性能的影响，通过深入分析，发现在柴油机进气中引入废气再循环（EGR），相当如置换了部分吸入的空气，这种方式能充分减少NOx的排放。因此，废气再循环的使用是最有效改善尾气排放的技术措施之一。     

利用EGR降低柴油机排放的研究

介绍了废气再循环（ＥＧＲ）降低柴油机ＮＯｘ排放的原理和控制方法,考察了不同工况下柴油机废气污染物的排放分布情况,并进行了柴油机废气再循环的试验。试验结果表明,在柴油机稍作更改,成本增加不多的基础上,采用ＥＧＲ能够较有效地降低ＮＯｘ排放。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

直喷汽油机采用不同缸内稀释技术的性能研究

针对一款4缸1.5L废气涡轮增压缸内直喷汽油(GDI)发动机,进行了废气再循环(EGR)缸内稀释燃烧技术、空气缸内稀释燃烧技术与原机燃烧的经济性、排放特性对比试验研究。研究了不同缸内稀释技术对发动机性能和排放影响的变动规律,并对比分析了相同稀释率下、采用不同稀释技术时发动机的性能变化。结果表明:空气稀释率在49.5%时比油耗相比原机下降6.2%,而EGR稀释率在20.5%时经济性改善4.2%,在相同稀释率时,EGR稀释可采用更为提前的点火角实现更优的燃烧相位,但空气稀释所带来的多变指数提升使其经济性优于EGR稀释,且发动机燃烧系统对空气稀释程度具有更强的容忍性;NOx排放在空气稀释率为11.0%时达到峰值水平,随后随着稀释率的提高不断下降,而EGR稀释的NOx排放随着稀释率的提高持续大幅下降;空气稀释的CO排放水平远低于原机,EGR稀释的CO排放随着稀释率的增加而略有下降;对于HC排放,空气稀释的排放量低于EGR稀释,而当空气稀释率由49.5%增加为68.0%时,HC排放出现较大幅度上升。     

废气再循环降低汽油机NOx排放的实验研究及其微机控制系统的设计

为大幅度降低汽油机ＮＯｘ排放，同时使发动机动力性，经济性，ＨＣ和ＣＯ排放及工作稳定性基本不变，采用废气再循环，导气屏组织进气涡流加快燃烧速率和多火花点火助燃措施，在ＥＱ６１００汽油机上进行试验研究。根据实验结果，制作了不同工况下最佳废气再循环率的脉谱，并以８０３１芯片为核心，脉谱为依据，设计出一种能付诸实用的车用发动机废气再循环控制系统。