添加纳米粒子的溴化锂溶液传质特性

建立了纳米溴化锂溶液二维降膜传热传质数学模型,以实验数据对模型进行验证。研究结果表明,在溴化锂溶液中加入纳米粒子可以显著增强溴化锂溶液对水蒸气的吸收速率,并且随着纳米粒子添加量的增大,纳米溴化锂溶液对水蒸气的吸收速率越大;在纳米粒子添加量相同时,纳米溴化锂溶液的水蒸气吸收速率随着溶液流量的增大而增大,且水蒸气吸收速率随溶液流量的变化趋势为对数曲线趋势;溶液的传质强化比随着纳米粒子添加量的增加而增大;在溴化锂溶液中加入纳米粒子后,吸收器的传质系数随着纳米粒子添加量的增大而增大,在溶液流量为1.2 L/min时,添加0.05%纳米粒子后,吸收器传质系数增加1.32倍,添加0.1%纳米粒子后,吸收器传质系数增加1.41倍,但是,传质系数增幅随着纳米粒子含量的增加而逐渐减弱。     

太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷系统溶液降膜吸收流动分析

溴化锂降膜式吸收器能在较小液流量和较小温差下获得较高的热流密度和传热传质系数,尤其是当液膜沿着水平管外作降膜流动时,传热传质效果更佳。为此建立溴化锂降膜吸收器溶液吸收过程流动的物理模型,通过对模型假设简化,对其进行数值求解,从而进行流动分析。与实验结果分析相结合,使得对吸收式制冷系统的分析更加全面。     

溴化锂填料吸收器中绝热吸收过程的实验研究

针对传热、传质分离的填料吸收器，设计、加工了一个溴化锂绝热降膜吸收的循环实验装置；实验研究了溴化锂水溶液在填料层上的绝热吸收特性；分析了溶液温度、浓度、降膜雷诺数对吸收效率和传质系数的影响。     

热管式溶液吸收器传热传质过程的数值模拟

本文首次利用水重力热管，以溴经锂水溶液为工质，对在这外壁面上溶液降膜吸收水蒸气并移出吸收热的传热传质过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明，在一定条件下，所需热管加热段长度随膜雷诺数的增加而增加，随输出热温度的提高而减小，并且降膜平均传热和传质系数随膜雷诺数的增加而降低；利用热管作为吸收器的传热传质元件，其传热温差很小，但大较大浓差和较大雷诺数下，所需热管加热段长度太长。     

溴化锂风冷垂直降膜吸收过程数值模拟

通过对溴化锂溶液在降膜吸收过程中传热、传质特性的分析,建立了垂直降膜吸收过程的数学模型。在这个模型中,考虑了对流及变膜厚等因素对传热、传质性能的影响。并对风冷垂直管降膜吸收过程进行了数值模拟。得出的结论对垂直降膜吸收器的设计和优化具有指导意义。     

真空膜蒸馏过程的流体力学模拟

利用计算流体力学(CFD)技术成功建立了真空膜蒸馏(VMD)过程中空纤维膜的三维传热和传质模型,并通过实验数据进行了验证.评估了操作条件对VMD性能的影响,讨论了温度、传热系数、热通量、膜通量、温度极化系数和总热效率沿着纤维长度的变化规律.研究发现,VMD中传质主要受料液热边界层内的传热控制,传热阻力主要存在于进料侧.较高的料液进口温度可以增大平均膜通量和总热效率,但温度极化现象更显著.提高料液流速有助于获得更高的跨膜通量,但会使总热效率减小.当料液流速低于0.7 m/s时,温度极化系数先减小随后增大,但若料液流速高于0.7 m/s,则呈现持续减小的趋势.透过侧绝对压力减小会提高传质推动力,进而提高膜通量和热效率,但真空泵的能耗会升高.     

竖管内溴化锂溶液降膜发生实验研究

针对气体类低品位热源驱动的溴化锂溶液吸收式制冷而提出采用竖管内降膜的发生器,其特点是溴化锂溶液薄液膜在竖管内由上而下流动,气体热源在管外部加热.通过实验得到降膜发生传热系数、放气范围、冷剂蒸汽产量与流量、热流密度的变化特性.实验结果表明:层流降膜时(Re＜500),传热系数随Re增大而减小,随热流密度增加而显著增大.回归分析得到层流降膜的传热系数关系式:h=14009.87qw0.0764Re-0.5391.     

螺纹管强化氨水吸收过程的实验研究

汽体吸收器是吸收式制冷机和吸收式热泵的关键部件,其性能对整机影响很大。汽体吸收过程是一复杂的传热传质过程。本文通过对光管及不同螺距的螺纹管管外降膜氨水吸收过程的实验研究,发现螺纹管对氟水吸收过程具有明显的强化作用,其传质系数较之相近吸收操作条件下的光管管外降膜氨水吸收的传质系数高2至3倍。这主要是外螺纹管不但使汽液接触面积增大,而且由于外螺纹的扰动作用,使液膜内不同温度、浓度区域的液体得以充分混合。     

对流边界条件下竖板降膜除湿过程中传热传质的数值模拟

针对竖板降膜(层流)溶液除湿空调系统,建立了溶液降膜过程传热传质的数学模型,给出了对流换热边界条件下过程的数值解.模拟了三种不同冷却条件下的降膜除湿过程.结果表明,当对流换热系数较小时,与绝热边界有相似的发展趋势;而当对流换热系数较大时,则接近于等温条件下的规律.同时,模拟结果还给出了不同的无量纲吸收热λv和刘易斯Le对降膜内Nusselt数和Sherwood数的影响,表明无量纲吸收热的改变不影响Nu数和Sh数在流动方向上的最终渐近值.     

膜蒸馏系统的热质扩散耦合分析

从相变耦合、逆流换热耦合以及蒸汽分子在膜孔中热质扩散耦合的角度出发,分别分析了热物料侧相变热质传递过程、膜蒸馏系统逆流换热过程以及蒸汽分子在膜孔中的热质扩散过程,并建立了三者与膜通量之间的关系式.得出自发的蒸汽分子迁移过程驱动了非自发的传热过程,当传质过程强化时,蒸汽分子传递速率增加,导致膜通量增加;膜蒸馏系统换热的强化有助于削弱温度极化,伴随着膜两侧表面温度梯度的增加,膜通量增加;关系式同时说明了减小膜的厚度,有利于膜通量增加.     

液氮薄膜在切应力作用下的降膜流动和传热模型

以钎焊板式换热器当中液氮薄膜为研究对象,通过建立在切应力作用下层流饱和蒸发液氮薄膜的传热特性的物理模型,推导出了无量纲液膜厚度和表面传热系数与气液界面切应力、界面对流换热强度、初始雷诺数和流动长度之间的非线性关系式.     

Effect of pressure and concentration on performance of a vertical falling-film type of absorber and generator using lithium bromide aqueous solutions

Experiments on an absorber and generator in an absorption refrigerating machine were made using a vertical falling-film type of stainless steel column. Three lithium bromid e aqueous solutions (40, 55 and 60wt% LiBr) were used as working fluid. The experimental apparatus was operated at 1.3 kPa (the pressure for a practical absorber) and 5.3 kPa (the intermediate pressure between absorber and generator). The measured absorption (evaporation) rate decreased with reducing pressure an d increasing concentration of LiBr in the falling liquid. The rate agreed with the values obtained from the analysis of heat and mass transfer in a falling film. Therefore, a falling-film type of absorber and generator can be designed and operated by a consistent method.     

Study on the effect of refrigerant distributing nonuniformity on the performance of falling-film evaporator with liquid recirculation system

To investigate the effect of liquid distributing nonuniformity on the heat transfer of horizontal-tube falling film, a horizontal-tube falling-film air-cooled water chiller with an ejector liquid recirculation system (LRS) is presented, and then the finite difference model of the horizontal-tube falling-film evaporator is given. Also a new method of dividing the liquid refrigerant distributor into several subzones is proposed as well as the model of liquid refrigerant distributing nonuniformity is established. The analysis results show that increasing the liquid spraying flowrate in a certain range is obviously valid for enhancing the evaporator capacity, and the suitable R_l is about 1.2, the corresponding value of φ is about 0.85. The analysis results also suggest that the higher the liquid recirculating ratio, the more the turning point of nonuniformity coefficient, and the turning point of nonuniformity coefficient is 0.1483 when the liquid recirculating ratio is equal to 1.21. The performance of falling-film heat transfer is more sensitive to the number of subzones under the condition of higher nonuniformity coefficient, and a suggested optimal number of partitioned subzones is 4.     

Experimental study on LiCl solution falling-film generation process outside a vertical tube

For the purpose of the development of a generator with higher performance utilizing LiCl/H₂O as the working pair in a two-stage absorption refrigeration system, an experimental investigation of LiCl solution falling film generation outside a vertical tube as the high-pressure stage solution cycle was conducted. An experimental setup was established to study heat and mass transfer process in a falling-film generator for LiCl/H₂O using low-temperature heat source. The experiments showed effect of the flow rates of hot water and falling film solution, temperature of heat source, concentration of the solution and generation pressure on the LiCl/H₂O generation process. To compare with conventional LiBr/H₂O solution, some comparative experiments of falling film generation were tested in order to discuss the mass transfer performance of two different working pairs in a high-pressure generator. The results showed that the two working pairs had similar mass transfer rate. The LiCl/H₂O solution had a similar mass transfer rate to that of the LiBr/H₂O solution, while the concentration of LiCl/H₂O solution was much lower with smaller circulation ratio of the solution, and it could make for possible improvement in the thermal performance of the absorption refrigeration system.     

Vapor absorption by LiBr aqueous solution in vertical smooth tubes

Heat and mass transfer in a falling film vertical in-tube absorber was studied experimentally with LiBr aqueous solution. The presented results include the effect of solution flow rate, solution subcooling and cooling water temperature on the absorption in a smooth copper tube 16.05 mm I.D. and 400 mm long. The experimental data in the previous report for a 1200-mm-long tube was also re-examined and compared. It was demonstrated by the observation of the flow in the tube that the break down of the liquid film into rivulets leads to deterioration of heat and mass transfer at lower film Reynolds number or in longer tubes. An attempt to evaluate physically acceptable heat and mass transfer coefficients that are defined with estimated temperature and concentration at the vapor–liquid interface was also presented.     

空冷/水冷混合冷却竖管内LiBr溶液降膜吸收过程数值解

针对风冷和水冷联合冷却的竖管降膜吸收器,考虑汽液界面的阻力、变膜厚、横向对流和冷却水的冷却作用的影响,建立了降膜吸收过程中热质耦合数学模型和同心管环空内冷却水换热数学模型.计算了沿竖管内表面的液膜厚度、温度、浓度以及冷却水在混合冷却条件下的温度分布等参数.分析了冷却水进口温度、LiBr溶液Re数和PE数等参数对传热系数和吸收速率的影响.数学模型的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好.得出的结论对联合冷却吸收器的设计和优化具有指导意义.     

Experimental correlation of falling film condensation on enhanced tubes with HFC134a; low-fin and Turbo-C tubes

The objectives of this paper are to develop experimental correlations of heat transfer for enhanced tubes used in a falling film condenser, and to provide a guideline for optimum design of the falling film condenser with a high condensing temperature of 59.8 °C. Tests are performed for four different enhanced tubes; a low-fin and three Turbo-C tubes. The working fluid is HFC134a, and the system pressure is 16.0 bar. The results show that the heat transfer enhancement of low-fin tube, Turbo-C (1), Turbo-C (2) and Turbo-C (3) ranges 2.8–3.4 times, 3.5–3.8 times, 3.8–4.0 times and 3.6–3.9 times, respectively, compared with the theoretical Nusselt correlation. It was found that the condensation heat transfer coefficient decreased with increasing the falling film Reynolds number and the wall subcooling temperature. It was also found that the enhanced tubes became more effective in the high wall subcooling temperature region than in the low wall subcooling temperature region. This study developed an experimental correlation of the falling film condensation with an error band of ±5%.     

Experimental correlation of combined heat and mass transfer for NH3–H2O falling film absorptionCorrélation expérimentale entre le transfert de chaleur et de masse pour de l'absorption au NH3–H2O à film tombant

In this article, experimental analysis was performed for ammonia–water falling film absorption process in a plate heat exchanger with enhanced surfaces such as offset strip fin. This article examined the effects of liquid and vapor flow characteristics, inlet subcooling of the liquid flow and inlet concentration difference on heat and mass transfer performance. The inlet liquid concentration was selected as 5%, 10% and 15% of ammonia by mass while the inlet vapor concentration was varied from 64.7% to 79.7%. It was found that before absorption started, there was a rectification process at the top of the test section by the inlet subcooling effect. Water desorption phenomenon was found near the bottom of the test section. It was found that the lower inlet liquid temperature and the higher inlet vapor temperature, the higher Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are obtained. Nusselt and Sherwood number correlations were developed as functions of falling film Reynolds Re₁, vapor Reynolds number Re_v, inlet subcooling and inlet concentration difference with ±15% and ±20% error bands, respectively.     

Alternate heat and mass transfer absorption performances on staggered tube bundle with M–W corrugated mesh guider inserts

A new alternate absorption scheme of both horizontal tubular cooling absorption and mesh layer adiabatic absorption was investigated with longitudinal corrugated M–W mesh guiders inserted to the gaps of the staggered horizontal tube bundle, leading solution film flows from the lower edge of each tube to the upper edges of its lower position neighbouring tubes at both sides. The mirror symmetric M–W mesh guiders facilitate uniform distribution and dual-side exposing solution film to the vapour for adiabatic mass transfer. The VOF CFD models were established for vapour absorption with aqueous LiBr solution falling film on the alternate absorber and bare tube one. The distributions of liquid film, temperature and concentration of the solution and local heat transfer coefficient on the tube surfaces were demonstrated for both absorbers. The simulation results demonstrated that the average heat and mass transfer coefficients with the alternating absorber are respectively 33.4% and 55.4% higher than those of the bare tube one.