基于基本笔画起收笔和笔压特征的手写汉字的计算机笔迹鉴定

以手写汉字的基本笔画为研究对象,提取笔画的起笔、收笔和笔压作为特征量,进行笔迹鉴定的研究.研究采用了10位书写者,每位书写者各书写70个汉字作为样本,提取4种基本笔画,进行笔迹鉴定的实验,实验取得了较为满意的鉴定率.本研究克服了以往笔迹鉴定中结体依存的不足,适用于所有的汉字.     

基于连笔消除的空间手写字符识别方法

信息的连续采集会造成部分字符存在连笔,进而影响字符识别率.为此,提出一种基于连笔消除的空间手写字符识别方法.将空间手写字符平面化,提取字符拐点和笔画方向特征.为避免笔画的误消除,利用支持向量机把未知字符分为带连笔字符和非连笔字符,通过连笔的书写特征消除连笔,将空间字符轨迹转化为平面字符轨迹,直接用平面字符分类器进行字符识别.实验结果表明,该方法连笔消除效果显著,利用现有字符库即可获得较高的字符识别率.     

触摸屏手写汉字笔画的笔力模糊评价

该文以触摸屏手写汉字为例,提出了一种分析手写汉字笔力的模糊方法,并通过笔力分析实现对触摸屏上手写汉字的书写质量评价。该方法首先通过提取手写模板字中笔画的关键点信息进行隶属度计算,建立模糊模板矩阵,然后将实写汉字的隶属度与模板隶属度数据进行贴近度计算得出综合的笔力评价。实验表明,该方法的评价效果具有较强客观性、鲁棒性,也可推广到其他文种。     

基于笔画系数变换的手写汉字笔迹鉴定

本研究以手写汉字的基本笔画为对象,确定反映书写特征的相对幅度和相对斜率为时域特征,并对时域特征进行Fourier变换,抽取变换实系数形成特征空间,实现笔迹鉴定。本研究采用10位书写者,各书写70个汉字,提取5种基本笔画,进行笔迹鉴定的实验,实验取得了满意的结果。     

Haptic rendering for dental training system

Immersion and interaction are two key features of virtual reality systems, which are especially important for medical applications. Based on the requirement of motor skill training in dental surgery, haptic rendering method based on triangle model is investigated in this paper. Multi-rate haptic rendering architecture is proposed to solve the contradiction between fidelity and efficiency requirements. Realtime collision detection algorithm based on spatial partition and time coherence is utilized to enable fast contact determination. Proxy-based collision response algorithm is proposed to compute surface contact point. Cutting force model based on piecewise contact transition model is proposed for dental drilling simulation during tooth preparation. Velocity-driven levels of detail haptic rendering algorithm is proposed to maintain high update rate for complex scenes with a large number of triangles. Hapticvisual collocated dental training prototype is established using half-mirror solution. Typical dental operations have been realized including dental caries exploration, detection of boundary within dental cross-section plane, and dental drilling during tooth preparation. The haptic rendering method is a fundamental technology to improve immersion and interaction of virtual reality training systems, which is useful not only in dental training, but also in other surgical training systems. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60605027, 50575011), National High-Tech Research & Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007AA01Z310)     

基于笔画曲率特征的笔迹鉴别方法

现有的手写汉字脱机笔迹鉴别方法存在只能针对特定字符或需要大量样本字符等问题,为此提出一种基于笔画曲率特征的笔迹鉴别方法。首先运用数学形态学对采集的笔迹图像进行预处理,在横、竖、撇、捺四个方向提取具有代表性的笔画骨架,然后对笔画骨架进行圆的重构,提取四个方向笔画圆的曲率作为特征值组成笔迹特征矩,根据待鉴别的笔迹特征矩与数据库中笔迹特征矩向量夹角相似性度量结果对样本做出判断。实验结果表明该文方法对于待鉴别样本字符的内容没有要求,样本字符数量要求低、应用范围广、鲁棒性强。     

Off-line handwritten Korean character recognition based on stroke extraction and representation

In this paper, we propose an off-line recognition method for handwritten Korean characters based on stroke extraction and representation. To recognize handwritten Korean characters, it is required to extract strokes and stroke sequence to describe an input of two-dimensional character as one-dimensional representation. We define 28 primitive strokes to represent characters and introduce 300 stroke separation rules to extract proper strokes from Korean characters. To find a stroke sequence, we use stroke code and stroke relationship between consecutive strokes. The input characters are recognized by using character recognition trees. The proposed method has been tested for the most frequently used 1000 characters by 400 different writers and showed recognition rate of 94.3%.     

Straight line approximation and 1D representation of off-line handwritten text

Algorithms to process off-line Arabic handwriting before recognition are presented. First, an algorithm that converts smoothed and thinned images into straight line approximations is described. Second, an algorithm is developed to obtain a 1D representation of off-line Arabic handwriting. This is achieved by first finding the start-end pair of vertices of writing. Then a stroke is traversed from the start to the end vertex by solving the Chinese postman's problem for its graph. Special rules are applied to enforce temporal information on the stroke to obtain the most likely traversal that is consistent with Arabic handwriting. Finally, an algorithm is suggested to reduce straight line approximations to other approximations in which loops are represented by vertices with features. In testing, 2256 unconstrained handwritten strokes, written by six writes, were used. In 96.5% of the samples, the algorithm restored the actual temporal information.     

一种基于SVG的在线连续手写汉字多步分割方法*

基于可伸缩矢量图SVG的在线手写汉字是以SVG图像作为汉字图像格式、以SVG的path对象作为笔画的基本存储单元来对汉字进行显示和存储的,笔画的轮廓是以手写过程中记录的坐标值作为特征数值加以确定的。基于此种SVG手写汉字存储和表示形式,本文提出一种基于图论的在线连续手写汉字多步分割方法。该方法根据汉字笔画间的坐标位置关系对手写笔画序列构建无向图模型,并利用图的广度优先搜索将原笔画序列分割为互不连通的笔画部件,使偏旁部首分离较远、非粘连汉字得到正确分割;然后利用改进的tarjan算法对部件中的粘连字符进行分割,最后基于笔画部件间距,利用二分类迭代算法对间距进行分类,找出全局最佳分割位置,对过分割的部件进行重组合并。实验结果表明,该方法对于在线手写汉字的分割是有效可行的。     

Trajectory generation of the writing–brush for a robot arm to inherit block–style Chinese character calligraphy techniques

This paper relates the trajectory generation of the writing-brush for a robot arm to inherit Chinese character calligraphy (CCC) techniques. First, to preserve the characters written by famous calligraphers in Chinese history, we constructed a CCC database which contains 29 456 characters written by different calligraphers in different styles (ancient, angular, block, semi-cursive and cursive style). With this CCC database, it is possible to search, restore and append the calligraphy writing for a specific character. Second, we mainly relate the inheritance of CCC. Because CCC is not a static thing, but a dynamic process of an activity which concerns a lot of complicated factors such as the pressure and speed control of the writing brush, how to write the start and end of strokes, etc., we propose to inherit this dynamic process by a robot. This paper is limited to discussing how to inherit the writing techniques for block-style calligraphy writing by a robot arm. The total number of Chinese characters is more than 800 000. These characters can be constructed by basic strokes. There are 28 different kinds of strokes used to construct all of these characters. The skeleton of a stroke is decided by the control points that exist within the stroke. The shape of a stroke is determined by the trajectory derived from the control points and the pressure to the writing brush. The control points for 28 strokes are given and the control techniques for a robot to write these strokes in block style are developed. At present, the robot can write any character in block style.     

一种脱机手写汉字书写顺序恢复模型

书写顺序恢复是从静态文本图像中提取动态的字符书写顺序信息,将2维的图像转换为1维的书写位置的时间序列的过程.为了对手写汉字进行书写顺序提取,提出了一种脱机手写汉字书写顺序的恢复模型.该模型首先将汉字分为整字、部件、子部件和笔画4个层次;然后利用4种拆分操作将整字拆分为部件,再将部件拆分为子部件;最后通过定义一组拆分关系与子部件偏序关系之间的对应规则来得到子部件的全序关系.而将子部件作为最基本的恢复单位,其书写顺序可通过对笔画和交叉笔画对进行分类来得到.实验表明,该模型提出的汉字书写顺序恢复方法的恢复结果具有较高的准确率,且处理速度达到了6.9字/s.     

On-line handwritten Chinese character recognition via a fuzzy attribute representation

Chinese characters are constructed by strokes according to structural rules. Therefore, the geometric configurations of characters are important features for character recognition. In handwritten characters, stroke shapes and their spatial relations may vary to some extent. The attribute value of a structural identification is then a fuzzy quantity rather than a binary quantity. Recognizing these facts, we propose a fuzzy attribute representation (FAR) to describe the structural features of handwritten Chinese characters for an on-line Chinese character recognition (OLCCR) system. With a FAR. a fuzzy attribute graph for each handwritten character is created, and the character recognition process is thus transformed into a simple graph matching problem. This character representation and our proposed recognition method allow us to relax the constraints on stroke order and stroke connection. The graph model provides a generalized character representation that can easily incorporate newly added characters into an OLCCR system with an automatic learning capability. The fuzzy representation can describe the degree of structural deformation in handwritten characters. The character matching algorithm is designed to tolerate structural deformations to some extent. Therefore, even input characters with deformations can be recognized correctly once the reference dictionary of the recognition system has been trained using a few representative learning samples. Experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于笔触特征三角形的手写汉字书法效果美化方法

提出笔触特征三角形方法,它为手写字字形骨架添加毛笔书法效果,以达到美化手写字的目的。该方法首先 提取手写数据中的书法特征和字形结构特征点集,构成字形骨架;然后通过添加笔触特征三角形序列生成笔画宽度信 息;最后利用I3-样条曲线对生成的手写字轮廓线进行平滑,得到最终美化结果。该方法仅利用计算机采集到的手写 汉字的点线坐标信息,以三角形方法为手写汉字添加书法特征,适用于各种手写汉字采集设备。     

一种连续手写中文的演化分割方法

在连续手写中文中,有偏旁部首离得较远的单字,单字之间可能会存在粘连、重叠。针对这种情况给出了一种基于识别得分提取单字的演化方法。对行笔划序列进行二进制编码,采用改进的遗传算法实现演化过程。染色体中连续0或1对应的笔划组成候选单字。用汉王手写单字识别器获取它们的识别得分,以单字个数较少和总的识别得分较大为优化目标。遗传算法中的变异概率和交叉概率自适应生成。测试结果表明该方法对连续手写中文具有较好的分割效果。     

基于边缘笔画特征结构的维吾尔笔迹鉴别

针对维吾尔文字的特点提出一种笔迹边缘量化模型的鉴别方法。该方法在提取边缘图像的基础上,以“横竖撇捺”基本笔画概念对维吾尔文字笔迹边缘在四族角度趋向上建立一种与文本无关、与方向和长度相关的特征结构矢量模型,统计所有局部窗口的特征结构并得到边缘笔画的概率密度特征向量,使用加权与不加权的距离公式求得鉴别样本笔迹与参考样本笔迹间的特征向量距离,通过比对向量距离来筛选笔迹的候选书写者。该方法能很好地刻画维吾尔文字的笔迹的局部的特征和风格,有较强的实用性,并取得了较好的鉴别效果。     

计算机实时手写中文自动识别

本文介绍用于联机手写中文字自动识别的新方法与新算法.由于下述各点的实现,手写 文字时可以减少许多限制,增加书写自由.①笔划的抽取经由两次分段实现:首先连续采样, 将输入笔划变换成线段组成,再对线段的长度进行比较,删去相对不重要的成份.②用笔划校 正技术将不应分离的笔划重新组合成规范笔划,或者将不应联写的复合笔划重新分解成基本 笔划.③用非完全匹配技术使失真字可以识别.④用混序笔划重排算法可使一个混序笔划输 入的字重新排列笔顺.⑤笔划位置和长度作为进一步特征,可区别模糊字.     

基于HMM的联机汉字识别系统及其改进的训练方法

本文描述了一个基于HMM模型的联机汉字识别系统的设计思想与实现方法。系统以联机汉字的笔段序列作为观察序列,采用带有多跨越的模型结构消除自由书写汉字笔段序列的冗余与丢失问题。HMM模型的训练是本系统设计的一个重要问题,针对复杂HMM模型参数训练容易收敛于局部最小的情况,本文结合联机汉字识别的特点,提出了一种利用“引导模型”进行训练的改进方法,避免了训练过程收敛于局部最小点的发生。经过大量样本的训练,本系统对规范书写汉字和自由书写汉字均取得了比较令人满意的结果。     

An approach for real-time recognition of online Chinese handwritten sentences

With the advances of handwriting capturing devices and computing power of mobile computers, pen-based Chinese text input is moving from character-based input to sentence-based input. This paper proposes a real-time recognition approach for sentence-based input of Chinese handwriting. The main feature of the approach is a dynamically maintained segmentation–recognition candidate lattice that integrates multiple contexts including character classification, linguistic context and geometric context. Whenever a new stroke is produced, dynamic text line segmentation and character over-segmentation are performed to locate the position of the stroke in text lines and update the primitive segment sequence of the page. Candidate characters are then generated and recognized to assign candidate classes, and linguistic context and geometric context involving the newly generated candidate characters are computed. The candidate lattice is updated while the writing process continues. When the pen lift time exceeds a threshold, the system searches the candidate lattice for the result of sentence recognition. Since the computation of multiple contexts consumes the majority of computing and is performed during writing process, the recognition result is obtained immediately after the writing of a sentence is finished. Experiments on a large database CASIA-OLHWDB of unconstrained online Chinese handwriting demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach.