分液隔板结构对分液冷凝系统性能的影响

分液冷凝器(liquid-vapor separation condenser LSC)是一种带分液隔板的平行流换热器,它可实现在冷凝过程中分段排出冷凝液,提高冷凝区域的制冷剂干度。利用标准焓差实验室,对比研究了采用不同分液隔板结构的分液冷凝器对整个制冷系统性能的影响。在保持室内侧工况不变(干/湿球温度为26.7℃/ 19.4℃)条件下,改变室外侧干球温度29~41℃,分别考察了3个具有不同分液隔板结构冷凝器的壁温和压降、系统耗功、制冷量及能效比(EER)的变化规律。实验结果表明,发现具有不同孔径结构分液隔板的冷凝器可以具有不同的热力性能,也可以具有相近的热力性能,设计合理的分液隔板可使冷凝器的冷凝段壁温几乎不变,且端压降最小。其系统的制冷剂流量最大,且制冷量和EER最高。由此可见,汽液分离的效果会使冷凝器获得更均匀的流量分配,降低两相流动阻力,提高制冷系统整体性能。     

分液冷凝器的管程理论设计及热力性能评价

根据分液冷凝器强化换热思想对其管程理论设计方法进行了研究。依据质量流速和干度来判断每一流程中制冷剂的流型,并依此选取Cavallini换热模型公式的方法求其平均换热系数,同时采用Cavallini两相压降模型和Darcy-Weisbach单相压降模型分别确定冷凝区和过冷段的压降。针对一个案例计算了三种管程设计方案下冷凝器管内冷凝换热系数和端压值,并用惩罚因子PF对其综合热力性能进行了评价。计算结果表明:不同的管程设计方案中管内制冷剂的流量分配均匀性存在较大的差异,均匀性越好,其综合热力性能越优。在质量流速为1200~1500 kg/(m2.s)范围内,与同等换热面积的蛇形管冷凝器相比,其中最好的分液冷凝器的PF值减小了48.5%~54.1%,可见设计优良的分液冷凝器的综合热力性能明显优于蛇形管冷凝器。     

改进型分液器的流量分配性能

本文分析了引起蒸发器各路盘管不均匀供液的两方面原因,以两相流理论为依据,提出了一种新型的压降型分液器,并对其分配性能开展实验研究。借用统计学中标准误差的概念整理实验结果,发现入口干度是影响分配性能的主要因素,而入口压力影响较小。     

R22在矩形微细管内凝结的气液两相流动压降实验研究

实验研究了R22在当量直径为0.952 mm的水平不锈钢矩形管内凝结的气液两相流动压降。实验时的饱和温度为40-50oC、质量流速为200-800 kg/m2 s、干度为0-1。研究结果表明,实验段的压降占总压降95%以上,而出口处流通断面扩张压降所占比例很小可以忽略。R22的压力梯度随质量流速和干度的增大而增大,在较高干度区增大趋势更加明显。随饱和温度的增大压降减小。与R22相比,相同实验工况下R152a的凝结压降小于R22的。     

R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性

氨制冷剂存在可燃性和毒性,因此减少其在制冷系统中的充注量极为重要。小管径换热管通常可以提供更高的表面传热系数,这可以作为提升换热器紧凑性同时减少系统中充注量的有效方法。本文搭建了氨制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热及压降测试实验装置,测试了氨制冷剂在4 mm水平光管内的流动沸腾换热及压降,并分析了干度、质量流速及热流密度对换热及压降特性的影响。结果表明:流动沸腾换热表面传热系数随着干度的增加而增大,同时质量流速和热流密度越高,流动沸腾换热表面传热系数越大。此外,氨制冷剂在管内的两相摩擦压降也随着干度的增加而增大,在固定干度下,质量流速的升高导致压降增大。     

重力再循环蒸发器管路布置对流量影响的理论和实验探究

通过建立重力再循环冷风机分液器各分支管路的数学模型研究了制冷剂在分液管、蒸发器中的流量分配情况。同时采用焓差实验台对两种管路布置进行实验测试,测试结果表明再循环蒸发器中流量分布的均匀性与分支管路的局部阻力压降和管路长度成线性相关;并且总结得蹦管路排布的基本原则以及验证了分支流量均匀相对流量不均匀更利于制取冷量。     

干式壳管式蒸发器内新型分液器的数值模拟

干式壳管式蒸发器内各管间制冷剂的流量分配不均会带来蒸发器换热效果的下降。本文通过CFD商用软件对干式壳管式蒸发器内流量分配情况进行数值模拟研究,提出了一种新型分液器,用于平衡各管间的流量分配情况。数值模拟与可视化实验的流场信息对比,验证了模拟结果的可靠性。搭建了实验台,设计并制造了锥形分液器,将分液器安装于冷水机组上进行了整机性能的多个工况实测实验,结果表明:加装分液器后蒸发器进出口压降由原来的约15 k Pa下降到约3 k Pa,整机COP提高约5%。     

分液冷凝器及其空调/热泵系统的研究进展

分液冷凝技术是一种通过主动调控制冷剂冷凝过程的干度和流量,实现在制冷剂侧增大传热系数和减小压降的管内强化传热方法。本文综述分液冷凝技术原理、各类分液冷凝器的结构实现方式,总结该技术对冷凝器热力性能和空调/热泵系统性能的影响。结果表明,分液冷凝技术可大幅度减小压降,且在高质量流速下可实现强化传热系数;与常规翅片管式冷凝器相比,相同传热面积时分液冷凝器可提升空调/热泵系统能效比;在系统能效比相当时可减小冷凝器传热面积。该技术具有一定的应用前景和工程价值。     

R32在小管径水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性试验研究

对R32在?5 mm的水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性进行试验研究和理论分析。试验的蒸发温度为5℃,质量流量范围为100~500 kg/(m2·s),热流密度为8~24 kW/m2。结果表明,沸腾换热系数在1~8 kW/(m2·K)之间,压降在1~4 kPa/m之间。沸腾换热系数随着干度增大而增大,质量流量的增大和热流密度的增大都有利于换热系数的增加。质量流量的变化对压降的影响比较明显。与R32在?7 mm管内流动传热性能相比,换热系数提高了30%左右。将得到的沸腾换热系数和压降试验数据与多个模型的预测结果进行比较,发现多数换热经验关联式的预测误差较大,仅有Fuji-Nagata关联式的预测值与试验值较为接近;压降的预测误差相对较小。     

非平衡流下氦温区负压换热器性能分析

为探究实际工况下负压换热器内液氦与氦气流量不均所造成的影响,采用分布参数法建立了板翅式负压换热器计算模型,以液氦流量变化为例,研究了非平衡流下负压换热器性能的变化,并分析了翅片参数在非平衡流时对负压换热器造成的影响。在所研究的流量范围内,结果表明:对于设计流量为50 g/s的负压换热器而言,液氦流量增大会造成换热效率先减小后增大,并在液氦流量为74.7 g/s处达到最小值66.1%;增大液氦流量会使系统产液量提高344.4%,氦气压降升高53.5%,但氦气压降值小于100 Pa;翅高的增大使系统产液量和氦气压降分别平均降低4.3%和90.9%,翅宽的增大使系统产液量和氦气压降分别平均降低3.5%和75.2%;增大翅高和翅宽均会使系统产液量提高的幅度变大,使氦气压降增大的幅度变小。     

不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器换热特性实验研究

搭建微通道蒸发器性能实验台,采用控制变量法研究不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器表面温度分布、制冷剂进出口压力的变化规律,计算换热量和换热系数,从而分析空气侧风速对微通道蒸发器的流量分配特性和换热效果的影响。结果表明,随着风速增大,微通道蒸发器制冷剂流量分配不均匀性增大,进出口压力波动振幅和周期增加,压降增大,风速2 m/s时微通道蒸发器换热效果最佳。     

翅片管式CO2气体冷却器模拟与优化

为了研究CO2在翅片管式气体冷却器内的流动特性,建立了稳态分布参数模型,并进行了实验验证。结果表明:CO2侧换热系数受入口压力和质量流量的影响较大,但入口温度对其影响很小。换热量随着入口压力的变化有一个最大值;且随着流量的增大,最大换热量所对应的入口压力值逐渐增大。压降和换热量均随入口温度的增加而线性增加。适当增加管程数,采用较小管径的气冷器性能更高。     

Impact of plate design on the performance of welded type plate heat exchangers for sorption cycles

Numerical and experimental analysis was carried out to examine the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of welded type plate heat exchangers for absorption application using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. The simulation results based on CFD are compared with experimental results. A commercial CFD software package (FLUENT) has been used to predict the characteristics of heat transfer, pressure drop and flow distribution within the plate heat exchangers. In this paper, a welded plate heat exchanger with a plate of chevron embossing type was tested by controlling mass flow rate, solution concentration, and inlet/outlet temperatures. The working fluid is H₂O/LiBr solution with the LiBr concentration of 54–62% in mass. The numerical simulation examines the internal flow patterns, temperature distribution and the pressure distribution within the channel of the plate heat exchanger. Three plates of embossing types; chevron embossing, elliptic and round, are proposed and simulated in this paper. The simulation results show reasonably good agreement with the experimental results. Also, the numerical results show that the plate with the elliptical shape gives better performance than the plate of the chevron shape from the viewpoints of heat transfer and pressure drop.     

Frost formation on fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Part I—Modeling of frost formation on fin-and-tube heat exchangers

In this study, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of heat exchangers during frost formation process are analyzed numerically. Unsteady heat and mass transfer coefficients of the air side, heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant side, air-frost layer interface temperature, the surface efficiency of the heat exchanger and the mass flow rate of the frost accumulated on the heat exchanger surface are calculated. The total conductivity (UA) and pressure drop of the heat exchanger are reported for different air inlet temperature, relative humidity, air mass flow rate and the refrigerant temperature.     

Experimental investigation of the effects of airflow nonuniformity on performance of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger

The effects of airflow nonuniformity on the thermal–hydraulic performance of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger were investigated experimentally. The test subject was a four-depth-row fin-and-tube heat exchanger with face split tube circuitry. Nonuniform inlet air distribution was generated by partially blocking the heat exchanger entrance cross-section. It was found that airflow nonuniformity causes thermal effectiveness deterioration and pressure drop increase. The size of effectiveness deterioration and pressure drop increase depend on the degree of airflow nonuniformity as well as on the orientation between airflow nonuniformity and tube-side fluid circuitry. For most of the observed nonuniform airflow profiles, which had low or moderate degrees of airflow nonuniformity, the effectiveness deterioration was between 5% and 10%, while the pressure drop increase was between 10% and 20%. For severely nonuniform airflow profiles the effectiveness deterioration was up to 30% and the pressure drop increase was up to 90%.     

室外换热器分液装置的实验研究

制冷剂分配不均现象是室外换热器研究的重点内容.本文设计了两种隔板形式,共制作7种样件放置于换热器集管中进行实验研究.通过实验分析了换热器用作蒸发器的6种工况与用作冷凝器的4种工况下的制冷剂分配情况及换热性能.结果表明:本文利用挡流板实现了良好的制冷剂分配效果,两种挡流隔板(A和B)的加入均有助于改善换热器制冷剂分配不均...     

水冷套管式CO_2气冷器的设计及实验研究

本文设计了一台CO_2套管式气冷器并对其进行了换热特性的实验研究。该气冷器采用逆流三重套管,CO_2在内管流动,冷却水在内外管间流动。实验研究了不同CO_2质量流量、入口压力和冷却水温度对传热系数、换热量和换热器效能系数的影响。实验结果表明,随着CO_2质量流量的增加,传热系数和换热量均呈先增后减的趋势,换热器效能系数逐渐减小;CO_2质量流量不变时,传热系数、换热量和换热器效能系数均随气冷器CO_2入口压力的升高而逐渐增大;随着冷却水温度的升高,传热系数、换热量和换热器效能系数均逐渐减小。     

Developing a hybrid procedure of one dimensional finite element method and CFD simulation for modeling refrigerant flow mal-distribution in parallel flow condenser

Mal-distribution of refrigerant flow in flat tubes is an important problem in parallel flow heat exchangers (PFHXs) which should be considered in heat exchanger modeling. In the present study, a hybrid method is developed for flow distribution forecasting based on simultaneous use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for 3D analysis of flow in PFHX headers and one dimensional finite element model for solving flow within flat tubes. The experimental data of a parallel flow condenser (PFC) performance is collected to verify the developed method. The average absolute deviations of 2.8%, 4.1% and 3% from experimental data for pressure drop, capacity and outlet temperature respectively, indicate the model validity. Slight increase of mass flow rate with moving toward the bottom tubes of the inlet header shows insignificant effect of gravity when vapor-phase flow is present. Also, comparing the pressure drop data of the developed method with those of uniform-distribution model demonstrates reduction of average absolute deviation from 28.7% to 2.8%. The proposed model has the advantage of predicting PFC overall performance and can be used to accurately design and optimize headers and multiport flat tubes.     

空调用翅片管式蒸发器的模拟与分析

建立R410A翅片管式蒸发器的稳态分布参数模型,分析制冷剂侧换热、压降、温度和干度沿流程的分布情况,并讨论风量、制冷剂流量及翅片管结构形式对蒸发器换热和流动性能的影响,为翅片管式蒸发器的设计和性能优化提供理论依据。     

二氧化碳翅片管式蒸发器模拟与分析

运用分布参数法建立采用CO2的翅片管式蒸发器的数学模型，分析制冷剂侧和空气侧温度、压力和换热的变化情况。同时讨论迎面风速和制冷剂质量流量对蒸发器换热和流动性能的影响，结果表明提高迎面风速可以增加换热效果，但增加的趋势趋于平缓。制冷剂侧压降则成近似线性增大；随着管内工质流量的增大，蒸发器总换热量和制冷荆侧压降都成近似线性增大。这些工作有助于进一步了解CO2在翅片管式蒸发器中的换热和流动特性，并为换热器的优化设计和系统的匹配提供理论依据。