基于CAD技术的建筑工程项目施工管理分析

结合目前4D-CAD技术在建筑工程项目管理中的应用现状,分析了4D-CAD技术对施工管理的影响作用,同时阐明了其在施工管理中的优势,并对4D-CAD技术的发展障碍进行了研究,提出了相应的解决策略,以促进其推广应用。     

Trends of 4D CAD applications for construction planning

Since the early 1990s, there has been a growing interest in four‐dimensional computer aided design (4D CAD) for construction project planning. Commercial 4D CAD applications are becoming more accessible and the use of this technology allows the construction planner to produce more rigorous schedules. A review of the technical competencies of these packages highlights that most of the commercially available packages concentrate on the use of 4D CAD simulations for aesthetic visualization purposes. Very few packages offer the ability to carry out analytical tasks on the developed simulation and this is often left to the interpretation of the user. A thorough appraisal of emerging research developments in 4D planning highlights that this technology is employed for various applications; however, the amount of detail required in a 4D simulation is still ambiguous. A model is proposed to determine the attributes required for use with each of the various applications of 4D CAD simulations. Finally, various lines of future research are highlighted, including the need for improved use of data exchange standards and the automation of linking the construction tasks to the 3D CAD model.     

Optimizing construction planning schedules by virtual prototyping enabled resource analysis

The inherent uncertainty and complexity of construction work make construction planning a particularly difficult task for project managers due to the need to anticipate and visualize likely future events. Conventional computer-assisted technology can help but is often limited to the constructability issues involved. Virtual prototyping, however, offers an improved method through the visualization of construction activities by computer simulation — enabling a range of ‘what-if’ questions to be asked and their implications on the total project to be investigated.This paper describes the use of virtual prototyping to optimize construction planning schedules by analyzing resource allocation and planning with integrated construction models, resource models, construction planning schedules and site-layout plans. A real-life case study is presented that demonstrates the use of a virtual prototyping enabled resource analysis to reallocate space, logistic on access road and arrange tower cranes to achieve a 6-day floor construction cycle.     

Measuring and visualizing hot mix asphalt concrete paving operations

This paper presents AsphaltOpen, a visualization tool for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) paving operations and a data collection process to collect the input data for AsphaltOpen from HMA paving operations. In detail, AsphaltOpen visualizes collected site-specific GIS data and GPS path tracing data of equipments' motions together with the HMA's temperature behavior. In this way, AsphaltOpen allows HMA paving professionals to understand and learn about the relation of machine operations and HMA temperature and its impact on the HMA compaction. To ensure the practical usability, we developed AsphaltOpen and the data collection process by conducting action research with HMA paving operators. Overall, AsphaltOpen offers an easy-to-use tool for HMA paving companies to visualize previous asphalting operations. In this way, it opens up new ways for HMA paving contractors to improve and professionalize their paving operations.     

2013年12月刊封面解说——BIM技术在云南科技馆新馆项目中的应用

文章介绍了BIM技术在云南科技馆项目施工阶段各专业的应用。通过在异型建筑中应用BIM技术,减少了施工过程中的返工,提高了工作效率和资源利用率,并通过动画动态模拟验证重点施工工艺和工序,优化施工方案,使施工方案可视化,以及使用自主开发的4D、5D施工管理平台对项目进度和成本进行控制。     

Searching for value: construction strategy exploration and linear planning

Examined is how contractor or construction manager decision making and judgment in response to client objectives and project constraints can be aided by a structured approach to construction strategy selection and assessment using time-space project process and product modelling. The context studied is one of high-rise construction. Construction strategy is expressed in terms of strategy modes and tactical variables and accompanying values, which in turn are expressed in terms of a formal plan using a linear planning modelling paradigm. Highlighted is the important role that data visualization can play in both formulating strategy and assessing its workability via the medium of linear planning graphics complemented with other data representations that make use of quantitative product model data. Of particular interest is the ability to formulate and assess alternative construction strategies in a relatively fast and cost effective manner in order to achieve best value as a function of project constraints, context, and project participant objectives. Included in the assessment task is consideration of the impact of strategy on construction process productivity and production rates by way of performance metrics that relate directly to strategy workability. The concepts presented are illustrated through their application to a large-scale, mixed-use project.     

Quantitative analysis of workflow, temporary structure usage, and productivity using 4D models

This paper presents time–space analyses of construction operations supported by quantitative information extracted from 4D CAD models. The application of 4D models is a promising approach to help introduce construction innovations and to evaluate construction alternatives. Current analyses of 4D models are mainly visual and provide project stakeholders with a clear, but limited, insight of construction planning information. This practice does not take advantage of the quantitative data contained in 4D models. We use two 4D models of an industry test case to illustrate how to analyze, compare, and present 4D content quantitatively (i.e., workspace areas, work locations, and distances between concurrent activities). This paper shows how different types of 4D content can be extracted from 4D models to support 4D-content-based analyses and novel presentation of construction planning information. We suggest further research aimed at formalizing the contents in 4D models to enable comparative quantitative analyses of construction planning alternatives. Formalized 4D content can enable the development of reasoning mechanisms that automate 4D-model-based analyses and provide the data content for presentations of construction planning information.     

深基坑支护工程的设计、施工及其监测

随着深基坑工程越来越多,深度也越来越大。本文结合工程实例,阐述了内支撑式排桩结构形式的基坑支护工程设计、施工及其监测。     

Managing projects with distributed and embedded knowledge through interactions

In project-based industries studies show difficulties in extracting, distributing and applying embedded and practice knowledge across structural and organisational boundaries. We focus on interorganisational projects consisting of distributed and embedded knowledge. Interaction becomes important in order to cooperate and share interorganisational and distributed knowledge. The aim of the research is to explore how sharing and generating practice based and distributed knowledge occurs through interaction in interorganisational projects and how this is managed. The study focuses on the design phase and relates traditional design practices to concurrent design practices. In the study we observed six cases of design meetings in the construction and oil and gas industry and performed 31 interviews. The paper contributes with the following: (1) understanding and visualisation of interaction patterns, (2) insight in use of various forms of interaction, and (3) ways of managing distributed and embedded knowledge through interaction.     

Growth,employment and the construction industry in Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago is a small open oil‐ and gas‐based economy that has experienced the effects of boom and bust and the associated fluctuations in income and employment. This paper focuses on the behaviour of the construction sector and its relationship to income and employment over the last three decades in this small oil‐rich economy. In the boom period the construction sector grew twice as fast as the rest of the economy. Similarly, during the recession the construction sector contracted faster than any other sector, providing proof that the multiplier operates in both directions. The correlation coefficient between construction labour productivity and per capita GDP for the period 1973–2002 was 0.70. As pertains to employment in construction per thousand population and per capita GDP, the correlation coefficient was 0.94.     

Qualifications in the German construction industry: stocks,flows and comparisons with the British construction sector

The paper provides an overview of qualifications in the German construction workforce and draws comparisons with the situation in the British construction industry. The German system of general education and vocational training is outlined. Data from a variety of sources are used to describe both the stocks and the flows of qualifications in the German construction workforce. Particular attention is paid to vocational qualifications, such as apprenticeships and the Meister qualification. Key findings are that the majority of German construction workers are qualified up to apprenticeship level, and that most of these employees have achieved a general schooling certificate from at least a lower secondary school prior to their vocational training. These factors are taken as signs of strength of the German construction workforce. Comparisons between the stocks of qualifications in the construction industry in the two countries suggest that intermediate qualifications of the apprenticeship type are far less prevalent in the British construction workforce.     

Development of virtual and real-field construction management systems in innovative, intelligent field factory

In this study, we proposed a concept of virtual and real-field construction management systems (VR-Coms), which is integrated with virtual construction simulation, planning, scheduling, and performance management systems to evaluate productivity and safety in virtual simulated and real-field constructions. And, we built up a computational environment to develop the VR-Coms. The VR-Coms offer supporting modules for learning and discovering solutions with objective to manage construction at right speed with improved humanware and constructability. The configuration of VR-Coms is described. This paper also shows an application of agent theory to construction management.     

Preparing Singapore's construction industry for the knowledge-based economy: practices,procedures and performance

During the last decade, sustainable development issues have been gradually adopted in Greece's construction industry, changing the traditional methods and technology. The aim of this investigation is to identify potential drivers of change, to position them properly in the wider context of sustainable construction and to outline the progress to be expected in the coming decade. The methodological framework used is a Delphi technique based on a questionnaire of 20 experts (consultant engineers, construction managers and contractors). The results show that the most important influences on sustainable construction in Greece are energy conservation measures, resource conservation strategies and waste reduction. In terms of the initiatives expected in the coming decade, energy conservation measures, waste reduction measures, as well as product innovation and certification are expected to rank high. In conclusion, the results are consistent with those of previous researchers showing significant trends towards land use, energy, and resource conservation.     

城市规划建设中环境保护问题及处理对策探析

城市规划,对城区的延展有着侧重价值。然而,很长时段以来,城区规划特有的环保局限,造成了偏多的环保疑难,阻碍了城区延展。在城市既有的规划建构中,有必要明晰环保这一范畴的疑难,妥善调和城区规划与现有环境的关联,摸索最佳情形下的人居环境。城市规划及接续的建设,都要考量特有的环保问题,明晰可用的处理路径。     

Collective learning,collective knowledge and learning networks in construction

The interrelationships between collective learning, collective knowledge and learning networks are complex and difficult, especially in a construction context. A questionnaire survey was carried out in Hong Kong to test the hypothesis that practitioners who need a wider domain of knowledge for work learn more actively through their learning networks. This empirical work revealed a positive association between the demand for learning from others at work and the size of construction practitioners' learning networks. The analysis also revealed two opposing aspects of practitioners' learning behaviour influenced by the nature of their work. First, civil engineers tend to manage larger learning networks, given that they very often need to seek advice from other practitioners to deal with issues beyond their specialities at work and coordinate outputs of other practitioners as the project leader. Second, draughtsmen and clerks of works (or inspectors of works), whose work mainly involves complying with a finite scope of predetermined instructions and rules, appear not very active in network learning. These findings will be useful in developing learning policy for enhancing the competitiveness of the construction industry.     

Regional development and construction in Italy: an input-output analysis, 1959-1992

Using two sets of input-output tables, this paper analyses the role of the construction sector in the North and South regions of Italy, from 1959 to 1992. As expected, the sector has had differing impacts on the two regional economies over the years. In the highly developed North its importance has been declining, similarly to the case of other highly developed countries. In the less developed South, instead, construction has a relatively higher propulsive role in the creation of goods and income. This role is significantly diminished since most of the construction inputs are imported. Some differences are reported in the sector's input and output profiles of the two regions. From the technological and organizational points of view, in the South construction projects appear to be less complex than those in the North.     

Project understanding,planning, flexibility of management action and construction time performance: two Australian case studies

Construction time performance (CTP) and flexibility in approaches to project time planning have been shown to be significantly associated. This raises interesting questions about how effective planning and control to facilitate flexibility in overcoming unexpected problems may be achieved. Case study data were used to explore links between planning and flexibility. This paper reports upon a recent study of two highly complex projects, a mental and forensic health hospital and a very large freeway/bridge/tunnel urban infrastructure project. The authors investigated planning flexibility using a framework of project team understanding and knowledge transfer to provide a model that contributes to our understanding of mechanisms and drivers that delivers flexible behaviour that may affect CTP. We conclude that both ability, supported by organizational and team competence, and commitment to explore construction method options in a flexible manner, i.e. responding to unanticipated problems, are necessary to facilitate good construction time performance.     

基于线形图的地铁工程4D进度控制系统研究与应用

地铁工程涉及专业广、建设周期长、内容复杂,且属于线形工程,采用CPM方法编制进度计划,会导致进度计划非常的复杂、难以直观反映任务的地理位置及工作面搭接关系和施工过程中的空间冲突问题。提出一种基于线形图的地铁工程进度管理方法,形象地显示地铁工程的每一个任务的地理位置和耗费的时间,以及同一工作面上不同任务的位置搭接关系。并通过构建基于线形图的进度冲突识别算法,实时检测当前进度计划可能存在的空间冲突问题。在此基础上,通过数据库将进度计划与3D/CAD模型建立关联关系,构建4D可视化进度管理系统,直观地反映施工过程中的空间冲突问题。本系统在某地铁工程中成功应用,及时发现了施工计划中的空间冲突问题,实现了对项目实时、精准的控制,提升了地铁工程进度管理的水平,提高了投资效益。     

城市交通规划建设与管理

分析了当前城市道路交通建设与管理中存在的主要问题，从交通规划和交通管理两方面，提出了未来城市道路交通管理及其发展战略的应对措施和管理办法。