聚醚砜超滤膜处理油田采出水试验研究

采用聚醚砜中空纤维超滤膜组件处理油田采出水,探讨了超滤用于油田回注水处理和采出水回用预处理效果.结果表明:聚醚砜超滤膜产水通量较高,处理水中石油类、悬浮物及其粒径中值均达到回注水的标准,浊度、TGB和IB细菌的去除率分别达100%、99%、99%.采用碱+表面活性剂复合药剂清洗可获得最佳的通量恢复.由于采出水中较高的H2S和COD含量,超滤产水的SDI15>3.0,超出后续纳滤/反渗透膜系统的进水要求.     

页岩气地面集输管道腐蚀原因分析及防护措施研究

对某页岩气田集输管道现场输送介质及腐蚀产物进行取样分析,结果表明:现场输送气质中含有CO2(0.438％～0.529％,摩尔分数),水质中高含Cl-(91925.95～25246.46 rag/L)和SRB[(1.1×102～ 1.1×105)个/mL];腐蚀产物化学组成主要为Fe、C、O、S,分析得到造成集输管道内腐蚀的主要原因是CO2、 SRB细菌以及Cl-的协同腐蚀作用.对现场使用的缓蚀剂、杀菌剂和缓蚀杀菌剂进行了缓蚀效率评价和杀菌效果评价,采用室内静态失重法和电化学测试法评价缓蚀效率并利用扫描电镜分析了挂片腐蚀产物及腐蚀形貌,发现500 mg/L浓度下的HB缓蚀剂的缓蚀效率最高.     

纳滤与反渗透膜处理含锰废水的初步研究

采用纳滤膜、反渗透膜分离技术对含锰废水进行了试验研究.考察了纳滤膜的操作压力、纯水/浓水比值、Mn2+浓缩倍数、Mn2+截留率及膜通量之间的关系.试验结果表明:纳滤膜对含锰废水有良好的处理效果,一级纳滤膜对Mn2+离子的平均截留率大于98％;浓缩倍数和膜通量随操作压力的升高而升高,2.0 MPa时,浓缩倍数可以达到8.2倍,膜通量可达到28～32 L/(m2·h).一级纳滤产生的纯水用反渗透膜进一步处理,反渗透膜对Mn2+离子的截留率在97％以上,纯水Mn2+离子浓度在0.5 mg/L以下,可以达标排放.     

聚合物驱抽油井缓蚀剂的研制

孤东油田聚合物驱抽油井腐蚀情况比水驱严重,通过失重试验考察了聚合物驱采出液中聚合物浓度、含砂量、细菌含量等因素对A3钢油井管杆腐蚀速率的影响,对聚合物驱抽油井的腐蚀特点进行了分析.结果显示,聚合物驱采出液中含有的残余聚合物有一定的缓蚀作用,但影响程度不大;残余聚合物使得采出液黏度增加,携带悬浮物的能力增强造成磨损腐蚀严重以及加剧细菌繁殖使得细菌腐蚀加重,是导致聚合物驱抽油井腐蚀程度较水驱严重的主要原因.室内合成了一种咪唑啉类缓蚀剂,用红外光谱对其进行了表征,确定了其与葡萄糖酸钠的复配比例,并优选出聚合物降解剂和高效杀菌剂与之复配,当复合缓蚀剂质量浓度在80mg/L左右时,缓蚀率超过85%.     

林可霉素发酵液膜分离工艺条件的研究

对影响林可霉素发酵液膜分离性能的主要工艺参数及对后序萃取工艺的影响进行了研究,确定的最佳膜分离工艺为:采用螺旋卷式膜组件,进料温度控制在30℃以下;超滤压力0.2 MPa、纳滤压力1.0 MPa;超滤膜面流速300 L/h,纳滤膜面流速90 L/h;超滤浓缩倍数 3.0,纳滤浓缩倍数3.0-4.0之间效果最好.林可霉素板框滤液经超滤、纳滤后再萃取,可使萃取级数由9级减少到4级,混合醇用量减少到原来的1/3,林可霉素收率比原来提高8.9%.     

常规聚合物驱后高浓度聚合物溶液粘弹性对驱油效果的影响研究

为明确常规聚合物驱后高浓度聚合物溶液粘弹性对驱油效果的影响,开展了以下驱油试验,聚合物用量相同,按3500mg／L×0．5pV的用量计算,即总用量为1750pv．mg／L。常规聚合物分子量1200万,高浓度聚合物驱使用分子量为2500万抗盐聚合物,岩心气测渗透率为1000×10—3μm2左右。试验表明当用高浓度和高分子量（2500万）聚合物驱替时,由于溶液体系本身的高粘弹性,增加了注入压力,使油藏中的液体进入更小的孔隙中,并将其中的残余油驱出,从而改善了驱油效果。     

高浓度转后续水驱室内实验分析

本文主要研究了高浓度转后续水驱的合理时机和转注方法,模拟试验区油层发育条件及现场实际注采状况开展岩心驱替实验,研究不同转注时机不同转注方式对采收率的影响。研究转后续水驱的合理聚合物用量,对后续水驱采收率的影响,聚驱后,设计方案为聚合物用量为1460PV．mg／L时,可较好提高后续水驱采收率;研究了转后续水驱前不同注入段塞对采收率的影响,当注入3000mg／L的高浓度聚合物段塞0．1PV以后,可以保证后续水驱的采收率,提高总采收率。     

聚醚砜基膜热稳定性对复合纳滤膜性能的影响

研究聚醚砜超滤基膜的热稳定性对界面聚合法制备复合纳滤膜性能的影响.加入TiO_2纳米粒子可显著改善超滤膜的热稳定性,并随着基膜中TiO_2的增加,超滤基膜的热稳定性也随之增加.基膜TiO_2含量增至8%时,纳滤膜的水通量从27 L/(m~2·h)逐渐增加到38 L/(m~2·h),对NaCl的截留率从48%增加到58%,而对MgSO_4的截留率保持不变.研究表明,提高微滤基膜的热稳定性有助于提高复合纳滤膜的水通量和截留率.     

高浓度聚驱缩小井距试验效果的几点认识

目前聚合物驱提高采收率为10～12％,最终采收率可以达到50％。为进一步探索高浓度聚合物驱油的可行性,针对高浓度聚驱存在问题,开展了高浓度聚合物驱缩小井距现场试验。本文对高浓度聚合驱缩小井距试验区的油水井动静态资料的分析,总结了试验区的油水井动态变化特点及试验效果,对高浓度聚合物驱油的进一步开展及推广提供了重要的现场实际经验及理论依据。     

壳聚糖絮凝-超滤法去除水中微量砷

用壳聚糖作除砷絮凝剂,用絮凝-超滤集成工艺脱除水中微量砷.研究了絮凝和超滤过程中影响砷去除率的多种因素,结果表明,pH为4.6、壳聚糖浓度为0.36 g/L、搅拌功率为8.11×10-2W和沉淀时间为40 min时絮凝效果最佳.超滤操作的压力、膜面流速变化对砷去除率没有明显影响;温度升高,砷去除率有下降趋势.模拟含砷水中,As(Ⅲ)和A5(Ⅴ)含量均约为0.1 mg/L,经过絮凝-超滤后,As(Ⅲ)在水中含量降至0.02 mg/L左右,去除率达到80%;As(V)在水中含量降到0.01 mg/L以内,去除率达到90%以上.还研究了超滤膜的污染情况,探索了清洗超滤膜的方法,结果表明,酸清洗效果较好,可使膜通量恢复达72%以上.     

Biological pre-treatment of wastewater containing sulfate using anaerobic immobilized cells

Biological reduction of sulfate to sulfide using sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was investigated. A respirometer was used to study the sulfide toxicity in the systems fed glucose, the results showed that sulfide would start to inhibit methanogens when the dissolved sulfide and total sulfide concentrations were 276.4 and 304.6 mg/L, respectively. When chemostats were used to study the Monod kinetic coefficients, Y, kd, Ks, and k were 0.36 mg VSS (volatile suspended solids) using SRB/mg SO4-S, 0.05/day, 147.30 mg SO4-S/L, and 6.50 mg SO4-S/mg VSS using SRB-d, respectively. Using pure cultural techniques, SRB were found to be 29.45% of the VSS in the chemostats. Sulfate removal using an upflow anaerobic filter packed with immobilized cells was also investigated. Under sulfate loading rates of 0.2 and 0.4 g SO4-S/L day, and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 days, a sulfate removal efficiency greater than 93% could be achieved. When the filter was operated under COD (chemical oxygen demand)/S from 10/1 to 5/1 and HRTs of 2, 1 and 0.5 days, sulfate removal efficiency was between 98.1 and 70.9%. It is believed that protection by the immobilized cell structure caused the microbial cells in the filter to tolerate higher dissolved sulfide (447.8 mg/L) and total sulfide (940.3 mg/L) levels, allowing a much higher biomass concentration (13.2-13.5 g VSS/L) to be reached.     

超强吸水树脂的吸水性能研究

对自制的超强吸水树脂的吸收性能进行了研究，分别考察了吸水树脂的粒径，溶液的pH值，几种离子如Na^ ,K^ ,Ca^2 ,Mg^2 等的水溶液对吸水树脂吸收性能的影响。实验结果表明，在pH为6－8，树脂粒径为100mesh-120mesh时，树脂的吸水性能最好，各种离子对吸水树脂吸收性能的影响大小顺序为：Na^ ＜K^ ＜Mg^2 ＜Ca^2 。     

原子吸收测定酸雨钾,钠,钙,镁干扰因素探讨及其消除

主要讨论了用原子吸收分光光度法测定酸雨K、Na、Ca、Mg中主要阴离子AC-、NO3-、CIO4-、C1-、SO42-、PO43-F-对测定的干扰和采用硝酸锶做为干扰抑制剂的最佳使用浓度。结果表明:AC-<10.0mg/L、CIO4-<10.0mg/L、C1-<15.0mg/L、F-<10.0mg/L对K、Na、Ca、Mg测定无干扰;酸雨中含有大于0.50mg/L的PO34-、NO3-就可降低钙的吸光度,但含量达10.0mg/L也不影响K、Na、Mg的测定;含有大于0.50mg/L的SO24-对钙镁的测定都有抑制作用,且随着干扰物浓度的提高吸光值有变小的趋势,选择0.5%硝酸锶可消除以上干扰。     

马来酸酐三元共聚物的阻垢、分散及缓蚀性能

研究了以水为溶剂、过硫酸盐作引发剂合成的马来酸酐－烯丙基磺酸钠－丙烯酰胺（MA－SAS－AM）三元聚合物阻垢的阻垢、分散及缓蚀性能，测定了阻垢剂浓度、溶液pH值、Ca^2 浓度及介质温度对阻垢效果的影响。结果表明，MA－SAS－AM对磷酸钙具有优异的阻垢性能，对锌盐具有良好的稳定作用，对碳酸钙阻垢效果较差。pH=9时，12mg/L的阻垢剂对磷酸钙垢的抑制率达97％，对锌盐为69％。聚合物对氧化铁的分散效果好，对碳钢具有一定的缓蚀性能。     

Al(Ⅲ)改性胶原蛋白絮凝材料的结构表征及对废弃钻井液絮凝的研究

利用鞣制化学中铝鞣机理,将Al(Ⅲ)络合在明胶水解得到的胶原蛋白分子上,制备Al(Ⅲ)改性胶原蛋白絮凝材料,利用XRD、荧光光谱和XPS对产物结构及作用机理进行表征与分析。将所制备的絮凝剂用于油田废弃钻井液的絮凝,以其CODCr去除率和悬浮物含量为指标,考察了絮凝条件对废弃钻井液处理效果的影响。结果表明胶原蛋白分子与Al(Ⅲ)间发生了配位反应,制备出了Al(Ⅲ)改性胶原蛋白絮凝剂。其用于废弃钻井液絮凝时,用量为20.7g/L,pH值为6～9,温度为20～40℃。絮凝后,废弃钻井液CODCr去除率达80.1%,悬浮物含量从初始的2115mg/L降至190mg/L,絮凝效果明显。     

聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯复合纳滤膜的制备

以AIBN为引发剂,采用本体聚合的方法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA),并采用中空纤维超滤膜技术滤除PDMAEMA水溶液中的低聚物和未反应的单体.以聚砜(PSf)超滤膜为基膜,以所精制的PDMAEMA为水相涂层液,以对二氯苄的正庚烷溶液为有机交联剂,利用界面聚合的方法制备了PDMAEMA/PSf荷正电复合纳滤膜.实验重点研究了PSf基膜和单体浓度、水相pH值及浸涂时间、水相沥干时间、交联反应时间等条件对所制备纳滤膜分离性能的影响,确定了较优的制膜条件.所制备的荷正电纳滤膜对1g/LMgSO4水溶液(0.8MPa,30℃)的截留率为86.7%,水通量为8.4L/(m2.h).     

Treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) by coagulation flocculation process using peanut–okra and wheat germ–okra

Coagulation–flocculation has been proven as one of the effective processes in treating palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is a highly polluted wastewater generated from palm oil milling process. Two pairs of natural coagulant–flocculant were studied and evaluated: peanut–okra and wheat germ–okra. This research aims to optimize the operating parameters of the coagulation flocculation process in removing turbidity, total suspended solid and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from POME by using a central composite design in the Design Expert^® software. Important parameters such as operating pH, coagulant and flocculant dosages were empirically determined using jar test experiment and optimized using response surface methodology module. Significant quadratic polynomial models were obtained via regression analyses (R²) for peanut–okra (0.9355, 0.9534 and 0.8586 for turbidity, total suspended solids and COD removal, respectively) and wheat germ–okra (0.9638, 0.9578 and 0.7691 for turbidity, total suspended solids and COD removal, respectively). The highest observed removal efficiencies of turbidity, total suspended solids and COD (92.5, 86.6 and 34.8%, respectively, for peanut–okra; 86.6, 87.5 and 43.6%, respectively, for wheat germ–okra) were obtained at optimum pH, coagulant and flocculant dosages (pH 11.6, 1000.1 mg/L and 135.5 mg/L, respectively, for peanut–okra; pH 12, 1170.5 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively, for wheat germ–okra). The coagulation flocculation performance of peanut–okra and wheat germ–okra were comparable to each other. Characterizations of the natural coagulant–flocculant, as well as the sludge produced, were performed using Fourier transform infrared, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscope. More than 98% of water was removed from POME sludge by using centrifuge and drying methods, indicating that a significant reduction in sludge volume was achieved.     

Fate of copper in submerged membrane bioreactors treating synthetic municipal wastewater

This paper assesses the impact of copper on the performance of two membrane bioreactors (MBR) treating municipal wastewater at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4h, and solids residence times (SRT) of 20 days, at influent copper concentrations of 0.2-8 mg Cu/L. The addition of copper resulted in a significant increase in soluble microbial products (SMPs), and a predominance of >100 kDa molecular weight SMPs. The study showed that in well-buffered wastewaters, complete nitrification was achieved at total copper concentrations as high as 840 mg/L or 10% of the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids. MINTEQ simulation showed that most of the copper (99.8%) in the MBR was in the form of inorganic copper precipitates, with free Cu2+ and total soluble copper in the range of 0.0-0.11 and 0.1-0.82 mg/L, respectively.     

紫脲酸铵分光光度法测定复盐法水氯镁石脱水产品中氧化镁

对于水氯镁石的复盐(C6H5NH2·HCl·MgCl2·6H2O)法脱水产品中微量MgO含量的测定,采用了直接测定样品水溶残渣中镁含量而得MgO含量的方法代替传统的间接法,获得了更准确的结果。用紫脲酸铵分光光度法测定了水溶残渣用稀H2SO4溶解后溶液中微量镁,研究了金属镁离子与显色剂的络合比、溶液酸度、显色时间对显色的影响,以及盐酸苯胺阳离子、Fe3+、Zn2+、Ba2+、Ca2+、Ni2+、Co2+等离子对显色的干扰及其消除。并采用修正法消除了显色后残余显色剂对测定镁的影响。结果表明,在镁离子浓度0~2mmol/L范围内,修正吸光度与镁离子浓度呈线性关系,摩尔吸光系数为2.45×102 L/(mol·cm)。加标镁离子的测定结果证明该法具有较高的精密度和准确度（加标回收率近100%）,适合于水氯镁石脱水产品中总MgO含量的准确测定。     

Separation of landfill leachate with polymeric ultrafiltration membranes

The use of ultrafiltration for treatment of landfill leachate was evaluated. A high-strength industrial landfill leachate that has undergone some pretreatment contains residual suspended solids. These solids have molecular diameters greater than 190 Å and diameters between 32 and 55 Å, and foul ultrafiltration membranes. The fouling layer is 99 percent inorganic and does not block the passage of organic carbon across the membrane. It acts simply to create a pressure drop that results in lower flux. This fouling layer can be minimized by increasing shear at the membrane surface (increased stirring rate) and/or lowering the strength of the leachate. Membranes cast from an aromatic polymer exhibit the highest flux when used with leachate.