突然开孔结构的风致内压及屋盖响应研究

在系统阐述开孔结构的内压瞬态波动理论及屋面结构风振响应问题的基础上,对开孔瞬间的脉冲内压、气流稳定后屋盖结构所受的最大净风压进行了估算;同时讨论了内压作用下的屋盖响应特性。研究表明,建筑物突然开孔时的内压脉冲对结构安全威胁很大,对于已经存在开孔的结构的屋盖由于受到内外压的共同作用要比开孔前承受更大的风荷载,从而解释了台风或者飓风期间建筑物门窗突然破坏时容易进一步造成屋盖破坏的现象。屋盖响应分析结果表明,当开孔结构的H e lm ho ltz频率、弹性屋盖的固有频率以及来流中所包含的涡脱落频率,三者接近时,屋盖将发生较大的共振。     

FRP strengthening of steel and steel-concrete composite structures: an analytical approach

A recent technique for strengthening steel and steel-concrete composite structures by the use of externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets, to increase the flexural capacity of the structural element, is described. Several researches developed FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete and masonry structures, but few experimental studies about steel and steel-concrete composite elements are available. Some examples of guidelines for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening existing metal structures are available, but the method used to predict the flexural behaviour of FRP strengthened elements is usually based on the hypothesis of elastic behaviour of materials and FRP laminate is mainly considered only under the tensile flange. In this paper, an analytical procedure to predict the flexural behaviour of FRP strengthened steel and steel-concrete composite elements, based on cross-sectional behaviour and taking into account the non-linear behaviour of the materials with any configuration of FRP reinforcement, is given. Analytical predictions are compared with some experimental results available in the literature on the flexural behaviour of FRP strengthened steel and steel-concrete composite elements, showing good agreement of the results, even in the non-linear phase, until failure.     

Coarsening kinetics and strengthening mechanisms of core-shell nanoscale precipitates in Al-Li-Yb-Er-Sc-Zr alloy

The tailored nanoparticles with a complex core/shell structure can satisfy a variety of demands, such as lattice misfit, shearability and coarsening resistance. In this research, core-shell nanoscale Al3(Yb, Er, Sc,Zr, Li) composite particles were precipitated in Al-2 Li-0.1 Yb-0.1 Er-0.1 Sc-0.1 Zr(wt%) alloy through the double-aging treatment, in which the core was(Yb, Er, Sc, Zr)-rich formed at 300°C and the shell was Li-rich formed at 150°C. The coarsening kinetics and precipitate size distributions(PSDs) of Al3(Yb, Er, Sc,Zr, Li) particles aged at 150°C previously aged at 300°C for 24 h showed a better fit to the relation of 2∝ kt and normal distribution, indicating that the coarsening of precipitates was controlled by interface reaction, not diffusion. The Orowan bypass strengthening was operative mechanism at 150°C.     

NO x emission from electric arc furnace in steel industry: contribution from electric arc and co-combustion reactions

Off-gas measurements were conducted at industrial electric arc furnaces (EAF) in Germany in order to investigate the interrelation of NO _x emission with installed plant equipment (e.g. gas burner) and process data (e.g. carbon input). Off-gas data monitor rapid changes in off-gas composition, temperature, and volume flow rates of air into the furnace indicating the transient state batch process of scrap melting. From the measurements two distinct sources of NO _x emission are clearly distinguished: (1) NO _x formation in the electric arc plasma during the start-up period of the melting process in an oxidizing furnace atmosphere after the charging of the furnace. (2) NO _x formation from post-combustion of CO/CO₂/H₂ gas with air inside and outside the furnace. Whereas the contribution from arc ignition is similar for different types of EAFs, other contributions depend on furnace equipment and operation, e.g. gas burners, use of air as carrier medium for carbon or dust injection, air-tightness of furnace, and parameters of off-gas extraction by EAF dedusting system. The positive effect of the minimum volume flow rate of air into the furnace by controlled off-gas extraction to total NO _x emission is shown.     

Selective laser melting (SLM) of CX stainless steel: Theoretical calculation,process optimization and strengthening mechanism

In the present work,selective laser melting (SLM) technology was utilized for manufacturing CX stainless steel samples under a series of laser parameters.The effect of laser linear energy density on the microstructure characteristics,phase distribution,crystallographic orientation and mechanical properties of these CX stainless steel samples were investigated theoretically and experimentally via scanning electron microscope (SEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).Based on the systematic study,the SLM CX stainless steel sample with best surface roughness (Ra =4.05 ± 1.8 μm) and relative density (Rd =99.72 ％±0.22 ％) under the optimal linear density (η=245 J/m) can be obtained.SLM CX stainless steel was primarily constituted by a large number of fine martensite (α'phase) structures (i.e.,cell structures,cellular dendrites and blocky grains) and a small quantity of austenite (γ phase) structures.The preferred crystallographic orientation (i.e.,<111 > direction) can be determined in the XZ plane of the SLM CX sample.Furthermore,under the optimal linear energy density,the good combinations with the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS =1068.0 ％±5.9 ％) and the best total elongation (TE =15.70 ％±0.26 ％) of the SLM CX sample can be attained.Dislocation strengthening dominates the strengthening mechanism of the SLM CX sample in as-built state.     

工业建筑预埋件三维快速装配设计方法

当前工业建筑结构预埋件设计主要采用二维CAD软件,效率较低且容易出错。为此提出基于广义参数化模板的三维预埋件快速装配设计方法。该方法建立包含三维参数化形状结构、安装定位方式和二维投影简图等各种信息的预埋件广义参数化模板;通过构建预埋件参数化模板库,采用基于历史的装配设计技术,实现预埋件的快速安装设计。该文方法已经集成到商品化工业建筑结构三维CAD软件InteRDS中,并在实际工程设计中得到应用。     

不锈钢材料在真空炉高温除气后的出气性能比较

根据兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环真空系统(HIRFL-CSR)材料处理工艺要求,需要对所有不锈钢元件进行真空炉高温除气处理以降低材料出气率.本文通过一组实验测试数据,介绍了采用除气处理工艺和未经除气处理的不锈钢材料出气情况对比,证明采用真空炉除气处理工艺可以使材料内部的H2、CO、CO2等组分大幅度减少,从而获得较低的材料出气率.     

本征正交分解技术及其在预测屋盖风压场中的应用

本征正交分解（POD）是以能量表述的随机场的最优分解，采用瑞利商概念及其极值性质推导了POD原理。根据风洞试验同步采集的风压数据利用POD技术预测了圆拱顶屋盖未布置测压点位置的风压时间序列。对预测风压包括均值、均方根值、极值在内的统计特性，时程曲线以及功率谱与实测风压作了比较。通过采用完全二次型组合法计算屋盖风致响应对所提预测方法的有效性进行了检查。     

First-principle study on the segregation and strengthening behavior of solute elements at grain boundary in BCC iron

Grain boundary(GB)significantly influences the mechanical properties of metal structural materials,yet the effect of solutes on GB modification and the underlying atomic mechanisms of solute segregation and strengthening in iron-based alloys remain insufficiently explored.To address this research gap,we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the segregation and strengthening effect of 33 commonly occurring solutes in iron-based alloys,with a specific focus on the body-centered cubic(BCC)iron Σ5(310)GB,utilizing first-principle calculations.Our findings reveal a negative linear correlation between solute segregation energy and atomic radius,highlighting the crucial role of atomic radius and electronic structure in determining GB strength.Moreover,through analyzing the relationship between strength-ening energy and segregation energy,it was found that the elements Ni,Co,Ti,V,Mn,Nb,Cr,Mo,W,and Re are significant enhancers of GB strength upon segregation.This study aims to provide theoretical guidance for selecting optimal doping elements in BCC iron-based alloys.     

Synthesis,characterization and properties of calcium ferroaluminate belite cements produced with electric arc furnace steel slag as raw material

This study investigated the use of 10 (M1), 17 (M2) and 27 wt.% (M3) electric arc furnace steel slag (EAFS) as a raw material in the production of calcium ferroaluminate belite cement clinker, after firing at 1320 °C. The thermal behavior of the raw meals was studied by TG/DSC and XRD whereas for the analysis of the clinkers, XRD/QXRD, SEM/EDS and EPMA were employed. The resulting clinker was co-grinded with 5 and 20 wt.% Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and the properties were determined by a series of tests in accordance to EN standards. The evolution of hydration was investigated by SEM and the development of compressive strength. The results revealed that the formed phases in the clinkers were C₂S, C₄AF and C₄A₃Ŝ. The main hydration products were ettringite, AFm and hydrogarnet. The leached Cr^VI was below 1 ppm in M3. Compressive strength in cements with 5 wt.% FGD gypsum was (in MPa): 18.3 for M1, 14.3 for M2 and 7.8 for M3 at 28 days, whereas for 20 wt.% FGD gypsum, the values were almost doubled.     

Failure analysis of threaded connections in large-scale steel tie rods

Steel tie rods are very important load-carrying components in applications where high levels of pre-stresses are required. The bearing capacity of a steel tie rod is determined not only by the strength of the rod body, but also by the strength of the threaded connection that resists force. Analysis of the strength of the threaded connection and determining the optimal number of turns of thread engagement is critical to ensure structural safety. This paper reports the results of full-scale tensile rupture experiments on two categories of large-scale steel tie rods provided by China JULI Corporation: (i) LG75-00 steel tie rods with triangle threaded connection, and (ii) LG100-00 steel tie rods with trapezoidal threaded connection. The full-scale tensile rupture experiments were carried out to test the maximum allowable axial working load under different numbers of turns of engaged threads. The results of these experiments suggest strong guidelines on the minimum number of turns of thread engagement for preventing the failure of thread teeth of steel tie rods in practical shear and bending applications.     

The simultaneous improvements of strength and ductility in additive manufactured Ni-based superalloy via controlling cellular subgrain microstructure

Fine cellular subgrain structure was formed in the Selective Laser Melting(SLM) manu factured IN718 alloy via optimizing the processing parameters.During the subsequent homogenization heat treatment process,the Laves phase dispersed at the subgrain boundaries can be eliminated while the cellular subgrain structure is reserved in the printed samples after holding at 1080℃ for 50 min.With the prolongation of the holding time,the subgrain boundaries undergo low angle rotation via the motion ofdislocation,which leads to the annihilation of the cellular subgrain structure.Moreover,during the subsequent double aging heat treatment process,the reserved cellular subgrain structure in the homogenized samples promotes the precipitation of γ" second phase nanoparticles,and these precipitated γ" phase nanoparticles prefer to distribute at subgrain boundaries.It was found that these unique subgrain boundaries with γ" phase precipitates can hinder but not fully terminate the motion of dislocation during the plastic deformation process,which contributes to increasing the strength as well as holding the stable plastic flow.Hence,the strength and ductility of final prepared IN718 alloy with cellular subgrain microstructure were improved simultaneously compared to the prepared alloy without cellular subgrain structure,which even exceed the mechanical properties standards(AMS 5662) of wrought IN718 alloy.These results in our work suggest that controlling the subgrain structure is a promising effective strategy to improve the mechanical properties of SLM manu factured nickel-based superalloy.     

Eddy current detection of changes in stainless steel after cold reduction

An investigation was conducted to explore the applicability of eddy current technique to characterize austenitic variation during cold reduction in various stainless steels. A series of stainless steel samples were cold rolled for this purpose. It was observed that eddy current flow and its phase are affected due to the variation in volume percent of austenite. It is suggested that eddy current measurement technique is a useful tool for the characterization of austenite variation during the cold working of stainless steels.     

Mechanical and corrosion properties of P/M-HIP super duplex stainless steel after different industrial heat treatments as used for large components

Abstract

Mechanical tensile and impact toughness tests and critical pitting corrosion temperature (CPT) tests were performed on samples of Duplok 27, a P/M-HIP duplex stainless steel containing copper, after heat treatments simulating industrial heat treatments of large components. It was shown that copper alloying has positive effects on mechanical tensile properties leading to hardening and more uniform deformation. No negative effects of copper alloying on corrosion resistance properties were found. A drastic drop in impact toughness values and CPT of samples cooled at controlled cooling rates is explained by the precipitation of intermetallic secondary phases or their precursors. Lower CPT of a NG-GTAW (narrow gap gas tungsten arc welding) welded joint is explained by the lower level of alloying than that of the base material. The high temperature region of precipitation of intermetallic secondary phases is shifted towards higher temperatures than assumed for Duplok 27 P/M-HIP duplex stainless steel.     

电磁感应传感器用铠装电缆在钢包中的应用

为满足电磁感应国产化的需要,研制了适合高温恶劣环境、结构简单、价格低廉的电磁感应传感器用铠装电缆。电缆利用传感器次级线圈感应初级线圈电流大小,来判断钢渣的位置,以生产出优质高效钢的特点进行研制。通过整机运行表明研制的铠装电缆绕制的电磁感应传感器能够准确可靠地判断钢渣的位置,满足了钢包除渣的要求。     

高温轻质炭砖的开发及其在炉衬结构中的应用

分析了国内还原性电炉炉衬结构存在的技术问题和破损原因,介绍了轻质炭砖这一新型高效高温隔热材料的研究开发及其在电炉炉衬结构中的应用效果。由此而形成的炉衬新技术进一步完善了国内还原性电炉长寿炉衬结构设计的概念,同时也实现了“三高”作业下电炉生产高产优质与节能降耗的基本目的。     

Association of microstructure and electric heterogeneity in BiFeO3

BiFeO₃ ceramics was synthesized by solid state reaction technique. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to investigate the phase formation and structure determination. Rietveld refinement of the diffracted data confirmed the rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structure with space group R3c. Localized atomic structure determined from fitted X-ray data showed off centered displacement of Fe³⁺ cations with a magnitude of 0.397 Å along c-axis. The FeO₆ octahedron comprised of two types of Fe–O bonds with bond lengths of ∼1.935 Å and ∼2.131 Å. Impedance spectroscopic data collected in wide temperature (300–400 K) and frequency (200 Hz–2 MHz) ranges, demonstrated two relaxation phenomena corresponding to two heterogeneous phases. The best fits to the collected impedance data were achieved by employing an equivalent circuit model R_g(R_gbC_gb)(R_eQ_e). Grain boundaries showed only p-type small polaronic hopping conduction process assisted with the oxidation of Fe³⁺ to Fe⁴⁺ in measured temperature range of 300–400 K. Grains exhibited p-type small polaronic hopping conduction mechanism up to 375 K; however, above 375 K electronic conduction becomes prominent. Conduction is dominated by short range hopping of the polarons among Fe³⁺ and Fe⁴⁺ or through the first ionized oxygen vacancy bridge between Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ cations.     

Mechanism of grinding-induced burns and cracks in 20CrMnTi steel gear

To investigate the characteristics and formation mechanism of grinding-induced burns and cracks in 20CrMnTi steel gear, diverse distribution characteristics including metallographic structure, Microhardness, and residual stress of the gear surface were analyzed. Under the effect of thermal-mechanical coupling, the transformation mode of metallographic structures led to different degrees of grinding burns, showing the unique nature of each affected layer. When subjected to tempering-induced burn, martensite was transformed into troostite or sorbite to thus decrease the microhardness and initial residual compressive stress. When being subjected to quenching-induced burn, the fine-grained white layer formed, and the surface microhardness was enhanced, but the residual compressive stress on the gear surface was transformed into tensile stress, resulting in the generation of grinding-induced cracks. By optimizing the grinding parameters and conducting shot peening strengthening treatment, grinding-induced burns or cracks can be prevented.     

浅谈民用建筑地下车库通风与机械排烟

本文根据工程设计经验对地下车库通风换气量和排烟量的确定，通风与排烟系统方案设计，提出自己的看法，供大家参考。     

难熔金属加工业现状及在真空炉行业中的应用

从资源、设备、产品及市场等方面简要阐述了我国难熔金属加工业发展的历程,现状及其在真空炉工业中的应用。