双辊夹持板料旋压成形过程塑性变形行为的研究

双辊夹持式板料旋压成形是用来加工薄壁回转体法兰零件的新工艺。为了研究其旋压成形过程中的塑性变形行为,利用ABAQUS软件建立了双辊夹持旋压成形过程的三维有限元模型,并进行了薄壁回转体法兰零件的旋压成形过程的数值模拟,获得了成形过程中等效应力、应变及壁厚的分布。研究了翻边长度对成形件应力应变及壁厚减薄率的影响规律。结果表明等效应力、应变及最大壁厚减薄率均随着翻边长度的增大而增大,由此根据不同的毛坯材料可以确定相应的最大翻边长度。     

变厚度轮辐强力旋压成形过程的分析

利用ABAQUS/Explicit模拟了变厚度轮辐双道次强力旋压过程,给出了建模和分析结果.轮辐旋压成形伴随板坯的剧烈减薄,收口区域较难成形,减薄率达50%,在计算中,轮辐有限元网格畸变严重,为此运用ALE技术改善网格质量,提高了计算精度.对模拟的旋压轮辐厚度与实验测量值进行了对比,二者吻合较好,验证了计算模型和结果的可靠性.通过ABAQUS/Standard计算了轮辐旋压成形后的回弹变形量和残余应力,分析成形后轮辐等效应变分布及回弹特征,研究发现,回弹变形量与旋压成形时壁厚变化量成正比.     

皮带轮圆筒形凸台多道次拉深成形工艺研究

目的研究皮带轮圆筒形凸台多道次拉深成形工艺过程。方法根据拉深系数计算拉深道次,并采用有限元模拟软件模拟分析多道次拉深成形过程。结果根据计算,需采用八道次拉深成形筒形凸台,成形过程中最大等效应力、应变分布在凸模、凹模圆角位置处及筒壁外表。随着道次增多,坯料内累积的等效应力应变值增大。结论八道次拉深成形后,坯料内累积的应力应变值较大,筒形凸台尺寸符合要求,成形质量较好,根据模拟结果成功进行了生产试制。     

非回转对称拉深法兰曲边变形特性的实验研究

为了进一步认识和掌握薄板非回转对称成形性,向大型复杂覆盖件成形工艺及模具设计提供参考,采用试验和有限元模拟相结合的研究方法,进一步深入分析了矩形盒拉深中法兰曲边的变形特性.研究表明,在本试验条件下,法兰曲边对角线上的等效应变随矩形盒转角半径减小而减小,但变形向凹模口附近集中,不利于提高矩形盒成形性.另外,由试验、数值模拟及公式计算共同证实的法兰各特征区域的板厚变形分布状态,对于法兰应力应变分析以及分块变压料力控制拉深试验研究具有一定参考价值.     

锥状凸模与柱形凸模圆孔翻边的比较分析

通过对锥状凸模与柱状凸模圆孔翻边应力应变分布的对比分析,阐明了采用锥状凸模进行圆孔翻边,可降低制件开裂处的周向应力,提高材料的极限变形程度和减少壁厚变簿.     

超高强钢 QP980 液压成形 B 柱仿真及试验研究

目的研究超高强钢QP980液压成形汽车B柱的可成形性。方法基于Autoform有限元模拟软件,仿真对比了宝钢第三代超高强钢QP980及当前广泛应用的DP980超高强钢液压成形B柱的可成形性,通过试验试制了QP980液压成形B柱,并与仿真结果进行对比。结果在相同工艺条件下,QP980具有较高安全裕度,DP980具有开裂风险,采用2种材料模拟壁厚减薄率及回弹趋势一致,DP980壁厚减薄率大于QP980,QP980回弹大于DP980;QP980液压成形B柱模拟及试验对比显示,壁厚减薄率和回弹变化趋势一致,试验壁厚减薄率大于模拟,样件实际回弹小于模拟,QP980液压成形B柱实测最大壁厚减薄率7.6%,一端施加约束,另一端回弹约6 mm。结论超高强钢QP980液压成形B柱成形性良好,满足零件性能要求。     

高强钢控制臂件冲压工艺优化及稳健性分析

为获得高强钢控制臂件冲压工艺参数最优解,提高冲压工艺稳健性,基于6sigma稳健设计理论,采用数值模拟方法分析预成形模具间隙、局部翻边模间隙、预成形压边力、摩擦系数、板料轮廓尺寸等对拐角处材料减薄率的影响规律;将坯料位置、料片厚度、摩擦系数、塑性应变比、屈服强度、抗拉强度、板料尺寸等作为噪声变量输入,分析工艺的稳健性;根据敏感性分析结果,选用局部翻边模间隙、预成形模具间隙为变量,3σ水平设为目标,成形过程能力Cp值为1.0,进行优化计算;最后采用优化后的局部翻边模间隙、预成形模具间隙值,其他噪音变量不变,再次进行稳健性分析.研究发现,影响控制臂局部过度减薄甚至开裂的主要因素为预成形模具间隙及局部翻边模具间隙.根据模拟结果试模,零件的壁厚分布与模拟结果相比,最大误差小于6%.通过对关键参数的敏感性分析以及考虑噪声因素的稳健性分析,优化工艺参数后,成形质量水平提高,成形结果可靠.     

台阶盒形件起皱和开裂改善

目的 改善台阶盒形件拉深成形时凸缘区起皱和圆角区开裂的缺陷。方法 理论分析了起皱和开裂产生的原因,利用有限元模拟分析了压边力大小、凹模运行方式和板料形状对台阶盒形件拉深成形的影响,采用实验验证了有限元模拟结果的准确性。结果 长方形板料拉深成形时,4个角部相比直边部位流动阻力更大,直边部位材料过度向模具型腔内流动,造成凸缘区周向压应力过大,进而引起起皱,当零件拉深深度较大时,圆角部位材料变形剧烈且材料流动不均匀,极易产生开裂;采用20 kN的压边力、梯形的凹模向下运行方式和类椭圆形板料的工艺参数可以控制材料流动,使板料变形均匀并改善凸缘区起皱和圆角区开裂缺陷。结论 有限元模拟可为冲裁工艺参数的选取提供理论指导。     

翻边系数及材料参数对空调面板成形的影响

用DYNAFORM软件对空调面板零件的成形过程进行了有限元模拟.研究分析了圆孔翻边系数和材料参数对翻边成形的最大应变值和厚度减薄率的影响规律,建立了翻边系数与材料参数的关系.研究结果对翻边成形的选材具有重要的意义.     

双筒形皮带轮多道次拉深成形工艺

目的 研究双筒型带轮多道次拉深成形过程。方法 根据冲压手册计算拉深道次与凸、凹模尺寸,并采用有限元模拟软件DEFORM,模拟分析多道次拉深成形过程。根据理论计算得出需要8道次拉深成形双筒形带轮。结果 随着成形道次的增加,内筒及外筒圆角处累积的应力应变值最大减薄最严重,从外筒至内筒壁厚持续减小,其中内筒底部圆角为厚度最小处。结论 通过8道次拉深的方法成形出所需的零件,零件壁厚达到所需要求,并成功试验出成形质量较好的样件。     

汽车立柱加强板成形分析

目的轻量化是汽车零部件设计的发展方向,汽车立柱因需要在碰撞中承受外力而变形,并为其他零件提供足够强度和刚度的安装点,一般都使用高强钢材料制造,以达到轻量化的要求。方法对采用DP590高强钢制造的典型结构汽车B柱加强板进行了工艺分析,以提出高强钢立柱加强板零件的设计及成形工艺优化方案。通过AutoForm软件的板料仿真技术,对采用590DP高强钢的典型汽车B柱加强板的冲压工艺进行了数值模拟分析。结果成功预测了板料成形过程中可能存在的起皱、开裂等问题。结论分析结果为汽车立柱加强板冲压工艺提出了改进方案,实现了模具的设计及优化。     

Formability prediction of high-strength steel sheet using experimental,analytical and theoretical analysis based on strain and stress forming limit curves and its application to automotive forming parts

In this work, the high-strength steel (HSS) sheet dual-phase 440 (DP440) were conducted to establish the forming limit curve (FLC) and analytical forming limit stress curve (FLSC) obtained from experimental forming limit curve. First, the Nakajima stretch forming examination was carried out to obtain forming limit curve of investigated sheet. Afterwards, the theoretical Marciniak–Kuczinsky (M–K) model was developed and calculated to evaluate localized necking limits both in strain and stress spaces combination with anisotropic yield criteria. Then, the analytical forming limit stress curves were plastically calculated by using experimental forming limit curve data combination with Swift hardening model and anisotropic yield criteria namely, Hill’48 and Yld2000-2d for representing anisotropic plastic deformation behavior on examined steel sheet. Finally, automotive stamping parts were performed in order to verify an applicability of all developed curves. It was observed that the analytical forming limit stress curves could more precisely predict the formability of automotive parts better than the forming limit curve based on strain. Particularly, the one based on Yld2000-2d predict better than the one based on Hill’48. Simultaneously, the experimental forming limit curve and analytical forming limit stress curve were also evaluated comparing with the theoretical calculated forming limit curve and forming limit stress curve using the Marciniak–Kuczinsky model. It should be noted again that the experimental forming limit curve and analytical forming limit stress curve are the best one. Therefore, the Yld2000-2d yield function better represented the anisotropic behavior of the high-strength steel sheet dual-phase 440 than Hill′ 48 yield function, and can suitable be used for the analysis prediction and design of bumper automotive parts under forming processes.     

汽车加油管翻边开裂原因分析

采用化学成分分析、金相检验以及扫描电镜分析等方法分析了St12铜高频焊管在制作加油管翻边过程中开裂的原因。结果表明:在St12钢冷轧板化学成分和焊缝质量均符合标准要求的条件下,裂纹主要位于距离焊缝2～3 mm的刮除毛刺区域,裂口为在翻边应变作用下因厚度方向明显减薄而开裂;开裂的主要原因是变形量过大,超过了St12钢冷轧板的变形极限。选择两种力学性能的St12钢冷轧板,通过Dynaform软件系统对加油管翻边过程进行数值仿真分析,结果显示对于变形量较大的加油管,应选择塑性应变比r值更高的深冲冷轧钢板。     

Influence of material properties and stamping conditions on the stiffness and static dent resistance of automotive panels

The use of thinner sheets and the introduction of new materials has meant that the stiffness and dent resistance of exterior panels has become more focused in the automotive industry during the last years. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of material choice and the effect of varying stamping process conditions on the stiffness and static dent resistance of automotive panels. The experiments were performed on a double-curved panel. Four different materials were included in the study: an aluminium grade, a mild steel, a high-strength steel and a stainless steel. For each material, two different stamping-process conditions were adopted to obtain different strain, stress and thinning distributions in the panels. The same stamping process conditions were applied to all four materials. It can be concluded that the material grade significantly influences the static dent properties. The high-strength steel showed considerably better dent resistance than the other materials. The aluminium panels had slightly better dent resistance than the mild steel panels, although having much lower stiffness. The stainless steel grade had the lowest dent resistance, despite its high yield stress. An effect of the stamping process conditions was also found. Increased blankholding, with consequent increased strain levels in the panels, was generally beneficial to the static dent resistance. The experiments show very little scatter, indicating that the testing methodology developed worked satisfactorily.     

某汽车燃料箱隔热板翻边成形工艺设计及研究

目的为了成形高质量、少缺陷的汽车燃油箱隔热板。方法采用整体翻边-局部反拉深的工艺方法,以隔热板曲面凸台圆角处的最大减薄率为试验指标,采取正交试验及极差分析确定最优成形工艺参数,并利用有限元数值软件对其成形过程进行模拟。结果各因素对曲面凸台圆角减薄的影响主次顺序为:凸模下压速度、摩擦因数、凸模与顶出块夹紧力,最优成形工艺参数组合为:下压速度为10 mm/s、摩擦因数为0.12、夹紧力为40 kN。由等效应变结果分析得出,随着变形量的增加,左侧翻边曲面等效应变分布大于右侧,两侧翻边曲面交接处也积累了较大应变。实际成形件的最大减薄率为凸台位置的17.1%,满足生产要求。结论在最优工艺参数下生产出合格隔热件,实际成形件的减薄情况与模拟结果基本一致,验证了模具设计和模拟的准确性,这对于成形结构复杂的异形构件具有一定的指导意义。     

双相钢冲压成形应变路径影响规律研究

设计特征盒形件,使其包含双拉、拉-压、平面应变以及双线性应变路径,反映了覆盖件成形中常见的应变路径状态。通过正交试验方法,分析了工艺参数（压边力、摩擦系数、板厚）对其成形过程中特征区域应变路径影响的显著性,并得出了显著因素对应变路径的影响趋势。初步取得了控制DP600高强钢成形过程中特征区域应变路径的方法,为控制DP高强钢成形质量提供了有力的指导。     

高强度汽车钢板冲压成形的主要问题及模具对策

目的研究汽车行业高强度钢板冲压成形时,开裂等缺陷的解决方法。方法通过分析高强度钢板在冲压成形过程中存在的主要问题的根源,应用板料成形CAE分析软件Dynaform对其成形工艺进行了分析与优化。结果确定了优化后的工艺参数和模具结构,结合模具调试实际,提出了高强度钢板冲压成形问题的模具设计和调试解决对策。结论通过CAE分析优化设计,以及模具调试的钳工精细化和TD处理,可以改善开裂、回弹等高强度钢板普遍存在的冲压成形缺陷。     

An evaluation of the resistance of pipeline steels to initiation and early growth of stress corrosion cracks

Safety and reliability are basic requirements on the operation of systems of high-pressure pipelines. One of the dangerous mechanisms endangering the safe operation is stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this work, SCC initiation in two types of pipeline steels––a carbon pipeline steel and an X60 high-strength thermo-mechanically treated steel––in carbonate solution was studied. An influence of surface microstructure, different stress/strain conditions and temperature was evaluated. The X60 steel was more sensitive to the SCC process in comparison with the carbon steel. Surface local microscopical inhomogeneities were the predominant initiation sites of microcracks.     

高强不锈钢绞线网增强工程水泥基复合材料受拉应力-应变关系

为了研究高强不锈钢绞线网增强工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composites,EEC)的受拉性能,考虑高强不锈钢绞线配筋率、ECC抗拉强度、高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC试件宽度3个影响因素,对设计的27个高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC试件进行了单轴拉伸试验。试验结果表明,高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC受拉试件的开裂应力和极限应力随着钢绞线配筋率、ECC抗拉强度的增大而增大;增大试件宽度对试件的开裂应力和极限应力几乎无影响。基于试验结果,提出并建立了高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC受拉本构模型,推导了开裂应力和极限应力计算公式。经验证,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,说明所建立的受拉本构模型可准确描述高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC的受拉应力-应变关系。      

Hydrogen-assisted stress cracking of high-strength wheel bolts

Early failures occurred with two sizes of wheel bolts used for attaching front wheels and dual rear wheels to heavy truck hubs. Failure resulted in fracture of the bolts, and was a response to the material and process specification which produced a steel microstructure highly susceptible to hydrogen-assisted stress cracking. The microstructure resulted from an alloy steel that was carburized, heat treated, and then zinc plated. This combination of material and processing produced a high-strength SAE Grade 8 bolt (equivalent to an ISO 10.9 grade) with a hard, brittle case and an anodic zinc coating. A slight misalignment of the wheel bolt coupled with a ball seat mounting design for the wheel nuts created a combined axial and bending stress that exceeded the threshold for hydrogen-assisted stress cracking.