聚己内酯/蒙脱土/壳聚糖薄膜的制备及其应用

目的提高聚己内酯(PCL)薄膜对氧气和水蒸气的阻隔性,并应用于冷鲜肉的包装中,以延长冷鲜肉的货架期。方法通过正负电性吸引将带有负电性的蒙脱土混入带有正电性的壳聚糖中,并均匀地涂覆在具有负电性的PCL薄膜表面。分别用氧气透过率分析仪、水蒸气透过率分析仪、质构仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,以及差示量热扫描仪测试复合薄膜的包装特性,并通过测试被包装冷鲜肉的pH值、汁液流失率和菌落总数等指标来确定货架期。结果随着蒙脱土和壳聚糖加入量的增加,复合薄膜的氧气透过率和水蒸气透过率降低,PCL/DK2/CS3的氧气透过率达到222 cm3/(m2·d),水蒸气透过率为22.3 g/(m2·d),断裂伸长率和屈服强度分别为589%和37.22 MPa。结论 PCL复合薄膜将冷鲜肉的保质期延长到23d。     

尼泊金乙酯——改性LDPE抑菌薄膜制备与性能研究

研究尼泊金乙酯(ELN)的添加量对改性低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)抑菌薄膜性能的影响,将ELN添加到改性LDPE树脂和LDPE树脂中,通过共混、吹塑等工艺制备出ELN—改性LDPE抗菌薄膜,并研究ELN添加量对抑菌薄膜的机械、光学、氧气透过率、结构表征,抗菌等性能的影响。结果表明,随着ELN添加量的增加,薄膜的断裂伸长率先增加再减小,透光率逐渐下降,雾度逐渐上升,薄膜的氧气透过率和水蒸气透过系数先下降后上升,热稳定性先升高后降低。ELN的质量分数0.5%时,大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用显著增强。ELN的添加能提高薄膜的综合性能和抑菌效果,对研究新型包装材料具有重要的意义。     

柔性壳聚糖抗菌膜的制备及性能研究

目的获得具有优异柔性与抗菌活性的壳聚糖复合膜。方法以明胶为增强聚合物,甘油为增塑剂,采用流延成型法构筑柔性壳聚糖薄膜,并通过浸泡硝酸铜/氢氧化钠溶液原位负载纳米氧化铜,以提高薄膜的抗菌性。研究壳聚糖同明胶的质量比及甘油添加量对复合膜力学性能的影响,考察硝酸铜浓度对复合膜水蒸气透过率、透光率、抗菌性的影响。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)和X-射线衍射(XRD)对薄膜结构进行表征。结果当壳聚糖与明胶的质量比为5∶5,甘油质量分数为20%时,复合膜拉伸强度为(3.23±0.31)MPa,断裂伸长率为(159.88±4.14)%。增加硝酸铜浓度,壳聚糖/明胶/氧化铜复合膜的水蒸气透过率先降低后增加,透光率逐渐降低,对金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌的抗菌活性逐渐增强。当硝酸铜浓度为0.05 mol/L时,复合膜的最佳水蒸气透过率为(30.60±4.02)g·mm/(m2·s·kPa),最佳透光率为(72.61±8.13)%;当硝酸铜浓度为0.25 mol/L时,复合膜对大肠杆菌的最大抑菌圈直径为(27.0±3.0)mm;当硝酸铜浓度为0.30mol/L时,复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌的最大抑菌圈直径为(26.1±3.1)mm。结论制备得到的壳聚糖/明胶复合膜具有优异的柔性和抗菌活性,在食品包装保鲜领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

PBAT/PVA复合涂布膜阻隔性研究

目的 为改善PBAT膜的阻隔性,通过以戊二酸为交联剂改性PVA制备涂膜液,利用涂布法制备了具有高阻隔性的PBAT/PVA复合薄膜。方法 采用红外光谱、差示扫描量热仪、接触角测试仪、水蒸气透过率测试仪等对改性PVA单膜、PBAT/PVA复合膜的结构和性能进行研究。结果 表明由于戊二酸与PVA之间有一定的酯化作用,消耗PVA中部分羟基,从而提高了PVA的耐水性。戊二酸改性提高了PVA膜的疏水性,其接触角从11.3°提高到60.6°。与PBAT纯膜相比,涂覆了戊二酸的PVA涂膜液改性3 h后复合膜水蒸气透过率由647.95 g/(m²·24 h)降低到132.07 g/(m²·24 h)、氧气透过量由17 730.3 cm³/(m²·d·MPa)降低到396.6 cm³/(m²·d·MPa),证明改性3 h的PVA涂膜液对增加PBAT阻隔性最有帮助。结论 利用涂布法制备的PBAT/PVA复合薄膜具有较高阻隔性,为PBAT的广泛应用打下了基础。     

基于多层涂布工艺的高阻隔透明纸基材料的制备与性能

通过生物基可降解材料制造阻隔性包装的应用越来越受到人们的关注。然而，现有的技术仍较难同时实现纸基包装材料的高氧气阻隔性和水蒸气阻隔性。本研究以自制透明纸作为基底，采用天然高分子材料(淀粉、瓜尔胶)及环保水性防水剂为涂布层，通过涂布工艺制备了兼具高阻氧和阻水蒸气性能的透明纸基材料。结果表明，不同涂层之间充分发挥各自的阻隔作用，降低了外界水蒸气在纸基材料表面的吸附作用，同时增加了水分子和氧气分子在纸张内部的扩散难度；制得的透明纸基材料氧气透过率最低为2.46 cm3/(m2·day·0.1 MPa)，水蒸气透过率仅为107.09 g/(m2·day)，相比于未涂布的透明纸分别下降了92%和94%。同时，有防水层的透明纸基材料的纸与纸板表面吸水量(Cobb)值均小于1 g/m2，接触角大于90°，呈现出良好的疏水性和抗水特性。本文的制备工艺简便、制造成本较低、材料性能可控，有望在替塑包装中得到应用。      

功能氧化石墨烯/热塑性聚氨酯复合材料薄膜的制备及阻隔性能

为了提高热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)的阻隔性能,首先,采用溶液成型的方法在涂膜机上制备了功能氧化石墨烯(IP-GO)/TPU复合材料薄膜。然后,利用FTIR、XPS、XRD、FE-SEM、原子力显微镜和氧气透过仪对IP-GO/TPU复合材料的形貌和性能进行了表征。结果表明:IP-GO层间距相对原始鳞片石墨的增加了0.696nm,片层的厚度为1.2nm左右。IP-GO以褶皱层状的形式均匀分散在TPU基体中,并且包覆在复合材料薄膜断口表面。当IP-GO含量为3wt%时,IP-GO/TPU复合材料薄膜的氧气透过率为84.325cm3/(m2·d·Pa),相比纯TPU薄膜的280.973cm3/(m2·d·Pa)下降了70%,阻隔性能明显提高。研究解决了TPU薄膜阻隔性能不佳的问题,为高阻隔聚合物的制备提供了一种思路和方法。     

山梨酸-LDPE抗菌薄膜的制备与性能

目的研究山梨酸对低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)薄膜性能的影响。方法将山梨酸粉末添加到低密度聚乙烯树脂中,通过共混、挤出、吹塑等工艺制备出山梨酸-LDPE抗菌薄膜,并研究山梨酸含量对LDPE薄膜的抗张强度、光学性能、水蒸气透过率、微观结构及抗菌性的影响。结果随着山梨酸含量的增加,薄膜的抗张强度先增加再减小,透光率逐渐下降,雾度逐渐上升,薄膜的水蒸气透过系数先下降后上升,山梨酸质量分数在1.5%以上时对大肠杆菌具有抑制作用,在2%以上时对单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用。结论山梨酸-LDPE薄膜具有优良的包装性能和抑菌效果,是一种良好的食品包装材料。     

ZnO/SiO2复合薄膜的制备及其阻隔性能研究

目的为了进一步提高氧化锌(ZnO)沉积复合薄膜对氧气的阻隔能力,探索其应用于食品和药品包装材料的可行性。方法采用射频磁控溅射技术(RF),以ZnO和二氧化硅(SiO2)为靶材,在PET塑料表面同时沉积,制备ZnO/SiO2复合薄膜包装材料,并详细分析SiO2的引入对ZnO沉积膜微观结构和阻隔能力的影响,优化ZnO/SiO2的制备工艺。结果SiO2的引入,使ZnO纳米颗粒的形状由片状燕麦变成了球形,当功率密度比PSiO2/PZnO为0.67,氩气流量为20 mL/min,沉积时间为20 min,工作气压为0.5 Pa时,ZnO/SiO2复合薄膜的氧气透过率降低为0.462 mL/(m^2·d),水蒸气透过率有所增加,为0.367 g/(m^2·d)。结论引入合适比例的SiO2,可有效提升ZnO沉积层对氧气渗入的阻隔能力,但SiO2引入量过高时,会加剧纳米裂纹,对复合薄膜的阻隔能力不利。     

普鲁兰多糖的添加对可食性复合蛋白膜的改性研究

添加不同比例的普鲁兰多糖(PUL)对乳清分离蛋白-酪蛋白酸钠-甘油(WPI-NaCas-GLY)复合蛋白薄膜进行改性,研究了PUL的添加对蛋白基薄膜力学性能、光学性能、氧气渗透率、水蒸气渗透系数和水溶性的影响。实验结果显示,相较于WPI-NaCas-GLY复合蛋白膜,添加了PUL的蛋白基薄膜的拉伸强度下降,而断裂伸长率增加至208.26%,透光率提升了约11%,雾度降低了约6%,氧气渗透率下降至原来的1/6左右,水溶性有轻微变化。当PUL添加的体积分数达到66%时,复合薄膜的水蒸气渗透系数降低至2.57×10~(-13)g·cm/(cm~2·s·Pa),氧气渗透率下降至0.16 cm~3/(m~2·d)。由此推论,PUL具有改善蛋白基薄膜力学性能、光学性能以及阻隔性的功能。     

PBAT/ZSM-5分子筛共混薄膜的制备与性能

目的 以聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)为基材,制备PBAT/ZSM-5分子筛共混薄膜,研究分子筛含量对薄膜性能的影响.方法 通过共混熔融挤出流延法制得含不同质量分数ZSM-5分子筛(0％,1％,3％,5％,7％)的PBAT薄膜,测定分析不同分子筛质量分数对薄膜的颜色、透明性、结构、气体阻隔性、力学性能等性能的影响.结果 随着分子筛质量分数的增加,透明性和断裂伸长率显著降低,抗拉强度先增加后降低,质量分数为1％分子筛的薄膜抗拉强度相对较大,较纯PBAT薄膜增加了12.34％;薄膜氧气透过性能整体上呈上升趋势,二氧化碳透过性和CO2/O2透过比均逐渐增加,水蒸气透过性显著降低,与纯PBAT薄膜相比,质量分数为7％分子筛PBAT薄膜的氧气和二氧化碳透过系数分别增加了18.48％,33.51％,水蒸气透过系数下降了43.28％,CO2/O2透过比由原来的8.84增加到9.96;薄膜表面和横截断面均变得粗糙,局部区域有团聚现象,且随分子筛含量的增加而变得明显.结论 ZSM-5分子筛的少量加入,可以影响PBAT薄膜力学性能,降低其水蒸气透过性,调节薄膜的气体选择透过性,为其应用于生鲜果蔬包装提供基础.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from