GRF—2型禽类骨肉分离机加工产品的应用研究

详细阐述了应用ＧＲＦ－２型禽类骨肉分离机加工鸡骨架、白条鸡（兔）鸡腿骨等原料，生产鸡（兔）肉糜的生产条件和加工工艺，以加工鸡骨架为例分析了禽类骨肉分离机的应用所能带来的经济效益，并对禽肉糜产品的应用进行了探讨。     

GRF－2型禽类骨肉分离机加工产品的应用研究

详细阐述了应用ＧＲＦ－２型禽类骨肉分离机加工鸡骨架、白条鸡（兔）、鸡腿骨等原料，生产鸡（兔）肉糜的生产条件和加工工艺，以加工鸡骨架为例分析了禽类骨肉分离机的应用所能带来的经济效益，并对禽肉糜产品的应用进行了探讨     

酶法回收鸡骨架之肉工艺中酶剂用量和水解时间的优选试验

切取不同部位鸡骨架为试样,选用木瓜蛋白酶制剂,用正交法设计试验。结果表明:最佳的工艺参数组合为:酶液浓度0.70％(W/V)、水解时间135分钟,酶液用量300％(V/W)。     

两种国产禽类骨肉分离机的对比分析

阐述了禽类骨肉分离设备机械筛分的基本原理;对我国自主研发的两种禽类骨肉分离专利设备进行了多方面对比分析,尤其对一种最新国产大型禽类骨肉高效分离设备进行了详细的介绍,为进一步研究骨肉分离技术与设备、继续推进大型骨肉分离设备国产化提供参考,同时为不同需求用户提供设备选择依据.     

柔性采肉设备的研究

研究一种可以将畜禽骨架上的留存肉质进行回采的设备。与骨肉分离机的硬性分离相比,该设备具有回采肉质呈颗粒状,肉组织保持完整,质量高的较比优势。该设备还可应用在鱼肉回采、鲜果榨汁、小包装物剔除以及其他农副产品加工领域。     

鸡骨架蛋白酶解制备肉味香精反应底物的研究

选用复合蛋白酶对鸡骨架蛋白进行酶解,运用响应曲面法对酶解工艺进行优化。最优工艺为:酶浓度1800UP/g蛋白,底物浓度2.8%蛋白,温度54℃,起始pH7.0,在优化条件下水解5h后体系氮回收率86.48%,水解度(DH)42.39%,较优化前水解度提高了8%~10%。酶解液鲜味浓郁,口感醇厚;氨基酸分析表明酶解液含有17种氨基酸(色氨酸未计),总量达2.627g/100mL酶解液,游离态和肽结合态氨基酸分别占总氨基酸的44.08%和55.92%,在总氨基酸中必需氨基酸(EAA)/总氨基酸(TAA)为43.05%,可作为美拉德热反应制备肉味香精的优质底物。     

固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱法测定肉及肉制品中11种农药残留

依据全国食品中农药残留近年的检测状况,建立了一种快速有效的肉及肉制品中11种常用农药的残留检测方法。肉及肉制品样品中残留农药用乙腈提取,经冷冻离心和PSA/Silica固相萃取柱净化后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）进行分析检测,内标标准曲线法定量。结果显示,11种农药在0.05～2.00μg/mL浓度区间内线性方程的相关系数均大于0.9950,检出限区间为0.002～0.020 mg/kg,定量限区间为0.005～0.060 mg/kg。在样品中添加0.05、0.10、0.20 mg/kg 3个浓度水平的加标实验中,样品的加标回收率在74.3%～118%之间,相对标准偏差在2.1%～9.6%之间。结果表明,该方法的灵敏度、重复性和稳定性较高,适用于肉及肉制品中11种农药残留的检测。     

骨肉分离机的工作原理及其效益分析

阐明了骨肉分离机的主要用途,对产品结构进行了分类,归纳总结了不同结构类型骨肉分离机的性能特点及适应范围,叙述了骨肉分离机的工作原理,对骨肉分离机加工鸡骨架进行了经济效益分析,并通过我国肉鸡年屠宰量分析了推广应用骨肉分离机将会带来的社会效益.     

屠宰过程中禽类脱毛技术的研究

针对禽类屠宰加工中机器脱毛后颈部、腿部、翅膀等部位的小毛及部分硬毛难以去除这一问题,从生产成本、温度要求、脱毛率、使用方便性、安全性等因素对几种食品级粘合剂进行了筛选。结果表明,食品级松香甘油酯、食品级石蜡、动物油脂比例为65∶25∶10时,不仅可以达到最好的脱毛效果,同时又保证了禽类组织比较嫩的情况下不会被烫熟,同时它也达到了工业化生产的成本低、使用方便、安全无毒等特点。     

2008奥运会畜禽类产品的追溯体系研究

为了提高奥运会食品安全保障水平,我国在奥运会畜禽类产品中要求和建立了相关的追溯机制,尤其是奥运会畜禽类产品的追溯体系和所采用的RFID射频识别技术,对于进一步完善和提高我国畜禽类产品整体的质量安全保障水平具有积极意义。本文以我国畜禽类产品中消费量最大的猪为例,从养殖、屠宰加工、仓储、物流四个环节剖析了RFID射频识别技术的应用,在分析奥运会畜禽类产品追溯体系及其技术特点的基础上,提出了推广奥运会畜禽类产品追溯体系的困难和建议。     

Heterocyclic aromatic amines in fried poultry meat

 Heterocyclic aromatic amines are mutagenic compounds that are formed during heating of meat and fish. These substances are products of the reaction of creatine with amino acids and carbohydrates. It is recommended that exposure to these probable human carcinogens should be minimised. In fried boneless lean turkey breast meat five heterocyclic aromatic amines {2-amino-1-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)} were found. The temperature regime which was applied for frying resulted in a surface temperature of about 140°C. Clean-up was done by acid-base partition followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using blue cotton. HPLC analysis was carried out using electrochemical detection for IQ- and IQx-type compounds and fluorescence detection for PhIP. The low temperatures used during frying yielded comparably lower amounts of heterocyclic aromatic amines. The concentrations of the aromatic amines were as follows: IQ 1.1 μg/kg, MeIQ 0.9 μg/kg, MeIQx μg/kg, 4,8-DiMeIQx 0.4 μg/kg, and PhIP 3.8 μg/kg. Received: 19 February 1997 / Revised version: 21 April 1997     

Ultrasound applications in poultry meat processing: A systematic review

Ultrasound (US) is classified as a nonthermal treatment and it is used in food processing at a frequency range between 20 kHz and 1 MHz. Cavitation bubbles occur when the US strength is high enough to generate rarefaction that exceeds the intermolecular attraction forces in the medium. Currently, US is widely used in meat industries to enhance procedures, such as meat tenderization, emulsification mass transfer, marination, freezing, homogenization, crystallization, drying, and microorganism inactivation. In addition, combining ultrasonic energy with a sanitizing agent has a synergistic effect on microbial reduction. When poultry meat is treated using US, the expected quality is often better than the traditional methods, such as sanitization and freezing. US can be considered as a novel green technology for tenderizing and decontamination of poultry meat since both Escherichia coli and Salmonella are sensible to US. US improves the physical and chemical properties of meat proteins and can lead to a decrease in the α-helix in intramuscular protease complex in addition to a reduction in the viscosity coefficients. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment can be applied to enhance the textural properties of chicken meat. US can also be used to improve the drying rate when used under vacuum, compared with other traditional techniques. This review focuses on the potential of US applications in the management of poultry industries as the demand for good quality meat proteins is increasing worldwide.     

Literature compilation of volatile N-nitrosamines in processed meat and poultry products - an update

ABSTRACT

A compilation of volatile N-nitrosamine levels in processed (e.g., cured, canned, smoked) meat and poultry products is presented. Over 1800 samples of processed meat products including bacon, ham, salami, sausage, and various other processed meat and poultry products have been examined for the presence of eight volatile N-nitrosamines. The database compiled from the literature is based on 25 references published for the period of 1985 to 2018 from 14 countries. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), are the most frequently identified volatile N-nitrosamines occurring in processed meat and poultry products. N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) are also frequently observed to a lesser extent. The processed meat and poultry products with the highest levels of volatile N-nitrosamines were pork (fried, fat only eaten), poultry (fried), poultry (spiced, grilled), and bacon (fried).     

Modelling of cooking-cooling processes for meat and poultry products

Traditional cooking‐cooling of processed meat and poultry products is industrially carried out in smokehouses or autoclaves. A mathematical model was developed to simulate these operations. Equations, describing heat transfer and thermal destruction of micro‐organisms and quality characteristics, were solved numerically. The model was validated experimentally for heat transfer and energy consumption and was used to perform a sensitivity analysis. Input variables were: process time (PT), smokehouse temperature (T_SH), bologna size (diameter, D and height, H), surface heat transfer coefficients (h_heat and h_cool), product thermal diffusivity (α_heat and α_cool). Output variables were: product core temperature (T_c), core and volume‐average lethality (P_cm and P_vm) and cook (C_c and C_v) values as well as surface (Q_s) and volume‐average (Q_v) quality retention, total specific energy consumption (En) and energy efficiency (Ce). Multiple linear regression models were developed to predict C_c and C_v from five inputs and used to obtain acceptable deviation ranges.     

Fluorimetry via a quartz-glass rod for predicting the skin content and processing characteristics of poultry meat slurry

Collagen fluorescence in comminuted mixtures of chicken skin and muscle was measured through a quartz-glass rod. High proportions of skin decreased the gel strength of the cooked product (r=—0.99, P < 0.005), caused higher cooking losses (r = 0.99, P < 0.005) and decreased the fluid-holding capacity measured by centri-fugation (r=—0.92, P < 0.005). Fluorescence intensity was strongly correlated with skin content (r<0.99 from 460 to 510 nm) and, thus, was strongly correlated with gel strength, cooking losses and fluid-holding capacity.     

畜禽肉中抗生素残留检测技术研究进展

畜禽肉中抗生素残留问题已成为各方广泛关注的突出问题。畜禽肉中的抗生素残留可能来自用于饲料和添加剂中,或者是用于兽医临诊,或者是来自于在休药期违法使用。畜禽肉中的抗生素残留可能造成的危害包括对人体的危害、对生态环境的危害和对养殖业的危害。因此开发畜禽肉中抗生素残留的快速、高效、简便的前处理和检测方法成为迫切的需求。本文综述了畜禽肉中抗生素的不同检测和前处理技术及其进展。目前,用于畜禽肉中抗生素残留的检测方法主要有理化检测法(包含薄层色谱法和毛细管电泳法等)、生物检测法(包含微生物检测法、免疫分析法和生物传感器法等)、高效液相色谱法和液相色谱-质谱/质谱法等。对畜禽肉中抗生素残留进行前处理的新技术有加压液体萃取、微波辅助萃取、基质固相分散、分散固相萃取、固相微萃取等。     

Use of dairy proteins in lean poultry meat batters – a comparative study

The use of dry whole milk, skimmed milk, caseinate, regular and modified whey, at 2% level (w/w) and with 2% additional protein level was studied in a chicken breast meat system with 51% water addition. At the 2% (w/w) level, all dairy proteins significantly reduced cooking loss compared with the control, with caseinate showing the best results. When compared on an equal protein level (2% total protein), the best performing ingredients were the whole milk and modified whey. A similar observation was made in their effect on the products’ hardness and fracturability. A cost analysis revealed that modified whey provided the most economical ingredient even when used in quantities three times greater than that of as caseinate. Microscopy results showed the formation of larger fine‐protein‐matrix regions in the treatments that provided higher fracturability values.     

Electronic nose analysis of volatile compounds from poultry meat samples,fresh and after refrigerated storage

Electronic nose technology has previously been applied to the assessment of the quality of red meats, pork and fish, but not poultry products. In the present study the ability of the electronic nose to assess the microbiological quality of raw poultry meat as a function of storage time and temperature was investigated. Four types of chicken pieces (boneless breast with and without skin, wings and thighs) were stored for up to 2 days at 13 °C (the maximum allowable temperature in poultry processing environments) or for up to 5 days at 4 °C (refrigeration temperature for raw poultry products prior to shipping or further processing). Saline rinses of meat samples were serially diluted in tryptic soy broth to 10^?10. The rinses and their associated serial dilutions were analysed on an electronic nose with 12 metal oxide sensors in order to determine the specificity and sensitivity respectively of the assay. Principal component analysis (PCA) maps of the data confirmed that the electronic nose could differentiate volatile compounds associated with individual types of meat samples properly stored at 4 °C from those maintained at processing temperature, 13 °C, for a comparable time, even as early as day 1 of storage. Differences in headspace gases from any type of meat sample stored at one temperature could also be determined with increased storage time. However, data from samples stored at 4 °C clustered more tightly in PCA maps than those associated with samples maintained at 13 °C, indicating a greater diversity in volatile compounds at the higher temperature. We have shown herein that the electronic nose can detect changes in the volatile compounds associated with chicken meat based on product storage time and temperature; the technology can assess length of sample storage as well as deviation from refrigeration temperature. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enzymatic modification of protein preparation obtained from water-washed mechanically recovered poultry meat

Studies were conducted on a protein preparation obtained from washed mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM). The effect of addition of 3 g/kg microbial transglutaminase (MTG) to poultry meat protein was evaluated in terms of texture changes by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine water content in the preparation and its effect on protein. Samples with the addition of MTG were pre-incubated at 5–6 °C for 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9 and 24 h. The largest changes for both texture parameters and rheological properties were observed in the interval of approx. 4–7 h incubation. The protein preparation with the enzyme added had significantly higher values of the moduli of elasticity (G₁) and losses (G₂) in comparison to the control system. Samples with the addition of MTG also showed a higher water-binding capacity. From the NMR studies it was found that the greatest amount of water was bound by protein in the period of approx. 2.5–5 h incubation. After that time an increase was found in the amount of free water in the sample, which suggests that it was displaced from the system by stronger protein–protein bonds.