解析Poly6-I屈服准则对3104-H19铝合金拉深制耳预测的研究

目的 研究解析Poly6-I屈服准则预测具有高各向异性的3104-H19铝合金本构关系的能力,并将其应用于有限元仿真分析中,以实现对3104-H19铝合金拉深制耳的精确预测。方法 分析解析Poly6-I屈服准则的表达形式,减少计算参数所需的试验个数,并与经典的Yld2004-18p屈服准则进行对比,验证它对高各向异性力学性能预测的能力,将其嵌入到有限元软件中进行杯型件拉深制耳模拟,验证模型的精确性和有效性。结果 对于高各向异性材料,解析Poly6-I屈服准则所使用的试验个数可以减少到11,它预测的3104-H19铝合金屈服轨迹的各向异性系数曲线和单向拉伸曲线与Yld2004-18p屈服准则预测的结果基本相同,杯型件拉深有限元模拟结果与试验结果基本一致。结论 与Yld2004-18p屈服准则相比,考虑高各向异性特性的解析Poly6-I屈服准则所使用的试验数据更少,且无须使用优化软件求取参数,更为方便。解析Poly6-I屈服准则能精确地预测3104-H19铝合金材料在杯型件拉深试验中的制耳个数及杯型件杯壁的成形高度。     

5A06铝镁合金温热环境变形机理的研究

目的获得5A06铝镁合金的本构方程及各向异性指数。方法在一定温度范围和不同应变速率下进行单向拉伸试验,获得了5A06-O铝镁合金板材不同温度不同应变速率下的真实应力-真实应变曲线及不同方向的厚向异性指数等关键参数,并结合当前关于各向异性屈服准则的研究,通过分析与计算得到了适合于5A06铝镁合金温热成形的Barlat2000各向异性屈服准则。结果获得了温度范围为150～300℃的5A06铝镁合金的本构方程,以及温度范围为20～300℃的5A06铝镁合金的各向异性系数α_1—α_8随温度的变化曲线。结论获得的5A06铝镁合金的本构方程及各向异性指数较为符合实验结果,可用于该材料温热成形的有限元模拟。     

AZ31B镁合金挤压板材力学性能的各向异性

在AZ31B镁合金板材的板面内沿不同方向进行单向拉伸和压缩试验,研究挤压板材的力学性能。结果表明,变形AZ31B镁合金板材具有显著的各向异性和拉压非对称性。在板面内,沿挤压方向拉伸时的屈服应力明显地比沿同方向压缩和沿其他方向拉伸或压缩时的高(约2倍);沿45°斜向拉伸的屈服应力和抗拉强度较低,而延伸率最高;这种非对称性主要表现为屈服非对称和塑性流动非对称,即拉压的屈服应力不相等和拉压应力-应变曲线形状不同,压缩曲线表现出特殊的"S"型。基于晶体塑性理论,讨论了引起变形镁合金的各向异性和拉压非对称性力学性能的变形机理。     

钴基高温合金GH188板材的屈服行为研究

目的 研究钴基高温合金GH188板材在不同应力状态下的屈服行为,并确定适用的屈服准则,为工程应用提供科学指导。方法 通过开展不同方向的单向拉伸试验得到基本力学性能参数,以轧制方向为参考方向,利用其真实应力-应变曲线标定Ludwik本构模型参数;根据国际标准设计十字形试件,利用ABAQUS软件对其等双拉加载进行有限元仿真,然后基于设计的试样对GH188高温合金板料进行不同载荷比例下的双向拉伸试验,并获取屈服点;结合以上数据,采用Mises、Hill48、Barlat89和Yld2000-2d 4种屈服准则对屈服轨迹、r值和应力值进行预测。结果 等双拉过程中,十字形试件中心区应力分布均匀且无切应力,表明试样的设计是合理有效的;4种屈服准则对试验屈服轨迹的平均预测误差相差不大,为(2±0.5)%,但整体而言,Hill48-σ的预测误差最大,Hill48-r和Barlat89屈服准则呈现相似的预测能力,误差约为20%,Yld2000-2d屈服准则预测精度最高,综合误差仅有2.41%,远远小于其他3种屈服准则的预测误差。结论 钴基高温合金GH188板材具有明显的各向异性,Yld2000-2d屈服准则可以精确地描述该材料在复杂应力状态下的屈服行为。     

纯钼薄板温热条件下的各向异性及本构建模研究

目的研究交叉轧制纯钼薄板温热条件下的各向异性和本构关系。方法对纯钼薄板进行不同温度及方向下的拉伸实验,根据各向异性的特征并基于Hu2003屈服准则,以修正的Johnson-Cook模型对屈服准则的参数进行识别,建立考虑温度和应变的屈服准则。结果退火后的纯钼薄板具有一定的面内各向异性和显著的厚向异性,面内各向异性随温度升高而减弱,厚向异性对温度不敏感;加入温度变量的Hu2003屈服准则对不同温度下的屈服面描述较为准确,室温及100℃时屈服面减小速率较大,温度高于300℃时,屈服面减小速率减小并趋于稳定,屈服面形状并未发生明显扭曲变形;屈服面随应变增加未出现较为明显的扭曲强化现象。结论对钼板各向异性和本构关系的研究可用于指导钼板件冲压成形。     

单晶高温合金DD6拉伸性能各向异性

研究了[001],[011],[111]取向第二代单晶高温合金DD6的拉伸性能与断口组织。结果表明:DD6单晶高温合金存在拉伸各向异性,850℃以上[001]取向DD6单晶高温合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度分别高于[011],[111]取向合金的强度,[001],[011],[111]取向DD6单晶高温合金的拉伸断口具有类解理断裂与韧窝断裂的特征。     

TRIP钢冲压成形过程中马氏体相变特性研究及其仿真

结合材料四相特性及板料的各向异性,构建TRIP钢应力应变关系及屈服准则,基于Tomita and Iwanmoto（TI）理论模型,建立TRIP钢本构关系,实现其冲压成形过程仿真。实验结果表明四相硬化混合准则可以准确描述含有TRIP钢硬化特性。单向拉伸实验、平面拉伸实验结果同计算结果比较说明相变模型可以定量预测变形过程...     

取向电工钢的低温拉伸变形和断裂行为

测量了普通取向电工钢室温至300℃的拉仲性能并观察了拉伸断口形貌.对比分析和定量计算表明,随着拉伸温度的升高P原子在晶界偏聚的程度逐渐降低,使得断口形貌的沿晶特征减弱、解理特征增强.拉伸温度超过100℃以后沿晶断裂特征消失,基体的屈服强度逐渐低于解理强度,使得断口形貌解理特征减弱、韧窝特征增强,至190℃转变成完全的韧窝断口.在100℃-160℃范围内拉伸变形时位错滑移会拖曳柯垂尔气团随之迁移,造成了随温度升高延伸率下降,且屈服强度的降幅减缓.     

对双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材力学性能各向异性的分析

目的 制备双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板,以改善板材微观组织和弱化基面织构,研究微观组织对力学性能各向异性的影响规律,以提高镁合金板材的成形性能。方法 通过弯曲限宽矫直技术对0°、30°和60°轧向切样的板材进行热加工以预制拉伸孪晶,获得双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板材,通过EBSD获取板材的微观组织。对RD、45°和TD方向的原始板材进行室温单向拉伸实验,获得板材的工程应力-应变曲线及力学性能参数,并计算r值（塑性应变比）与n值（应变硬化指数）。结果 弯曲限宽矫直技术可诱发大量拉伸孪晶形成ED偏转织构,将偏转织构与基面织构共存的板材称为双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材。拉伸孪晶的出现显著细化了晶粒,弱化了基面织构强度,使板材的屈服强度下降,极大提升了材料塑性。其中30°轧向切样的板材ND面塑性力学性能各向异性的改善效果最好,其r值最小、n值最大。结论 双峰织构类型能够弱化AZ31镁合金板材基面的织构强度,提高材料塑性。拉伸孪晶含量越高,板材的强度与塑性越好,力学性能各向异性的改善效果也越显著。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金包覆叠轧薄板的加工工艺与组织性能研究

研究了包覆叠轧加工及热处理工艺对Ti-6Al-4V合金室温拉伸及疲劳性能的影响规律,观察分析了不同状态下组织形貌的特征及变化情况.结果表明,单向热轧工艺有利于提高合金薄板的延伸率,但对疲劳性能则会产生不利影响,而交叉换向热轧工艺则有利于板材获得较好的综合性能.     

An investigation of microstructure, hardness, tensile behaviour of a titanium alloy: Role of orientation

In this technical paper, the microstructure, hardness, tensile deformation and final fracture behaviour of an emerging titanium alloy for performancecritical applications are presented and discussed. Both longitudinal and transverse test specimens were prepared from the as-provided sheet stock of the alloy and deformed in uniaxial tension. The yield strength and tensile strength of the alloy sheet in the transverse orientation was higher than the longitudinal orientation. The ductility of the test specimens, quantified in terms of reduction-in-cross-sectional area, was higher for the transverse specimen when compared to the longitudinal counterpart. The elongation-to-failure of the test specimens was identical in the two orientations of the sheet stock. The tensile fracture behaviour of the alloy was quantified by careful examination of the fracture surfaces in a scanning electron microscope. The intrinsic fracture features on the tensile fracture surface were discussed taking into consideration the nature of loading and contribution from intrinsic microstructural features.     

Microstructure,tensile properties and fracture behaviour of an Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr alloy 8090

The addition of lithium to aluminium alloys has the potential for providing a class of high strength alloys with exceptional properties suitable for aerospace applications. One such candidate is 8090, a precipitation hardenable Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloy. Detailed optical microscopical observations were used to analyse the intrinsic microstructural features of the alloy. It is shown that microstructural characteristics have a pronounced influence on tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the alloy in the peak-aged, maximum strength condition. Tensile test results indicate that the alloy has property combinations comparable with other high strength commercial aluminium alloys. The elongation and reduction in area are higher in the transverse direction of the extruded plate. A change in fracture mode was observed with direction of testing. We rationalize such behaviour based on the grain structure of the material, and the nature, distribution and morphology of the second-phase particles. An attempt is made to discuss the kinetics of the fracture process in terms of several competing mechanistic effects involving intrinsic microstructural features, deformation characteristics of the matrix, brittleness of the grain boundary precipitates and grain boundary failure. The role of stress on particle fracture is highlighted.     

The equivalent plastic strain-dependent Yld2000-2d yield function and the experimental verification

An equivalent plastic strain-dependent anisotropic material model was developed for 5754O aluminum alloy sheet. In the developed model, the anisotropy coefficients for Barlat’s Yld2000-2d anisotropic yield function were established as a function of the equivalent plastic strain. The developed anisotropic material model was implemented into the commercial FEM code ABAQUS as a user material subroutine (UMAT) for simulations. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the developed material model, biaxial tensile tests were carried out using cruciform specimens and a biaxial loading testing machine. The results show that the developed material model predicts the experimental results better than the other three material models (Yld2000-2d, Mises and Hill48 yield functions). It is also found that the developed material model describes the uniaxial tensile test curves better than Yld2000-2d yield function. The deep drawing test for 5754O aluminum alloy sheet was carried out and was simulated with different material models. The comparison between the experimental and simulation results indicates that the developed material model predicts the earing profile better than other material models. It is concluded that the equivalent plastic strain-dependence of the material coefficients should be considered for the accurate prediction of the anisotropic deformation behavior of materials.     

不锈钢拉伸试验条件与断后伸长率测量值的关系

采用单向拉伸试验研究了不同拉伸速度、不同试样规格对不锈钢冷轧薄板断后伸长率测量值的影响。结果表明:不锈钢的断后伸长率测量值随拉伸速度的提高而下降、随试样横截面的增大而提高。说明拉伸试验条件对不锈钢薄板的断后伸长率测量值影响较大,只有在拉伸试验条件一致的情况下,断后伸长率测量值才能作为选材的依据之一。     

Microstructure, tensile deformation and fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy 7055

The microstructure, tensile deformation and fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy 7055 were studied. Detailed optical and electron microscopy observations were made to analyse the as-received microstructure of the alloy. Detailed transmission electron microscopy observations revealed the principal strengthening precipitates to be the hexagonal disc-shaped η′ phase of size 2 mm×20 mm and fully coherent with the aluminium alloy matrix, the presence of spheroidal dispersoids, equilibrium grain-boundary η precipitates and narrow precipitate-free zones adjacent to grain-boundary regions. It is shown that microstructural characteristics have a profound influence on tensile deformation and fracture behaviour. Tensile test results reveal the alloy to have uniform strength and ductility in the longitudinal and transverse orientations. Strength marginally decreased with an increase in test temperature but with a concomitant improvement in elongation and reduction in area. No change in macroscopic fracture mode was observed with sample orientation. Fracture, on a microscopic scale, was predominantly ductile comprising microvoid nucleation, growth and coalescence. The tensile deformation and fracture process are discussed in the light of the competing influences of intrinsic microstructural effects, matrix deformation characteristics, test temperature and grain-boundary failure. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of creep age forming time on microstructure and high cyclic fatigue of 7075 aluminum alloy

In this paper, the hardness, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation E₁₀₀, S−N curves, and fatigue performance of 7075 aluminum alloy were obtained after aged at 170 °C for different times (10 h, 15 h, and 20 h). Additionally, the microstructure and fatigue fracture of the alloy were observed. The investigation results show that as the forming time increased, the hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and yield strength decreased, the elongation first decreased, then increased, and the fatigue limit increased. As the forming time increased, the metastable phase gradually transformed into a steady phase and coarsened, the width of precipitate free zone increased, and the width of the fatigue strip decreased. After creep age forming for 20 h, the precipitate free zone was the widest, approximately 100 nm.     

样品取向对轧制钢板拉伸性能的影响

分别对不同厚度、不同取向(α=0°,45°,90°)的SPCC冷轧钢板、SPHC热轧钢板、SUS304冷轧不锈钢板和SUS304热轧不锈钢板进行了拉伸试验,研究了取向因素对轧制钢板拉伸性能的影响,并分别探讨了钢板厚度、轧制状态和钢板材料等因素引起的拉伸性能各向异性程度的差异。结果表明:样品取向对轧制钢板的拉伸性能有明显影响,轧制方向的抗拉强度和断后伸长率较高,而屈服强度的变化规律则较为复杂;钢板厚度、轧制状态、钢板材料等因素对轧制钢板拉伸性能的各向异性都有不同程度的影响。     

Experimentelle und numerische Ermittlung dynamischer Risswiderstandskurven im Kerbschlagbiegeversuch

Experimental and numerical determination of crack resistance curves in the notched‐bar impact test The assessment of the reliability of components requires the knowledge of crack resistance curves, which are often not available due to lack of specimen material. More likely is the availability of typical material parameters such as the yield strength, tensile strength, uniform elongation, elongation at rupture as well as upper shelf impact energy and the lateral elongation of notched‐bar impact test specimens. The material model of Gurson describes ductile crack growth due to the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids in the material. Although dependent on the material and temperature, the material parameters of the Gurson model are independent of the specimen geometry and rate of loading. This latter fact allows one to use the values of these parameters determined on statically‐loaded fracture mechanics specimens to model specimens with other geometries and subjected to different loading conditions, in particular to model impact loaded Charpy‐V specimens. A method is proposed to construct crack resistance curves based on available data of tension tests and on quasi‐static yield curves. Dynamic yield curves are determined using proven procedures as based on the analysis of the dislocation activation energy. The ductile damage parameters are then obtained via simulation of tests on notched tensile specimens and notched‐bar impact tests as well as the fitting to the upper shelf impact energy. In this way, the ductile damage parameters are determined, which in turn enable the determination of the required J‐resistance curves via simulation of ductile crack growth in fracture mechanics specimens. Thus, the application of the classical J‐integral concept gets possible. Furthermore, the independence of the identified material parameters from the geometry of the specimen then allows the use of the Gurson model to analyse the safety of structural components with cracks directly.     

2219铝合金TIG和FSW接头力学及疲劳性能

目的 研究钨极氩弧焊(TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对2219铝合金(母材)力学及疲劳性能的影响。方法 通过拉伸试验,得到了母材、TIG和FSW接头的抗拉强度和伸长率;通过疲劳性能试验测试了母材、TIG和FSW接头在不同应力下相应的疲劳寿命,根据疲劳试验结果绘制了其试样的S-N曲线;使用扫描电子显微镜观察并分析了疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 未焊接的铝合金母材抗拉强度和伸长率最高,分别为506 MPa和15.92%;TIG接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为330 MPa和7.65%,FSW接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为310 MPa和8.74%。母材、TIG和FSW接头等3种疲劳试样在2×10⁶次循环下的疲劳强度分别为129、108、115 MPa,其疲劳断口均可分为裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区和瞬间断裂区,疲劳裂纹分别起始于试样表面的局部变形区、第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷。疲劳裂纹扩展区的主要形貌为疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹,瞬间断裂区以脆性断裂为主。结论 TIG和FSW等2种焊接工艺均导致了2219铝合金的强度、塑韧性和疲劳性能降低,其接头表面的第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生。