4种杀菌剂对烟草根黑腐病菌的室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法测定了4种杀菌剂对烟草根黑腐病菌[Thielaviopsis basicoht(Berk.and Br.)Ferraris]的室内抑菌毒力.测定结果表明,多菌灵、甲基托布津、大生M-45和杀毒矾等4种药剂对烟草根黑腐病菌的EC50分别为0.4251、5.3134、30.2686和37.2234mg/L,EC90分别为0.8170、11.4312、110.1398和160.5393 mg/L.并且,结合对各种药剂有效成分和作用机理的比较,确定最佳的用药方式为多菌灵与大生M-45交替施用.     

四种杀菌剂对烟草青枯病菌的毒力比较

为筛选对烟草青枯病菌更具抑菌作用的杀菌剂,采用"改良抑菌圈法"测定了4种杀菌剂对烟草青枯病菌的毒力。结果表明:4种杀菌剂抑菌率随浓度提高,青枯灵、农用硫酸链霉素和克菌康在1450.0、310.0和700.0 mg·L-1浓度下,72 h时抑菌率分别达到94.3%、89.1%和84.4%,辛菌胺醋酸盐的抑菌率在48 h时达到最高78.1%。4种药剂对烟草青枯病菌的毒力大小依次为农用硫酸链霉素辛菌胺醋酸盐青枯灵克菌康,前两者EC50分别为274.57 mg·L-1和148.25 mg·L-1。表明辛菌胺醋酸盐和农用硫酸链霉素是防控烟草青枯病较为理想的杀菌剂。     

6种杀菌剂对烟草黑胫病菌的毒力测定

采用生长速率法对"谱克"、"银法利"、"烯酰锰锌"、"敌克松"、"利尔"和"甲霜灵锰锌"6种杀菌剂进行了毒力试验.结果表明:50%"谱克"、68.75%"银法利"和69%"烯酰锰锌"对烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长均有较好的抑制效果,其中以50%"谱克"的效果最好,其EC50为1.2704 μg/mL;60%"敌克松"、50%"利尔"杀菌剂次之,EC50分别为304.2533 μg/mL和371.1388μg/mL;72%"甲霜灵锰锌"的EC50最高,为610.1751μg/mL.     

烟草蛙眼病菌生理及药剂毒力测定研究

对烟草蛙眼病菌的生理特性及药剂毒力测定进行研究。结果表明，该菌生长的最适温度为２７℃；致死温度为６３℃１０分钟；最适生长的ｐＨ值为４～５。７０％复合甲霜灵１０００倍液对该菌的抑制效果最好。     

7种化学杀菌剂对烟草苗期鸢尾丝囊霉根腐病的毒力测定和防效评价

为筛选出能够防治烟草苗期鸢尾丝囊霉根腐病(Aphanomyces iridis)的高效低毒化学药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂(WP)、58%甲霜灵·锰锌可湿性粉剂(WP)、50%氯溴异氰尿酸可溶性粉剂(SP)、20%辛菌胺盐酸盐水剂(AS)、30%霜霉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂(SC)、80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂(WG)和48%霜霉·络氨酮水剂(AS)等7种化学杀菌剂对鸢尾丝囊霉的室内毒力,并通过室内漂浮苗接种试验评价其防治效果(防效)及安全性。毒力测定结果表明,48%霜霉·络氨酮和30%霜霉·嘧菌酯对鸢尾丝囊霉的抑制作用最强,EC₅₀值分别为0.255μg/mL和0.367μg/mL;其次为20%辛菌胺盐酸盐和58%甲霜灵·锰锌,EC₅₀值分别为14.107μg/mL和37.495μg/mL;70%甲基硫菌灵抑菌效果最差。接种试验结果表明,48%霜霉·络氨酮和30%霜霉·嘧菌酯对鸢尾丝囊霉引起的烟苗根腐病具有较好防效,防效在86.88%～94.61%,且30%霜霉·嘧菌酯处理对烟苗安全性较好,58%甲霜灵·锰锌的防效较差,防效在3...     

烟草灰斑病在贵州烟草漂浮苗上的发生及鉴定

对贵州烟区发生的烟草灰斑病进行了病菌分离、鉴定,确定该病的致病菌为Alternaria pluriseptata。选用了4种杀菌剂对该病菌进行室内药效试验,结果表明,70%甲基硫菌灵WP对菌丝的抑制效果最好,EC50为5.94 mg/L;其它药剂的效果不甚明显。     

四种杀菌剂对花生白绢病菌的毒力及田间控制作用

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了戊唑醇、咪鲜胺、咯菌腈和醚菌酯对花生白绢病菌的室内毒力;并通过田间小区试验,比较了四种杀菌剂播种期拌种处理及结荚期灌药处理对该病害的田间控制作用。四种杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝生长均表现出明显的抑制作用,其EC。值分别为0．05、0．03、0．22和0．61mg／L。田间试验表明,四种药剂结荚期灌药处理防效均高于播种期拌种处理。其中,戊唑醇处理的防效相对较高,拌种处理防效为62．91％-74．93％,灌药处理防效达到68．60％～82．87％。各药剂处理具有一定的增产效果,且结荚期灌药处理增产率高于拌种处理,戊唑醇处理增产率最高,达到10．74％～11．55％。     

“绿得保”对烟草赤星病菌的室内毒力及田间药效测定

用生长速率法测定代森锰锌、绿得保对烟草赤星病菌菌丝生长有良好的抑制作用,４８０ ×１０ －４ 的抑制率分别为７３ ．８４ ％ 和７９ ．０３ ％ 。用改良的涂布平板法测定代森锰锌８００ 倍液对赤星病菌孢子萌发有强烈的抑制作用对孢子的产生抑制作用显著;绿得保４００ 倍液对孢子的萌发几乎无作用,对产孢抑制作用显著。代森锰锌６００ 倍液、绿得保５００ 倍液及清水喷雾５ 天后,平均单叶病斑数增加１２ ．８６ ％ 、３４ ．５５ ％ 和２３ ．６０ ％ ,单一病斑抑制面积扩展７６ ．９７ ％ 、８５ ．０７ ％ 和０ ,与室内毒力测定结果相一致。     

片烟贮藏期霉菌的分子鉴定及杀菌剂的室内毒力测定

对108个霉变烟叶样品进行霉菌分离、纯化、保存,获得5种病原真菌的纯培养,通过病原菌的显微镜检鉴定,观察霉菌形态特征、测定孢子大小,并提取真菌DNA,对18S rDNA的ITs进行PCR扩增并克隆产物,测定序列后,通过BLAST搜索比对,确定5种霉菌为镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、土生曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)。在药剂试验中,选用75%达科宁、40%核星、10%世高、100%富马酸二甲酯等药剂测试对烟草霉菌的抑制效果。通过室内生物测定,40%核星的抑菌谱和抑菌效果最好,在浓度为130.32 mg/kg时,对5种霉变微生物的抑制率均达95%以上。     

五种杀虫剂对烟草潜叶蛾的毒力测定

为筛选出有效的烟草潜叶蛾防治药剂,试验了5种药剂对烟草潜叶蛾卵及幼虫的毒力.研究结果表明,五种药剂对烟草潜叶蛾卵的毒力排序为三氟氯氰菊酯＞溴氰菊酯＞甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐＞高效氯氰菊酯＞氰戊菊酯;五种药剂对烟草潜叶蛾幼虫的毒力排序为三氟氯氰菊酯＞溴氰菊酯＞高效氯氰菊酯＞氰戊菊酯＞甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐.因此在防治中可选用三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯对烟草潜叶蛾进行药剂防治.     

香菇多糖对烟草灰霉病的防治效果研究

为挖掘香菇多糖( Lentinus,LTN)对常见植物病原菌的防治效果,采用生长速率法和菌丝块接种法检测了香菇多糖对常见植物病原真菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发、种子萌发和烟苗生长的影响及对烟草灰霉病( Tobacco grey mould)的温室防治效果.结果表明:香菇多糖对7种常见植物病原真菌均具有较好的抑制作用,其中1％香菇多糖对烟草灰霉病原菌的抑制活性最高,抑菌圈直径达39.45 mm.香菇多糖能致使烟草灰霉病原菌菌丝分支增多,膨大畸形等异常生长现象,孢子萌发抑制率高达97.63％,孢子致畸率为53.68％.且香菇多糖对烟草种子萌发有较明显的促生作用.盆栽试验表明1％香菇多糖溶液对烟草灰霉病的防治效果达85.05％.     

Review: Alternatives to synthetic fungicides for Botrytis cinerea management in vineyards

Botrytis cinerea (Pers.: Fr), the causal agent of botrytis bunch rot, is an important disease of grapevines worldwide, with canopy management and the prophylactic use of fungicides being the most common control methods. The latter has resulted in fungicide resistance and is increasingly raising concerns regarding residues in wine and effects on human and environmental health. Research-led alternatives to this practice are beginning to emerge, including a range of biotic and abiotic treatments that induce vine resistance to B. cinerea and inundative applications of biological control agents such as Trichoderma, Bacillus, Ulocladium and Streptomyces species. Also, habitat manipulation techniques that aim to improve the effectiveness of naturally occurring biological control are being developed using mulches brought into the vineyard, as well as mulched cover crops. These can accelerate decomposition of botrytis mycelium and sclerotia on the vineyard floor in winter. The challenges of these different techniques and the prospects for habitat manipulation for this fungal disease are discussed. Extensive tables on synthetic fungicides, biofungicides, essential oils and plant extracts effective against B. cinerea are included.     

Control strategies against grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr) and corresponding fungicide residues in grapes and wines

This study examines the most effective anti-Botrytis strategies leading to possible lower pesticides residues in wine. To provide wine growers with a number of high-quality solutions for protection against Botrytis for their vineyards while minimizing pesticide residues in the final product, various treatment approaches were tested. A total of 10 strategies with different specific fungicide treatments for controlling Botrytis cinerea were applied to grapes at different growing stages: flowering, bunch closure and colour change. The type of vine chosen was Gamay, as it is very sensitive to Botrytis cinerea. In each experimental plot, disease incidence and severity were assessed at harvest. In addition, pesticide residue analysis was carried out on grapes, musts and wines to monitor residue levels in each treatment and to follow changes at each stage of the wine-making process. A correlation was established between the efficiency of anti-Botrytis fungicide treatment and pesticide residues in wine. Several strategies using various fungicides showed good results in terms of treatment efficiency while minimizing pesticide residues in wine, thus providing interesting alternatives to limit the development of fungal resistance.     

烟草灰霉病病原鉴定及其生物学特性

对广西烟草灰霉病的病原、生物学特性进行了初步的研究.根据该病原菌的形态特征、致病性及rDNA-ITS序列测定,将该病原菌鉴定为灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea Pers).该病原菌菌丝在5℃-30℃的温度范围内均可生长,产生分生孢子的温度范围为10℃-25℃,菌核形成温度范围为15℃-22.5℃,最适温度均为20℃;分生孢子萌发的温度范围为7.5℃-30℃,最适温度为20℃-25℃.在pH2-9的范围内该菌均能生长,最适pH为6.分生孢子需在高湿条件下才能萌发,相对湿度低于100％时不能萌发.完全光照对该菌菌丝生长有促进作用,而完全黑暗更利于产孢、孢子萌发及菌核的形成.单糖及双糖、有机氮及硝态氮足病原菌较好的C、N源.分生孢子和菌核的致死温度分别是42℃和46℃.     

Assessment of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) impact on phenolic and sensory quality of Bordeaux grapes,musts and wines for two consecutive vintages

Background and Aims: The impact of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea)) was quantified on chemical, phenolic and sensory qualities of grapes, derived musts and wines. Methods and Results: Analyses were carried out by using naturally or artificially infected grape berries at ripeness or overripeness. In grape seeds, chemical analyses revealed no major differences between healthy and rotten grapes. In grape skins of Botrytis‐affected berries, concentrations of all the phenolic compounds (anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin monomers, dimers and trimer) decreased drastically. Mean degree of polymerization of the proanthocyanidin polymeric fraction was also affected in skins. Chemical analyses of musts and wines made with different percentages of rotten berries showed a moderate impact of the pathogen on their phenolic composition. Nevertheless, sensory analyses underlined a loss of wine sensory quality perceptible from a threshold as low as 5% of Botrytis‐affected grapes onwards. Conclusion: Phenolic variations and the associated negative impact in grapes, derived musts and wines may be related to oxidation phenomena from B. cinerea. The main effects of severity/age of grey mould and the level of berry maturity are also discussed. Significance of the Study: B. cinerea drastically affects the phenolic and organoleptic properties of grape skins and derived wines. Therefore, prophylactic actions early in the vineyard, evaluation of the sanitary status of the harvested grapes and berry sorting are primordial even under low disease pressure.     

Growth of Botrytis cinerea and Strawberry Quality in Ozone-enriched Atmospheres

Botrytis cinerea cultures were stored on potato dextrose agar in air with or without 1.5 μL/L ozone at 2 °C. Cultures stored in the presence of ozone grew slower. Strawberry fruits (Fragaria×ananassa cv. Camarosa) were stored for 3 d at 2 °C in air with or without 1.5 μL/L ozone and then transferred to room temperature. Each group was inoculated with B. cinerea grown in air with or without ozone. Visible mycelial growth developed more rapidly on fruit previously stored in air. Ozone‐enriched cold storage of naturally infected ‘Camarosa’ fruit reduced decay incidence, weight loss, and fruit softening, but resulted in a reversible loss of fruit aroma.     

Essential oils to control Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in vivo on plum fruits

BACKGROUND: The consequence of misusing chemical biocides in controlling pests and diseases has drawn the attention of policy makers to the development of methods potentially available in nature for this purpose. In the present study the inhibitory effects of black caraway, fennel and peppermint essential oils against Botrytis cinerea were tested at various concentrations in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The in vitro results showed that the growth of B. cinerea was completely inhibited by the application of black caraway and fennel oils at concentrations of 400 and 600 µL L^?1 respectively. The in vivo results indicated that black caraway, fennel and peppermint oils at all applied concentrations inhibited B. cinerea growth on plum fruits compared with the control. In addition, all three oils at higher concentrations showed positive effects on fruit quality characteristics such as titrable acidity, total soluble solids, carbohydrate content, pH and weight loss percentage. Thus the oils inhibited the infection of plum fruits by B. cinerea and increased their storage life. CONCLUSION: This research confirms the antifungal effects of black caraway, fennel and peppermint essential oils both in vitro and in vivo on plum fruits postharvest. Therefore these essential oils could be an alternative to chemicals to control postharvest phytopathogenic fungi on plum fruits. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

纳他霉素对葡萄采后灰霉病菌的毒力及其防腐保鲜效果

以常用食品防腐剂山梨酸钾为对照研究了纳他霉素对葡萄采后灰霉菌的抑制毒力以及防腐保鲜效果。通过测定不同浓度的抑菌液对灰霉菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,以确定其抑制毒力。通过采前浸果处理,分别从感官指标、内在品质和代谢生理三方面研究纳他霉素对葡萄采后灰霉病的抑制效果。结果表明:纳他霉素抑菌液对葡萄采后灰霉菌的抑菌中浓度值(EC50=433.96 mg/L)明显小于山梨酸钾对照防腐液(EC50=5 753.65 mg/L);与对照相比,纳他霉素采前处理可有效抑制葡萄果实霉烂率和果梗褐变指数的增加,并较好的保持果实中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和Vc含量,明显抑制贮藏后期果粒呼吸强度、果实质膜透性以及MDA含量的增加。综上,纳他霉素对葡萄采后灰霉菌的生长具有非常明显的抑制毒力,在鲜食葡萄的采后生物保鲜领域具有较好的应用前景。