太阳能PV技术与LED光源--建筑照明节能的新途径

太阳能光伏发电系统已经出现很多年了,但是由于其初期投入高,在建筑照明系统中还没有得到广泛应用.随着发光二极管技术的高速发展,尤其是白光二极管的高效特性,太阳能光伏发电系统与LED灯结合的照明系统将成为建筑照明节能的新途径.     

塔式太阳能热发电吸热器技术进展

文中介绍了现有塔式太阳能热发电吸热器技术,针对不同吸热器结构和传热介质,结合国内外现有主要塔式太阳能热发电站,对吸热器性能进行比较研究。结果表明,外露管式吸热器结构简单、造价低,应用广泛;而熔盐作为传热和蓄热介质具有较好的性能,系统无压运行且能承受高热流密度,是将来的研究方向。     

风、光、水多能互补是我国"碳中和"的必由之路

我国"十四五"开启了新发展阶段,充分发挥我国风、光、水电力全产业链世界领先的优势,充分利用风能、太阳能、水能发电及其在资源、电力、投资等方面的互补性,以水电开发为先导,通过风、光、水互补开发,将水电基地建设成清洁可再生能源基地,加快实现电力清洁化、能源电力化,是实现我国能源绿色高效发展和"碳中和"的必由之路.     

Implementation conditions for energy saving technologies and practices in office buildings: Part 1. Lighting

This paper provides a review of lighting energy saving and energy efficiency policies and practices in office buildings. The results of a face to face survey of 685 managers of companies are presented, which give insights into the factors that have influenced them to invest in lighting saving technologies. The assessment of the available lighting technologies in use in office buildings, showed that the installation of lighting saving technologies was positively influenced by a number of parameters, such as high annual financial turnover, recently established companies and companies managed by older, highly educated and energy aware people. The acceptability of the adoption and use of new efficient lighting technologies and the willingness to pay for proposed new efficient office lighting technologies, following a technico-economic information session, were also investigated. The willingness of a manager to invest in lighting energy saving/efficient technology was positively influenced by a number of factors including when a company was located in old buildings, if it was companies affected by electricity shortages, and/or if it had a large floor area.     

太阳能吸热板加工工艺

描述了一种太阳能吸热板的连续生产方法,该法可代替过去采用的冲压方法,可提高劳动生产率。扼要分析了生产中的各工艺过程,详细论述了加工过程中的技术难点。指出该生产工艺适合连续化工业生产。     

Solar energy: Topographical asset for Pakistan

The primary energy supply of Pakistan in the financial year 2009–10 was 63.088 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE). Globally, renewable energies generation is around (19%) [1]. Pakistan has a yearly average solar energy shining potential of about 19 Mega Joules per square meter, with 7.6 hours per day with an average solar radiation of 5–7 kW h/(m² day). An alarming stage for the government to take serious steps to tackle energy demand, in vision to inclining oil markets, depletion of gas reserves, huge electricity demand and supply gap, lessening offorest reserves, calamity (floods, heavy rainfalls, earth quakes, melting of glaciers etc.), Kyoto bindings etc. All these factors are indicating for the transition towards renewable energy technologies.     

Solar power for irrigation : The small solar thermal pump: an Indian development

Water is the basic element for human survival. A high percentage of the population that is without adequate water facilities mainly for agricultural needs is concentrated in solar-abundant rural areas. Most of these areas are in developing and under-developed countries and are deprived of conventional sources of energies, either due to natural shortages or because of institutional and economic reasons restricting energy availability. In India, about 45 % of GNP originates from the agricultural sector, while the consumption of agricultural pump-sets is estimated to be about 9% of total electricity supply. Out of 550,000 villages of rural India, 80,000 are still to be electrified while the majority of the villages face extensive shortages and uncertainty of electrical power supply mainly in summer when there is maximum need for irrigation. Kiran Chandwalker, Thermalsolar / Stiletto Engineers, Hyderabad, India and M v. Oppen, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany describe an Indian development, the small solar thermal pump, that offers a cost-effective answer to irrigation problems in countries such as India.     

Solar photovoltaic in Malaysia: The way forward

This paper examines solar photovoltaic (PV) in Malaysia. First, it analyzes the current energy demand in Malaysia and discusses some of the national policies and the installations of solar PV in urban and rural areas in the country. Next, the general Feed-In Tariff (FiT) scheme is explained, indicating its potential as one of the investment options for Malaysians. Finally, the loan financing option for solar PV is presented, providing examples that have been implemented in other countries, as well as explaining the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS) for companies and the proposed soft loan scheme for individual households in Malaysia. It also analyses the impact of the proposed interest rate to household consumers in Malaysia, in terms of total profit, net present value and internal rate of return. It is found that the FiT scheme could potentially help in increasing renewable energy penetration, particularly for solar PV. To provide upfront capital for solar PV installation, it is shown that the GTFS is a good financial source for companies while for individual home owners, a soft loan facility from banking institutions is a feasible source if the interest rate is 5% or less.     

Solar thermochemical hydrogen: The heat source-process interface

A discussion of issues and considerations related to the interface between a solar heat source and a thermochemical hydrogen process and some details of a tubular heat exchanger operating as such an interface in a cavity-type receiver are presented. The issues include the temperature and heat input requirements for the endothermic reaction, type of receiver, heat storage, transient operations, and control. A thermal performance analysis of a tubular reactor/heat exchanger operating in a cavity-type solar receiver is applied to SO₃ decomposition. The analysis produces axial distributions of temperature tube wall and process fluid, reaction rate, conversion, velocity, density, pressure and residence time. Process fluid conditions at the inlet, tube characteristics, reaction kinetics and cavity operating temperature are inputs. The cavity temperature affects average heat flux and, therefore, heat-exchanger cost and receiver efficiency and, therefore, mirror field cost. A design which minimizes the combined cost may be found and examples are shown.     

Resource Indicators Used for Solar Photovoltaic Plants in Uzbekistan Part 1

The annual supply of total solar irradiation (SI) to the surface of a randomly oriented photovoltaic panel (PVP) is considered; on this basis, the optimal horizontal tilt for seasonal or annual use is found. A flow diagram is proposed for determining the global total irradiation (GTI) on the surface of PVPs installed in variously oriented positions. Surkhandarya region is considered as an example. The actinometric findings obtained from the Sherabad station, as well as the PVP test results, are provided.     

Solar travel : Harnessing the sun for transport

Solar energy, already familiar in static applications like heating, powering small appliances and battery charging, is also being harnessed to the more dynamic problems of movement - over land, sea or in the air. Directly solar-powered transportation may be on the fringe at present, but it is holding out promise for reduced usage of fossil fuels, with consequent economic and environmental benefits. That promise is evidenced in a range of solar-powered vehicles from golf carts and rickshaws, through cycles and cars, to boats, ferries and aircraft. George Marsh explains how solar power may start to reduce reliance on conventional fuels in transport applications.     

New Technologies for Rural Lighting in Developing Countries: White LEDs

Most of the third-world rural areas, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, are still without electricity. The few existing off-grid and upcoming installations are remote and characterized by limited resources that call for drastic conservation measures. For the majority of these emerging consumers, lighting is the priority load. Rural electrical lighting load models are characterized by inaccuracies due to technical omissions, highlighted in this paper, and result in energy wastage. Solutions to the third-world problems need not follow similar paths to those of the developed world. In fact, cutting-edge technologies like the cell phone have already leapfrogged rural communications where expensive infrastructure had been perennially cited as the impediment. In this paper, another futuristic technology, the white light emitting diode (LED), for general lighting, is poised to create yet another revolution in African rural electrification.     

Solar energy/utility interface: The technical issues

Technical issues will arise across the solar energy/utility interface as the use of solar energy penetrates further into our society. These are not the issues of simply collecting solar energy or of utility energy production but those issues related to the interconnection of solar energy systems with utility systems. The authors address this task by classifying solar technologies and then by setting a present utility baseline. Then they approach the matter of solar end-use technologies and solar generating technologies, with emphasis on technical issues of their interface. Finally, they discuss the challenges to the utility industry and describe a program of research and development that they consider necessary to meet these challenges.     

Solar irradiation above various levels for 10-min and 1-hr integrals

In the summer of 1977 several 10 g samples of molybdenite ore containing 5–6 per cent Mo as MoS₂ were heated in one of the 2kW solar furnaces at the Laboratoire des Ultra-Refractaires, Odeillo, Frnace. The end products showed excellent separation with pure yellow acicular crystals of 9⁺ per cent MoO₃ and pure white SiO₂ powder being the two major components. Impurity levels in the MoO₃ did not exceed 6000 ppm while only a small fraction of the molybdenite was entrained along with the SiO₂. All treatment was done in a flowing oxygen atmosphere, and other elements condensed out at specific sites in the gas transport system. Analysis of the products was done by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence, emission spectroscopy, and wet chemical analysis. The ore was donated by Climax Molybdenum Co., Climax Co. The work is a joint effort of LASL and the Laboratoire des Ultra-Refractaires in Odeillo.     

1kW太阳能最大功率点跟踪控制电路的参数确定及仿真

太阳能发电作为洁净的和未来最有希望的发电方式之一,越来越受到人们的重视。光伏发电系统各个方面的研究都在不断地深入进行着,太阳能发电系统的最大功率点跟踪控制就是其中一个重要的研究课题。从实际应用角度出发,本文详细论述了1kW太阳能MPPT控制电路的参数确定,并通过仿真实验验证其可行性和有效性。     

轨道交通运营的动力照明节能措施

轨道交通的能耗主要有列车牵引能耗和车站动力照明能耗组成,其中车站动力照明能耗约占轨道交通总能耗50％左右。根据目前上海轨道交通的运营能耗的组成、特点以及运营现状,由于列车的牵引能耗与列车本身、线路设置、运行模式等较多因素有直接关系,开展节能技术改造比较困难,节能空间也有限,不过车站的动力照明一般为通用用能设备节能工作相对较容易进行。从管理制度和技术改造两方面,提出节能措施和建议,包括对照明系统的改造、通风空调系统的变频控制等手段,以达到节能降耗的目的。