空间多位置摆动激光填丝焊接熔池动态行为及焊缝成形

以316L奥氏体不锈钢管道为研究对象,在摆动激光焊接研究基础上,对管道多位置激光填丝焊接熔滴过渡和焊缝成形展开研究,分析焊接熔池动态特征,优化各位置区间工艺参数,进而实现管道全位置激光焊接.结果表明,摆动激光束周期性的作用于填充焊丝,产生的反冲压力能够促进熔滴过渡,使得焊丝始终以"液桥"形式向熔池过渡;同时摆动激光增强了熔融金属侧向流趋势,提高熔池界面表面张力,削弱空间多位置下重力对熔池形貌的影响,保证各空间位置熔池均能稳定存在,焊缝成形连续均匀.     

Simulation of vapour keyhole and weld pool dynamics during laser beam welding

To help get a deeper insight into highly-complex characteristics of laser beam welding, a mathematical model, closely mapping all prominent phenomena, is useful. Some phenomena such as surface tension induced forces, recoil back pressure, multiple reflections of laser rays and angle dependent energy absorption of hot surfaces are all crucial. Encompassing all those presences, a simulation model has thereby been developed. A laser power transmission model built in conformity with the ray tracing scheme is proposed along with a consistently-adaptive system of time stepping and meshing. The simulation results demonstrate a tailing, deepening weld pool wrapping around an unsettled vapour keyhole forming and collapsing in a fickle manner. Besides, the development pattern of the total laser power literally conveyed to the workpiece seems well matching with the prevalent understanding on broad deep-penetration welding processes. Experimental verification comes in the end. The simulated weld pool shape at its presumably-mature state is compared with that from the laboratory. A continuous-wave multimode Ytterbium-doped fibre laser was employed in the experiment to weld a plain 6-mm-thick stainless steel plate. Apart from the computed weld pool depth appearing somewhat deeper than it is supposed to be, the calculated weld pool width and length are in good agreement with the measured ones.     

激光+GMAW复合热源焊流体流动数值分析模型

基于FLUENT软件,建立了适用、高效的激光+GMAW复合焊流体流动数值分析模型. 将电弧热输入视为双椭球热源模型,采用基于小孔尺寸的锥体热源模型描述激光热流分布;将金属填充过程视为液态金属从熔池上部边界以一定速度流入熔池过程,并通过对液态金属流速施加时间脉冲函数,模拟熔滴的过渡频率;模型简化了小孔的计算过程,主要考虑熔池中存在的弯曲小孔对流体的影响. 利用FLUENT软件,对激光+GMAW复合热源焊熔池流体流动及小孔形态进行了模拟计算和分析. 结果表明,模型能够合理反映小孔及复合焊流体流动模式的主要特征,且提高了计算效率.     

Absorption and transport of hydrogen during gas metal arc welding of low alloy steel

Abstract

Although hydrogen induced cracking remains a major problem in the welding of steels, the present methods of managing hydrogen in the weldment are mostly empirical in nature. In recent years, numerical modelling of heat transfer and fluid flow has provided detailed insight into the physical processes in welding. However, very little effort has been made in the past to use these transport phenomena based calculations to understand the dissolution of hydrogen in the weld metal and its subsequent transport in the liquid and solid regions. The aim of the present work was to address this important need. Heat transfer, fluid flow, and hydrogen transport calculations in transient, three-dimensional form are used to predict the spatial distribution of hydrogen concentration in the weld metal during gas metal arc welding of mild steels for different welding conditions. The enhanced hydrogen solubility in the weld metal above that predicted by Sieverts law was determined from a model for the partitioning of hydrogen between the weldment and its plasma environment. The model considers the presence of a superequilibrium concentration of atomic hydrogen which is significantly higher than that produced by thermal dissociation. The results indicate that for a meaningful prediction of the hydrogen concentration in the weld metal, hydrogen absorption at the weld pool surface, transport of hydrogen within the weld pool, and the diffusion of hydrogen away from the solidified weld metal should be considered simultaneously. The agreement between the experimental and predicted results indicates significant promise for predicting weld metal hydrogen concentration in fusion welds from fundamentals of transport phenomena.     

电子束环焊2 mm高纯铌熔池行为的数值模拟

基于VOF 算法建立了2 mm 厚的高纯铌电子束环焊过程的三维数学模型,在模型中考虑了金属蒸气反冲压力、表面张力、重力等关键熔池驱动力,计算出了环形熔池的温度场和流场对熔池中关键位置进行分析,并总结了纯铌环焊熔池的特点.模拟结果表明,在纯铌环形结构未熔透时,由于母材对熔池的支撑作用,匙孔波动情况与平焊类似;在环形结构焊...     

电子束焊熔池温度场及小孔演变的数值模拟

针对2024铝合金电子束定点焊物理输运特点,在质量守恒、动量守恒、能量守恒以及VOF方程的基础上,建立了电子束深熔焊三维数学模型,系统描述了加热阶段以及冷却回填阶段点焊熔池的温度场以及小孔的演变过程,并通过焊缝形貌对比对计算结果进行了试验验证.结果表明,蒸汽反冲压力是小孔形成和加深的主要驱动力;在小孔出现以后,加热阶段的熔池最高温度区间位于瞬态小孔的底部,而当熔池冷却时冷却速度由上至下逐渐增加,并导致了焊缝微观组织的晶粒细化.     

电子束点焊熔池的液态金属冲刷效应作用规律

为了更深入地探究电子束焊接过程中的机理问题,基于对电子束点焊熔池中液态金属冲刷效应的理论分析,利用边界层理论对该效应进行数学建模.使用有限体积法数值软件Fluent,对20 mm厚的2219铝合金电子束点焊熔池的温度场和流场进行三维瞬态数值模拟,研究了液态金属冲刷效应对熔池的作用规律.模拟结果表明,液态金属冲刷效应会对熔池温度场、匙孔稳定性、熔池流场和固液界面形状与位置四个方面产生影响.模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了数学模型的合理性.     

电子束扫描横焊薄铌板的熔池动力学行为

在电子束焊接过程中,金属液体蒸发的反冲压力、表面张力、重力等驱动力共同作用于熔池,对焊缝成形有显著影响. 在扫描横焊的情况下,电子束作用范围的扫描摆动和重力方向的旋转使熔池的动力学行为变得更复杂. 采用试验和数值计算方法对电子束扫描横焊薄铌板的熔池形态和凝固后熔合区形貌进行研究,数值模拟得到的熔池形态和熔合区形状与试验结果吻合. 熔池流场分析结果表明,半熔透熔池的驱动力主要为液态金属蒸发引发的反冲压力;全熔透熔池的上表面Marangoni流动占主导,表面张力与反冲压力共同作为熔池流动的驱动力;重力与焊接扫描共同作用使得熔池两侧的质量分布和流场分布不对称,造成了焊缝两侧熔合线的不对称.     

2219铝合金电子束焊接匙孔演变过程的数值模拟

文中主要借助Fluent软件,基于有限体积离散方法建立了2219铝合金电子束点焊熔池传热、流动和匙孔演变的二维耦合数学模型.在模型中,考虑了表面张力、Marangoni剪切力、流体静压力、金属蒸气反冲压力的作用,并采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法跟踪了匙孔的形成与演变过程.结果表明,反冲压力钻取和涡旋输运的综合作用是匙孔加深的根本原因;沿深度方向热源功率密度的降低会导致前者钻取速度的减小.铝合金的点焊工艺试验表明,数值计算结果与实际吻合较好.     

A study on keyhole evolution and weld ripple formation in dissimilar welding under pulsed laser

A three-transient multiphase model is developed to study the dissimilar metal welding of pure niobium plate to titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V sheet under pulsed laser. The physical process of dissimilar metal welding involves melting, resolidification, mass transfer, self-consistent keyhole, and weld bead formation. The major physical factors, such as recoil pressure induced by vapourisation, surface tension, heat transfer, fluid flow, Marangoni shear stress, buoyancy force, and their coupling are considered. The results show that the keyhole mainly occurs on the Ti–6Al–4V side due to the differences in physical properties of the materials. The effects of pulse overlapping factor on the weld bead are studied. It is found that the pulsed laser has a significant influence on the weld bead formation. The mixing of materials mostly occurred in the upper part of the molten pool. The simulated weld bead profile and the phase distribution agree well with the experimental results.     

电子束横焊3mm纯铌板的熔池形态研究

高能加速器纯铌超导腔内导体,要求加工后的外表面光滑平整,以保证其特殊性能的要求。在电子束平焊全熔透情况下,超导腔焊缝正面在反冲压力作用下易发生未焊满及塌陷等缺陷。本文采用合适的电子束横焊工艺参数,得到了符合工艺要求的正面余高焊缝。并且建立了3mm厚的高纯铌板横焊过程的二维模型,针对不同的焊接参数分别设计了不同尺寸和形状的熔池,结合VOF算法,模拟焊接熔池里液态金属自由表面存在状态,得到了不同焊接参数下熔池的演变过程。实验结果显示,焊接熔宽随焊接线能量的升高而增大,数值模拟与实验结果较吻合。     

Numerical analysis of thermal fluid transportation during electron beam welding of 2219 aluminum alloy plate and experimental validation

A three-dimensional mathematical model using volume-of-fluid method is developed to investigate the heat transfer,fluid flow and keyhole dynamics during electron beam welding of 2219 aluminum alloy plate.In the model,an adaptive heat source is employed to simulate the heating process of electron beam.Fluid flow is mainly driven by surface tension,thermo-capillary force,recoil pressure,hydrostatic pressure and thermal buoyancy.The thermal-fluid transport behaviors of welding pool during the drilling and backfilling stages of keyhole and the formation reason of the nail-shaped weld with an arc crater are systematically analyzed.Finally,all calculation results are validated by experiments and show good agreements.     

非磁性合金激光焊旋转磁场搅拌机理

详细地研究了激光焊非磁性材料时,熔池液态金属的电磁搅拌机理;探讨了旋转磁场对激光焊接Al-12Si合金显微组织的影响.结果表明,尽管激光束既无磁性又非导体,Al-12Si合金为非磁性材料,但旋转磁场能改变液态Al-12Si合金的运动状态,产生磁搅拌作用,细化晶粒、消除焊接缺陷.对于激光焊,旋转磁场切割焊接熔池中的液态金属,液态金属中产生感生电流,带电的液态金属受到电磁力的作用使熔池中液态金属产生旋转运动.磁场的旋转速率越高,液态金属受到的电磁搅拌作用力越强.     

激光-电弧复合焊接咬边缺陷分析及抑制方法

为了提高激光-电弧复合焊接的可靠性,对复合焊接咬边缺陷成形机理及抑制方法进行了研究.结果表明,激光能够提高复合焊接的临界咬边速度,最高可达电弧焊接的5倍.在激光-电弧相互作用下,复合焊接存在两种抑制咬边的机理.一种是改变焊趾处固、液、气三相的表面张力状况,形成指向熔池外部的合力.另一种是通过提高熔池内温度梯度和热输入来增加熔池内由内向外的流动速度和时间,使熔化金属能够流向并填充焊趾,这种抑制机理作用更为显著.试验确定了复合焊接临界咬边速度的经验公式和电弧电压的合理调节范围.     

Numerical simulation of asymmetric fillet weld pool based on temperature field and flow field coupling

The temperature field and flow field were analyzed to solve the problems of unstable penetration and poor forming quality,which always happen in asymmetric fillet welding. In order to explore the effect of the welding parameters on welding and improve the quality of forming,a three-dimensional mathematical model of asymmetric fillet welding was established by using the finite element software COMSOL and the coupling equation. The model was considered about the surface tension gradient,the electromagnetic force,gravity and the effect of temperature,radiation and convection heat on physical properties of the material. The flow field and the growth pattern of the weld pool were analyzed,and the weld pool geometry under different welding currents was compared. The results show that,the thin metal was preferentially penetrated,and with the welding process the weld width expanded until the weld beam was fullpenetration. The heat affected zone was got from weld experiments,its shape and size agreed well with the simulation results,which verifies the validity of the theoretical analysis.     

激光-等离子弧复合焊接熔池流动和传热的数值分析

建立了激光-等离子弧复合焊接过程中液相区、糊状区和固相区的统一模型,在模型中同时考虑了表面张力、热浮力和电磁力的作用,通过数值计算得到了熔池的速度场和温度场,重点研究了电磁力对熔池流动和传热的影响.结果表明,在熔池形成的初始阶段,表面张力对熔池中的对流和传热起主要作用,而电磁力的作用受到抑制,随着熔深增加,电磁力作用增强并引起涡旋,导致熔深和下表面熔宽增加.针对1420铝锂合金的复合焊工艺试验表明计算结果与实际相符合.     

激光-等离子弧复合焊接熔池流动和传热的数值分析

建立了激光一等离子弧复合焊接过程中液相区、糊状区和固相区的统一模型，在模型中同时考虑了表面张力、热浮力和电磁力的作用，通过数值计算得到了熔池的速度场和温度场，重点研究了电磁力对熔池流动和传热的影响。结果表明，在熔池形成的初始阶段，表面张力对熔池中的对流和传热起主要作用，而电磁力的作用受到抑制，随着熔深增加，电磁力作用增强并引起涡旋，导致熔深和下表面熔宽增加。针对1420铝锂合金的复合焊工艺试验表明计算结果与实际相符合。     

轻金属材料激光+GMAW复合热源焊接机理的研究进展

激光+GMAW复合热源焊接是近几年在国际上得到迅速发展和应用的焊接前沿新技术,是轻金属材料优质高效连接的最佳熔焊工艺.但对其内在的物理特征及其基础理论和关键技术问题还缺乏深入的研究.文中分析了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接在国内外的研究现状,并在此基础上根据作者已进行的研究,提出了当前应当重点深入研究的几个关键科学和技术问题,如激光与电弧的能量耦合机制、激光对弧焊熔滴过渡的作用机制、复合热源焊接熔池内的传热与传质、复合热源焊接冶金、焊接接头的应力-应变场与变形控制规律等.最后指出数值模拟是轻金属材料复合热源焊接基础研究的重要手段.     

Numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in GTA/Laser hybrid welding

Abstract

In order to understand the temperature fields, cooling rates and mixing in the weld pool, a comprehensive, three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow model is developed and tested by comparing model predictions with two sets of experimental data. The first set of data was taken from the literature. The experiments varied the separation distance between the heat sources for three arc current levels at a constant laser power. The second set of experiments analysed the effect of varying laser power for a constant heat source separation distance. The results demonstrate that the distance between the two heat sources significantly affects the cooling rates. The calculated results showed that the hybrid weld pool was very well mixed with strong convection currents resulting from the interaction between the electromagnetic and Marangoni forces. The calculated and experimental results showed that hybrid welding increases the weld pool width and gap bridgability when compared with laser welding. The weld pool depth in hybrid welding was affected mainly by the characteristics of the laser beam. Hybrid weld pool penetration depth is maximised at an optimal distance between the arc electrode and laser beam. The cooling rate increases significantly when the heat sources are separated beyond a critical distance. At close separation between arc and laser, calculations show that the arc radius must be decreased to achieve the observed weld depths.     

基于示踪粒子的摆动TIG填丝焊熔池行为数值分析

为了使TIG焊熔池液态金属分布更加均匀,在普通TIG填丝焊的基础上,研究焊枪摆动对熔池行为的影响.建立了焊枪摆动的TIG填丝焊的数学模型,并利用示踪粒子的方法,对比普通TIG填丝焊和摆动TIG填丝焊的熔池温度场、流场及熔滴质量分布.结果表明,普通TIG填丝焊与摆动TIG填丝焊熔池轮廓基本一样,但摆动TIG焊通过摆动电弧,导致熔池内流场行为发生了改变,进而影响了温度场的分布,使熔池内温度分布更加均匀;示踪粒子分布表明,在TIG填丝焊中,摆动TIG填丝焊能够使熔滴金属更加均匀的分布在熔池中.