镁砂与电熔合成铁铝尖晶石-刚玉复合材料的反应

以电熔合成铁铝尖晶石-刚玉复合材料和电熔镁砂为原料制备了铁铝尖晶石-镁铝尖晶石复合材料。检测了各烧后试样的线变化率、体积密度和显气孔率,并用XRD、SEM等研究了镁砂与电熔铁铝尖晶石-刚玉复合材料之间的反应,结果未发现有单一的镁铝尖晶石相生成,在高温下,MgO与铁铝尖晶石-刚玉之间存在互扩散,形成镁铝尖晶石和铁铝尖晶石固溶体;随着镁砂细粉加入量的提高,镁铝尖晶石向铁铝尖晶石中的固溶量加大;当电熔铁铝尖晶石-刚玉复合材料以颗粒加入时,发现在某些铁铝尖晶石颗粒周围存在环形裂纹;随着镁砂加入量的提高,试样的显气孔率下降,体积密度增大。     

矾土基MgAlON复合材料的制备及性能研究

选用登封轻烧矾土(Al2O3含量为85wt％)、电熔镁铝尖晶石、高纯电熔镁砂、Al粉和少量的活性材料氮化气氛下制备矾土基MgAlON复合材料,考察了MgAlON含量及烧成温度对制备矾土基MgAlON复合材料性能的影响.结果表明:随着MgAlON加入量的增加,显气孔率、线变化率及增重率逐渐增大,材料体积密度逐渐减少,常温抗折强度呈上升趋势;随着烧成温度的提高,试样的体积密度略有减小,显气孔率增大,常温抗折强度逐渐增大,1500℃下氮化烧成的制品性能最好;矾土基MgAlON复合镁铝尖晶石材料比矾土基MgAlON复合镁质材料密度大,强度高,氮化效果好.     

板状刚玉粒度和加入量对高铁镁砂-烧结刚玉复合材料性能的影响

以粒度为3~1、≤1、≤0.088 mm的高铁镁砂,≤0.088 mm的高纯镁砂为主要原料,分别研究了不同加入量(质量分数分别为3%、6%、9%、12%、15%)和不同粒度(3~2、2~1、≤1 mm)的烧结板状刚玉对试样性能的影响,并分析其物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:当烧结板状刚玉细粉加入量为6%(w)时,试样的显气孔率16%,体积密度2.99 g·cm-3,常温耐压强度80.9 MPa,荷重软化温度1 609℃,抗热震性达到20次,综合性能最好;改变加入刚玉的粒度,可以控制刚玉反应速度,同时影响高铁镁砂中Fe的扩散;铁在方镁石中固溶度大,高铁镁砂的引入可以起到方镁石改性的作用;由于铁氧化物的存在,高铁镁砂-刚玉体系在高温下易于促进镁铝尖晶石和铁铝尖晶石固溶体的形成。     

发泡法制备孔结构可控的镁质轻质料

利用发泡法在1 580℃保温3 h烧成制备镁质轻质料,并研究泡沫搅拌时间(5、10、15和20 min)、泡沫加入量(每千克料浆中分别加入300、500、700和900 m L)、镁砂粒度(平均粒度0. 3、3. 48、20. 16和40μm)对烧后试样体积密度、显气孔率和耐压强度的影响,并通过SEM分析了其显微结构。结果表明:当泡沫搅拌时间为15 min时,烧后试样的体积密度最小,常温耐压强度最大,显气孔率最大,气孔分布均匀,孔径为20～40μm;随着料浆中泡沫量的增加,烧后试样的体积密度和常温耐压强度减小,显气孔率增加,孔径增大且分布分散;随着镁砂粒度的减小,烧后试样的体积密度减小,常温耐压强度增大,显气孔率增加,孔径减小且分布均匀,气孔壁变薄。     

添加剂对矾土干式捣打料性能的影响

以粒度3-1 mm、≤1 mm和≤0.088 mm的高铝矾土以及硼酸和氧化硼为主要原料,硅酸钠和镁砂为添加剂,手工捣打成型。将成型好的试样分别在1400℃和1500℃下保温3 h烧成,测量烧成后试样的线变化率、显气孔率、体积密度和耐压强度,并采用XRD分析试样的物相组成和SEM观察物相的形貌特征。结果表明:镁砂为添加剂的试样比硅酸钠为添加剂的试样具有更好的高温物理性能,且镁砂含量为1.5%时试样的线变化率小、显气孔率低、耐压强度高。试样在1400℃和1500℃时的线变化率分别为0.74%和-0.36%,显气孔率分别为25.81%和23.72%,耐压强度为44.75 MPa和66.65 MPa。试样在高温时烧结致密作用加强,线收缩率增大,生成尖晶石的固溶体具有较小的热膨胀率,同时由于生成莫来石造成的体积膨胀,使线变化率达到最低。试样内部形成刚玉-莫来石-尖晶石固溶体网络结构,提高了试样的耐压强度。高温下的尖晶石固溶体均匀的分布在液相中,提高了基质部分液相的粘度,有利于提高试样的高温性能。     

工艺参数对镁铝尖晶石保温材料物相与性能的影响

以α-Al2O3微粉、电熔镁砂和ρ-Al2O3为原料,采用泡沫胶凝法制备了体积密度0.9～1.1 g/cm3镁铝尖晶石保温材料,考察了ρ-Al2O3、电熔镁砂加入量、烧成温度和保温时间对镁铝尖晶石保温材料物相与性能的影响.研究结果表明,随着ρ-Al2O3加入量增加试样常温耐压强度与烧成线变化率增大,物相组成均为“刚玉+镁铝尖晶石”;增加MgO加入量试样先收缩后膨胀,加入量为20wt％时常温耐压强度达最大值,物相组成由“刚玉+镁铝尖晶石”变为“镁铝尖晶石”再变为“镁铝尖晶石+方镁石”;提高烧成温度能明显促进试样烧结,延长保温时间可提高试样常温耐压强度.     

镁砂加入量对铝镁质摆动流嘴预制件性能的影响

以电熔刚玉、烧结刚玉、刚玉细粉、尖晶石微粉(<5μm)、氧化铝微粉(<2μm)、铝酸钙水泥(Secar 71)、电熔镁砂细粉为主要原料,制备了镁砂加入质量分数分别为1.5%、2.5%、3.5%的铝镁浇注料.测定1 500℃3 h处理后试样的体积密度、显气孔率、强度和加热永久线变化率,并在1 500℃3 h条件下进行抗高炉渣侵蚀试验.结果表明:随着镁砂加入量的增加,材料烧后的显气孔率增大,强度降低,抗高炉渣侵蚀性能下降.这主要是电熔镁砂在高温下与氧化铝反应生成尖晶石产生体积膨胀所至,因此,镁砂的加入质量分数以2.5%为宜.     

放电等离子烧结制备刚玉-铝酸钙-镁铝尖晶石复相材料

为了降低复相材料的合成温度并保证其相应的物理性能,以质量分数分别为35.16%的欠烧白云石和64.84%的片状氧化铝为原料,在1 050、1 100和1 150℃下利用放电等离子烧结法(SPS)制备了刚玉-铝酸钙-镁铝尖晶石复相材料,并研究了烧成温度对复相材料的物相组成及强度的影响。结果表明:随着温度的升高,复相材料中刚玉相的含量逐渐降低,而铝酸钙和镁铝尖晶石的含量逐渐上升,材料的显气孔率略有增大,但是其劈裂抗拉强度逐渐增大。放电等离子烧结使复相材料中片状刚玉、生成的铝酸钙和镁铝尖晶石在高温下相互结合。当烧成温度为1 150℃时,所制备的复相材料显气孔率为23.2%,劈裂抗拉强度达到20 MPa。     

不同造孔剂对方镁石-镁橄榄石隔热材料性能的影响

为了利用辽宁地区丰富的镁资源制备方镁石-镁橄榄石质隔热材料,以高纯镁砂(≤3 mm)、镁橄榄石(≤1 mm)、SiO_2粉(≤0.044 mm)为主要原料,在以菱镁矿粉(≤0.074 mm)为主要造孔剂的基础上,分别添加石墨(≤0.149 mm)、炭黑(≤0.044 mm)、聚苯乙烯球(1 mm)、聚丙烯塑料颗粒(1 mm)和木屑(1~2 mm)作为造孔剂,以亚硫酸纸浆废液作为结合剂,在2 MPa压力下压制成型,在110℃保温24 h干燥后,在1 550℃保温3 h烧成,然后检测烧后试样的显气孔率、体积密度、烧后线变化率、常温耐压强度和常温抗折强度,并分析典型试样的物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:1)添加上述造孔剂后,烧后试样的显气孔率增大,体积密度、常温耐压强度和常温抗折强度均减小;试样烧成后均发生收缩,其中,添加石墨的试样的收缩率最小(0.26%),添加木屑的试样的收缩率最大(1.47%);综合比较,添加炭黑的试样的综合性能最优。2)烧后试样的主晶相为方镁石、镁橄榄石及少量的钙镁橄榄石。3)添加粒径较大(1 mm)的聚丙烯塑料颗粒的试样烧后产生了较大的气孔,并且气孔分布不均均;添加炭黑的试样在显气孔率增大的同时仍具有较高的强度。     

镁铝尖晶石原料组成对尖晶石隔热材料性能的影响

分别以Al2O3、MgO质量比为2.554、3.644和5.823的镁铝尖晶石粉71MA、78MA和85MA为主要原料,以聚合氯化铝和镁砂为凝胶体系,采用发泡法制备了尖晶石隔热材料,并研究了料浆性能及尖晶石隔热材料的性能和显微结构。结果表明:用上述3种粉制成的料浆71MA的黏度随时间的延长而增大,料浆78MA和85MA的黏度随时间的延长而减小;随着尖晶石原料中Al2O3含量的提高,1 700℃烧后试样的显气孔率逐渐增大,体积密度、常温耐压强度和常温抗折强度逐渐减小,烧后线收缩率逐渐减小,烧后试样中的气孔形状变得不完整,孔壁结构逐渐疏松;综合考虑料浆性能和烧后试样的性能,富铝适度(Al2O3质量分数76%~80%)的尖晶石原料较适宜采用本工艺来制备尖晶石隔热材料。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.