等离子体浸没离子注入改善45钢的摩擦学性能

采用灯丝放电和射频(RF)辉光放电等离子体浸没离子注入(PⅢ)工艺对45钢表面进行了氮离子注入强化处理。通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微硬度、针-盘磨损和电化学腐蚀试验等测试手段，分析比较了经灯丝放电PⅢ和RF辉光放电PⅢ改性后试样表面元素的浓度分布、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：不同条件下的氮离子注入均能提高45钢表面的显微硬度、耐磨性和抗腐蚀性能；且RF辉光放电PⅢ处理后试样的显微硬度提高了76．8％，摩擦系数下降到0．3，与灯丝放电PⅢ处理后的试样相比，其表面强化效果更加明显。     

氧等离子体离子注入Ti6Al4V表面强化研究

采用PⅢ对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面处理,温度控制在300～400℃之间,利用小掠射角X射线衍射技术（GXRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）研究不同工艺条件下的相结构和表面形貌,并且测量处理后试样的显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：试样表面形成了金红石相,且试样表面变得粗糙;在390℃处理后的试样硬度提高27％,抗磨损性能提高。     

氧等离子体离子注入Ti6A14V表面强化研究

采用PⅢ对Ti6A14V合金进行表面处理,温度控制在300～400℃之间,利用小掠射角X射线衍射技术(GXRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)研究不同工艺条件下的相结构和表面形貌,并且测量处理后试样的显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:试样表面形成了金红石相,且试样表面变得粗糙;在390℃处理后的试样硬度提高27%,抗磨损性能提高.     

应用复合离子注入法改善W9Cr4V2Mo轴承钢力学性能

应用复合离子注入法改善了W9Cr4V2Mo轴承钢的耐磨性能。试验结果表明，试样经复合离子注入N Ti，N Ta，N Nb，N Ta C处理后，摩擦系数明显降低，显微硬度和耐磨性有所提高。微观分析表明，表层硬相化合物的形成及晶粒细化是材料表面耐磨性提高的主要原因，残余压应力的增加也表明抗疲劳性得到提高。     

Ti6A14V的射频激励等离子体浸没离子注入

本文利用电感耦合的射频激励产生的氮等离子体对Ti6A14V进行等离子体浸没离子注入．处理结果发现，随射频功率及氮离子注入剂量增加，Ti6A4V表面显微硬度增加；注入能量及剂量对材料摩擦磨损性能有显著影响，而且注入能量不同，最佳注入剂量也相应变化；射频激励下等离子体浸没离子注入具有注入和氮化双重作用．     

钛合金双层辉光离子无氢碳氮共渗摩擦性能研究

利用双层辉光离子渗金属原理改善钛合金Ti6Al4V的耐摩擦性。使用蜂窝状高纯度固体石墨作为源极，钛合金Ti6Al4V做阴极，一定比例的氩气、氮气作为载气。依靠辉光放电空心阴极效应，溅射出原子、离子状的碳元素，碳、氮元素混合形成等离子体，靠阴极负偏压把碳、氮吸引到Ti6Al4V的表面，依靠轰击和扩散在Ti6Al4V材料表面形成具有特殊物理、化学性能的合金层。X射线衍射检测显示渗层内形成了包含TiC，TiN的硬度相；辉光放电光谱（GDS）检测结果显示，在渗层内碳、氮元素分们呈梯度形式；硬度测试显示渗层硬度由表及里呈现梯度下降，表面硬度提高两倍以上；摩擦磨损检测表明Ti6Al4V材料经无氢碳氮共渗处理后，其粘着现象明显降低，摩擦系数降低一半多，耐磨性大大提高。     

不锈钢的液相等离子体表面强化初探

在试样上施加250～600V、1500Hz的高压脉冲电源，在乙二醇-氯化钠电解液中，1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢试样作阴极，石墨作阳极，在试样表面产生明显的微区等离子放电，经3～5min处理，试样表面获得厚约0．2mm的强化层。结果表明：1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在经过液相等离子体强化处理后，其显微硬度由心部的175．6HV增加到513．2HV，通过X射线衍射分析得出在试样表面有大量的（Fe-Cr-Ni-C）相存在，从而反映出在本实验条件下，试样表面可产生明显的强化作用：为1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的强化探索了一条新的途径。     

氮钛双离子注入AZ31镁合金的抗腐蚀和力学性能

利用金属蒸汽真空弧（MEVVA）离子源在AZ31镁合金表面进行了氮钛（N/Ti）双离子共注入。通过俄歇电子能谱（AES）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、电化学测试系统和显微硬度计,分析比较了双离子共注入前后试样表面的相组成、原子浓度-深度分布、抗腐蚀性能和显微硬度。结果表明：基体合金表面改性层主要由Mg、MgO、Ti、TiO2、TiN等相组成;改性层厚约180 nm;处理后试样显微硬度较基体提高了50%;在3.5%饱和NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电位提高600 mV,腐蚀电流密度下降110μA.cm2,极化电阻增加了67.9倍。     

Ti6Al4V无氢离子渗氮摩擦学性能的研究

以N2和Ar的混合气为气源，在Ti6Al4V表面离子渗氮形成渗氮层。对渗层的相结构、表面粗糙度、显微硬度及与基体的结合强度等进行了测试分析，并用球-盘滑动磨损试验机对渗层的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明：在N2／Ar=1：1，900℃的渗氮条件下，渗氮层主要由化合物Ti2N，TiN和氮在α-Ti中的固溶体α相等相组成；渗氮后试样的表面粗糙度增大；渗氮层的硬度较基材Ti6Al4V有很大提高，且与基体间有较好的结合强度；在球-盘滑动磨损试验中，渗氮层无减摩效果，但其耐磨性较基材Ti6Al4V大大增强。     

Ti6A14V的射频激励等离子体浸没离子注入

本文利用电感耦台的射频激蛐产生的氨等离子体对Ti6A14V进行等离子体浸没离子注入．处理结果发现，随射频功率及氨离子注入剂量增加，Ti6A14V表面显微硬度增加；注入能量及剂量对材料摩擦磨损性能有显著影响，而且注入能量不同，最佳注入剂量电相应变化；射频激励下等离子体浸没离子注入具有注入和氮化双重作用。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.