含乙烯基的聚碳硅烷的合成

利用聚碳硅烷与甲基乙烯基硅氮烷共混热聚反应 ,制得了含乙烯基的聚碳硅烷。分析了甲基乙烯基硅氮烷的结构 ,讨论了两者共热聚的反应过程 ,研究了制备条件对产物性能的影响。通过熔融纺丝制得了含不同乙烯基的适于电子束辐照的聚碳硅烷纤维。     

不同分子量的陶瓷前驱体聚硅氮烷的结构与性能的研究

以甲基氢二氯硅烷、甲基乙烯基二氯硅烷为原料,采用氨解反应以及热聚合反应合成了一系列乙烯基氢基甲基聚硅氮烷(PSZ135-170),其数均分子量(Mn)在2.9×103~1.9×105之间,单位浓度聚合物的粘度(ηred)在0.06~0.49mL/g之间。通过FTIR和1H NMR对聚硅氮烷结构进行了表征,该系列聚硅氮烷具有无定型结构,可溶解于正己烷、甲苯、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等常用有机溶剂中,通过TGA分析了该系列聚硅氮烷的热性能,发现随着聚硅氮烷分子量的增加,在N2中25~700℃热解后剩余物的百分含量逐渐升高,最高可达72.58%。     

不同组成的陶瓷前驱体聚硅氮烷的结构与性能的研究

以不同比例的甲基氢二氯硅烷(0,20%,50%,80%和100%(摩尔分数))和甲基乙烯基二氯硅烷为原料,采用氨解反应以及热聚合反应合成了一系列不同组成的乙烯基氢基甲基聚硅氮烷(PVHMS),其重均分子量在8.61×104~4.0×105之间。通过FT-IR和1 H NMR对该系列聚硅氮烷的结构进行了表征,发现它们属于无定型结构;0%(摩尔分数)PVHMS为线型结构,呈粘流态,可溶解于常用有机溶剂中,在N2中1 000℃热解后剩余物百分含量为61.80%;20%(摩尔分数)PVHMS具有交联的支化结构,加热变硬,不溶于常用有机溶剂,热解后剩余物百分含量为57.41%;50%(摩尔分数)PVHMS为含有少量环状结构的线型聚合物,加热到91℃变软,可溶解于常用有机溶剂中,热解后剩余物百分含量为71.00%;80%(摩尔分数)PVHMS为含有少量环状结构的线型聚合物,加热到140℃左右变软,可溶解于常用有机溶剂中,热解后剩余物百分含量为80.81%;100%(摩尔分数)PVHMS具有流苏型支化结构,可溶于热的极性有机溶剂中,加热至300℃无明显的热塑性和热固性变化,热解后剩余物百分含量为85.30%。作为陶瓷前驱体该系列聚硅氮烷既具有易加工的性能,在陶瓷化过程中又具有较高的陶瓷化收率。     

SiAlCN前驱体低温陶瓷化过程研究

采用异丙醇铝改性氨解制备的聚甲基乙烯基硅氮烷来制备聚铝硅氮烷,研究其在200～800℃下的陶瓷化过程中所发生的结构变化.采用红外光谱(IR)、气相色谱(GC)和耦合热重/差热分析(TG/DTA)对陶瓷化过程的键变化、挥发物、热失重和差热分析进行表征.结果表明:200℃之前有吸热峰是溶剂和低聚物挥发所致,此时只有1％的质量损失;质量损失主要发生在200～600℃之间,可达28％,进一步交联成键,大量CH4,H2和NH3放出;600℃到800℃只有3％的失重,陶瓷化过程基本结束.通过IR,GC和DTA推测出陶瓷化过程可能发生的变化,XRD结果表明800℃裂解产物是非晶态物质.     

有机改性硅溶胶及疏水膜的制备

以硅酸钠为原料,经水解制得了硅酸低聚体(PS),再以六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)与PS反应引入硅三甲基,制得了有机改性硅溶胶(PSH),并采用浸提法在玻璃上涂胶制备了疏水膜.本文采用FT-IR、1H-NMR和TG-DTA对硅溶胶进行了分析表征.研究结果表明:聚硅酸中羟基被硅三甲基取代,制得的PSH热稳定性较好,涂膜玻璃具有疏水性且疏水性随着HMDS投料量的增加而增强.     

超临界干燥制备PSNB气凝胶及其超疏水性能研究

以聚硼硅氮烷为原料,二乙烯苯为交联剂,通过硅氢加成反应结合超临界干燥工艺制备聚硼硅氮烷气凝胶。利用红外光谱、扫描电镜、比表面积与孔径分析仪对所制备气凝胶的形成及微观结构进行了分析,并通过接触角仪对样品的疏水性能进行了研究。结果表明:聚硼硅氮烷和二乙烯苯通过硅氢加成反应制得聚硼硅氮烷气凝胶;所制备的气凝胶的比表面积为307~458cm~2/g,孔体积为1.20~2.17cm~3/g,孔径分布为2.0~100nm,是一种具有三维网状结构的介孔材料,并具有超疏水性能,且当起始溶剂体积分数为85%时,气凝胶疏水性能最佳,接触角为151.5°。     

玻璃粉对聚硅氮烷陶瓷涂层厚度及孔隙的影响

为研究玻璃粉对聚硅氮烷陶瓷涂层结构的影响,采用热重、傅里叶红外光谱等方法对聚硅氮烷及聚硅氮烷/玻璃粉混合物的热解转化过程进行研究,结果表明,添加玻璃粉前后样品的热解趋势基本一致.聚硅氮烷在整个热解过程中均会释放出气体,其中在500℃以下时发生转氨作用析出氨气,在500～700℃时主要析出甲烷.利用提拉涂膜法在TP 347基材上制备玻璃/陶瓷复合涂层,并利用扫描电子显微镜对其微观形貌进行表征,结果表明玻璃粉能显著提高涂层临界厚度.由于涂层在烧结过程中会析出大量气体,为了防止复合涂层在烧结后形成较大的孔隙,可在基材许用温度下尽量提高烧结温度.     

石英纤维布/含乙烯基聚硅氮烷耐高温透波复合材料的制备与性能

在对含乙烯基聚硅氮烷（PSN1）树脂基本性能研究的基础上,以石英纤维布为增强材料,利用层压法制备了石英纤维布/含乙烯基聚硅氮烷耐高温透波复合材料（QF/PSN1）,并对其在室温和高温下的力学性能及介电性能进行了测试与表征。研究结果表明:PSN1树脂工艺性能良好,黏度低于1 Pas（60~151℃）,固化温度小于200℃;耐热性能优异,在N₂和空气氛围下,其固化物失重5%时的温度均高于480℃、800℃时的残重均高于76%。QF/PSN1复合材料力学性能优异,弯曲强度和层间剪切强度随温度升高出现先下降后上升的趋势;450℃烘烤10 min后,其弯曲强度仍在120 MPa以上。QF/PSN1复合材料介电性能优异:在1~12 GHz范围内,QF/PSN1复合材料在室温~450℃范围内介电常数（ε）均低于3.2,介电损耗（tanδ）均小于0.01。上述研究结果表明:含乙烯基聚硅氮烷作为耐高温透波材料的新型树脂基体具有重要的应用价值。      

聚硅氮烷纤维的合成及其辐射交联反应

以二甲基二氯硅烷和甲基二氯硅烷为原料经共氨解,高分子化,熔融纺丝制得了适于辐射交联,纺丝性能优良的聚硅氮烷（PSZ）纤维,在电子束的辐照下,PSZ纤维发生了交联反应,实现了不熔化处理,研究了原料配比,反应温度,恒温时间对PSZ纺丝性能的影响及吸收剂量对辐射纤维的熔点,凝胶含量,热重曲线,陶瓷产率的影响,并初步探讨了辐射交联反应机理。     

利用高沸物二硅烷中的甲基氯二硅烷制备无氯Si-C-N陶瓷

直接法生产甲基氯硅烷的高沸点副产物分离出的甲基氯二硅烷(DS)与八甲基环四硅氮烷反应形成氯硅烷低聚物,经氨解成为聚硅氮烷(PSZ)前躯体,并发现PSZ甲苯溶液为假塑性流体,得到70％(质量)的PSZ甲苯溶液的粘流活化能为18．3kJ／mol。PSZ在1100℃高温裂解后,可得到无氯Si-C—N无定型陶瓷,认为该路线是制备高性能Si—C—N陶瓷的最经济的方法之一。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...