发酵糙米乙醇提取物改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖脂代谢

探讨发酵糙米乙醇提取物(FBREE)对胰岛素抵抗3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖脂代谢的影响。高浓度葡萄糖加胰岛素刺激诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型。不同浓度FBREE处理细胞24 h后检测培养液中葡萄糖,游离脂肪酸(FFA),甘油,甘油三酯(TG),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白介素6(IL-6)水平。实时定量PCR检测细胞氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ(PPARγ),CAATT增强子结合蛋白(C/EBPα),固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBP1c),葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4),脂肪酸结合蛋白(a P2),蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B),葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT-4),激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)和TNF-α,IL-6,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的m RNA表达。FBREE具有促进细胞葡萄糖利用,降低细胞内TG含量,减少FFA及甘油溢出的能力。与模型组细胞相比,高浓度FBREE(100μg/m L)处理的细胞中TG和FFA水平分别下降52.44%和37.83%。FBREE同时能减少模型细胞TNF-α和IL-6的分泌,高浓度FBREE(100μg/m L)分别抑制TNF-α(21.18%),IL-6(31.39%),MCP-1(40.09%)和CRP(41.73%) mRNA表达。此外,FBREE有效降低细胞中PPARγ,C/EBPα,SREBP1c,PTP1B,a P2和HSL的m RNA表达,上调GLUT-4m RNA表达。结果提示,FBREE能有效促3T3-L1脂肪细胞消耗葡萄糖,分解TG,减少FFA和甘油溢出;调控细胞糖、脂代谢来改善胰岛素抵抗,并降低胰岛素抵抗所致炎症水平的升高。     

人参皂苷F2通过PI3K/Akt途径改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗

该研究探讨了人参皂苷F2对3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响及其机制。将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化成熟后,用1 μmol/L地塞米松处理48 h,建立胰岛素抵抗模型。用10 μmol/L的罗格列酮（阳性对照）和25、50、100 μmol/L人参皂苷F2处理胰岛素抵抗细胞12 h,检测细胞对2-NBDG的摄取。实验结束后用RT-qPCR检测各组细胞中葡萄糖转运蛋白4（GLUT-4）和胰岛素底物受体1（IRS-1）mRNA相对表达量,并利用Western blot检测PI3K/Akt信号通路中蛋白表达及其磷酸化水平。结果表明：与模型组相比,25、50、100 μmol/L人参皂苷F2均能促进胰岛素抵抗3T3-L1脂肪细胞对2-NBDG的摄取,分别增加了12.58%、29.07%和34.62%（p<0.05）;人参皂苷F2作用12 h后,GLUT-4和IRS-1 mRNA相对表达量以及PI3K、Akt的磷酸化水平显著提高（p<0.01）。该研究表明人参皂苷F2可通过促进胰岛素抵抗3T3-L1脂肪细胞中GLUT-4和IRS-1mRNA相对表达,增加PI3K和Akt蛋白磷酸化,从而激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,改善其糖代谢和胰岛素抵抗。     

胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的建立

为建立胰岛素抵抗脂肪细胞模型,以3T3-L1前脂肪细胞为研究材料,通过3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤、地塞米松和胰岛素联合诱导其分化为3T3-L1脂肪细胞,通过葡萄糖消耗实验研究胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗的作用浓度和时间关系,发现10-7mmol/L胰岛素诱导处理48h是3T3-L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗的最适条件,该细胞模型的胰岛素抵抗状态可维持48h。通过高浓度胰岛素成功诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗,具有建模周期短、重复性好、操作简便的优点,该细胞模型可以用于抗胰岛素抵抗天然产物的筛选研究。     

辣木异硫氰酸酯通过活化AMPK抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂质积累

探究辣木异硫氰酸酯-4-[(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] Isothiocyanates（MIC-1）抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂质积累的作用及可能的调控机制。体外诱导3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞,用MIC-1干预48 h后检测细胞脂质积累情况,甘油三酯（TG）、甘油（Gly）和游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量;qRT-PCR检测脂代谢相关基因的表达;Western blot法测定腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）蛋白磷酸化水平和氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ（PPARγ）蛋白表达水平。结果表明,MIC-1对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞存活率无影响;与对照组相比,MIC-1可降低脂肪细胞内脂滴分布及细胞着色程度,降低细胞内TG含量,减少FFA及甘油的溢出。MIC-1处理浓度达4 mol/L时,TG和FFA浓度分别下降64.00%和75.00%。同时,显著下调细胞中PPARγ（46.00%）、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1（SCD1）（62.00%）的mRNA表达水平;显著上调AMPK蛋白磷酸化水平（64.47%）和下调PPARγ（52.10%）蛋白表达水平。以上结果表明,MIC-1通过促进TG分解和抑制TG的合成,从而抑制脂质积累,其机制可能与AMPK的活化有关。     

灵芝醇提物对改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的作用

研究讨论灵芝醇提物对地塞米松诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响。采用地塞米松诱导脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,将细胞分成正常组、模型组、灵芝醇提物组、二甲双胍（阳性对照）组,检测各组的葡萄糖消耗量和甘油三酯含量,分析灵芝醇提物对胰岛素抵抗的影响。建立模型的地塞米松处理组与正常组相比,1 μmoL/L地塞米松处理72 h显著降低了3T3-L1脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗量（P＜0.05）,且胰岛素抵抗状态在24 h内维持稳定,脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型构建成功。10、50、100 mg/L灵芝醇提物对细胞活力均无显著影响,灵芝醇提物处理细胞24 h能显著提高脂肪细胞的葡萄糖消耗量和细胞内甘油三酯的含量且呈剂量依赖性。同时灵芝醇提物处理后显著增加了胰岛素受体底物1、葡萄糖转运体-4、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶p110亚基、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶p85亚基、磷酸化蛋白激酶、磷酸化糖原合酶激酶3β蛋白的表达。结果表明灵芝醇提物通过IRS1/PI3K/AKT信号途径改善地塞米松诱导的脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗。     

白藜芦醇对胰岛素抵抗3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖代谢的影响

目的：研究白藜芦醇(resveratrol,Res)对胰岛素抵抗状态下3T3-L1 脂肪细胞葡萄糖代谢的影响,并探讨其分子机制。方法：用地塞米松诱导3T3-L1 细胞建立胰岛素抵抗模型,用不同剂量Res 进行干预,添加或不添加胰岛素刺激,测定各组细胞的葡萄糖消耗量,实时荧光定量PCR 检测各组细胞的脂联素(adiponectin)、瘦素(leptin)和抵抗素(resistin)mRNA 表达,Western blotting 检测腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)的蛋白质表达及磷酸化水平。结果：各组细胞经胰岛素刺激,0.01、0.1、1μmol/L 的Res 组的葡萄糖消耗量分别是对照组的1.3、1.5、1.4 倍(P ＜ 0.05),添加Res 可促进脂联素、瘦素mRNA 的表达,降低抵抗素mRNA表达,增加AMPKα的磷酸化水平。结论：Res 可以明显改善胰岛素抵抗状态下3T3-L1 细胞葡萄糖代谢。其机制可能是通过增加脂联素、瘦素表达,降低抵抗素表达从而介导AMPKα磷酸化实现的。     

小麦烷基间苯二酚对3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗改善作用及机制

低度慢性炎症状态是肥胖导致机体胰岛素抵抗的重要原因之一.小麦烷基间苯二酚(alkylresorcinols,ARs)是全麦食品膳食的生物标记物和重要的活性功能成分.利用体外炎症因子诱导,建立3 T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,通过检测脂肪细胞脂质分解和葡萄糖吸收与利用情况,探讨小麦ARs在炎症状态下对脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的保护机制.研究结果表明:不同浓度小麦ARs(5～20μmol/L)干预能够剂量依赖性地改善炎症因子诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗,脂肪细胞对葡萄糖利用率分别提升了4.3％、10.2％ 和24.0％;小麦ARs可以显著缓解炎症因子导致的脂肪细胞脂质分解.进一步机制解析发现:炎症因子显著降低了脂肪细胞糖代谢两个关键蛋白Akt的磷酸化(p-Akt)及其下游GLUT4蛋白表达,导致其葡萄糖利用障碍,而ARs干预显著提升了这两个蛋白的表达;采用PI3K抑制剂(LY294002)预处理脂肪细胞后,ARs对于脂肪细胞p-Akt及GLUT4表达的增加被抑制,相应的对于葡萄糖吸收的改善作用也被显著降低,脂肪细胞脂质分解增加,表明ARs通过特异性激活p-Akt/GLUT4信号通路改善了3 T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗.最后,研究了小麦ARs的5种主要单体成分分别对于脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的改善作用,结果表明,十七烷基间苯二酚是小麦ARs发挥生理功能的主要活性物质.     

苦瓜碱提多糖调节HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗的途径

为研究苦瓜碱提多糖(AEMP)调节胰岛素抵抗的作用途径,采用0.25 mmol/L棕榈酸诱导HepG2细胞建立胰岛素抵抗细胞模型,并测定AEMP和二甲双胍对胰岛素抵抗细胞葡萄糖消耗量、糖原、甘油三酯(TG)及胰岛素抵抗信号通路相关基因m RNA表达水平的影响。结果表明,250,500,750μg/m L AEMP均可显著增加胰岛素抵抗细胞的葡萄糖消耗量(从78.58%分别增至93.31%、94.57%和97.07%);750μg/m L AEMP能显著增加糖原含量(从70.78%增至95.51%),降低TG含量(从132.97%降至115.93%);AEMP还可显著提高胰岛素抵抗细胞中PI3K(磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶)、AKT(蛋白激酶B)和PGC-1α(过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ共激活因子-1α)m RNA的表达水平,降低PEPCK(磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶)m RNA的表达水平。AEMP主要通过激活胰岛素抵抗细胞的PI3K-AKT和PGC-1α信号通路改善胰岛素抵抗;而二甲双胍则主要通过激活AMPK-ACC2(腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶-乙酰辅酶A羟化酶2)和PGC-1α信号通路,调节胰岛素抵抗细胞的糖脂代谢,二者的作用途径有所不同。     

松花粉提取物对胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞糖脂代谢的影响

研究松花粉提取物对胰岛素抵抗Hep G2细胞糖脂代谢的影响,探究其潜在分子机制。采用游离脂肪酸构建Hep G2细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,经油红O染色确认模型成功后,采用MTT法研究不同极性的松花粉提取物对细胞增殖的影响。测定各组上清葡萄糖,胞内糖原,上清甘油三酯(TG),胞内TG以及胞内总胆固醇(TC)的含量,实时荧光PCR定量检测细胞裂解液中的调控糖脂代谢关键基因In SR、PI3K以及GLUT-4的mRNA表达水平。结果表明,不同极性的松花粉提取物在质量浓度为100～500μg/m L时,对细胞无明显毒性;不同极性的松花粉提取物能够促进细胞吸收葡萄糖,抑制糖原降解,抑制TG和TC的形成,促进TG向细胞外转运,从而改善Hep G2胰岛素抵抗状况。各松花粉处理组细胞PI3K以及GLUT-4 mRNA表达量均上调,说明松花粉能够激活PI3K/Akt/GLUT-4通路从而促进糖代谢;乙酸乙酯相(AE),正丁醇相(BU)和水相(WT)组细胞In SR mRNA表达量显著上调,说明这3种提取物能够通过提高胰岛素的敏感性改善胰岛素抵抗。     

燕麦纤维改善高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠胰岛素抵抗的机制研究

目的:研究燕麦纤维对高脂饮食诱导小鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法:采用8w龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠高脂喂养16w,同时预防性给药,监测血液生化指标,进行糖耐量实验,ELISA法测胰岛素并计算HOMR-IR指数,解剖分离小鼠的内脏脂肪组织并称重,以及取部分组织做HE染色进行形态学观察,研究燕麦纤维对高脂诱导小鼠肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的影响。结果:与模型组比较,阳性药小檗碱组与燕麦纤维组的血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、总胆固醇(TC)均能显著降低;燕麦纤维组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)也显著降低,血浆胰岛素水平极显著降低,能增强胰岛素敏感性,改善胰岛素抵抗;血浆中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、L-1β及MCP-1显著降低,分别降低了27%、81%、31%、50%。小鼠体质量和内脏脂肪显著减少。脂肪细胞面积减小。结论:燕麦纤维通过减少小鼠内脏脂肪,减少FFA和炎症因子的分泌,改善由高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗,增加胰岛素敏感性。     

hs-3、ws-3乳酸菌发酵剂冻干研究

通过研究冻干保护剂的冻干厚度、干燥时间与冻干发酵剂含水量的关系,确定hs-3、ws-3乳酸菌冷冻干燥时间为13h,冻干厚度为0.75cm。对不同复合冷冻保护剂进行筛选,确定10%胡萝卜汁 6%葡萄糖 1%琼脂 1%麦芽糊精 1%番茄汁为乳酸菌优良的冷冻复合保护剂。冻干混合菌种发酵剂经发酵活力检测性能优良。     

Yeast 14-3-3 proteins

14-3-3 proteins form a family of highly conserved proteins which are present in all eukaryotic organisms investigated, often in multiple isoforms, up to 13 in some plants. They interact with more than 200 different, mostly phosphorylated proteins. The molecular consequences of 14-3-3 binding are diverse: this binding may result in stabilization of the active or inactive phosphorylated form of the protein, to a conformational alteration leading to activation or inhibition, to a different subcellular localization, to the interaction with other proteins or to shielding of binding sites. The binding partners, and hence the 14-3-3 proteins, are involved in almost every cellular process and 14-3-3 proteins have been linked to several diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, the neurological Miller-Dieker and spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 diseases and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe both have two genes encoding 14-3-3 proteins, BMH1 and BMH2 and rad24 and rad25, respectively. In these yeasts, 14-3-3 proteins are essential in most laboratory strains. As in higher eukaryotes, yeast 14-3-3 proteins bind to numerous proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes. Recent genome-wide studies on yeast strains with impaired 14-3-3 function support the participation of 14-3-3 proteins in numerous yeast cellular processes. Given the high evolutionary conservation of the 14-3-3 proteins, the experimental accessibility and relative simplicity of yeasts make them excellent model organisms for elucidating the function of the 14-3-3 protein family.     

苦瓜提取物抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂肪沉积研究

研究表明苦瓜具有一定减肥效果,但其确切分子机理尚未阐明,因此本实验研究苦瓜正丁醇提取物抑制脂肪沉积活性及其作用机制。针对3T3-L1脂肪细胞,利用噻唑蓝法检测苦瓜正丁醇提取物对细胞活性影响;采用油红O染色检测苦瓜正丁醇提取物对细胞脂肪沉积的影响;利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测苦瓜提取物对脂肪沉积转录因子和脂肪酸代谢关键基因mRNA转录水平调控作用。结果表明：相对空白对照组,苦瓜提取物能明显减少3T3-L1细胞脂肪沉积,抑制转录因子C/EBPα、PPARγ和SREBP-1c的mRNA表达,对脂肪酸代谢基因GLUT4、ACC1、Fasn、AP2和LPL的mRNA表达抑制明显（P＜0.05）。总之,苦瓜正丁醇提取物对脂肪沉积具有一定抑制作用,可能通过下调脂肪沉积相关基因mRNA转录水平表达起作用。     

Activities of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on gamma-irradiated salmon atelocollagen scaffold

We investigated the effect of gamma-irradiation on the activities of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on gamma-irradiated salmon atelocollagen (SAC) scaffolds. SAC-cultured samples were irradiated at doses of 10, 15, and 25 kGy. Gamma-irradiation had a significant impact on the activities of MC3T3-E1 cells. The proliferation rates and alkaline phosphatase activities of MC3T3-E1 cells increased with gamma-irradiation dose.     

Contribution of cysteine and glutathione conjugates to the formation of the volatile thiols 3‐mercaptohexan‐1‐ol (3MH) and 3‐mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA) during fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Background and Aims: 3‐Mercaptohexan‐1‐ol (3MH) and its ester 3‐mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA) are potent aromatic thiols that substantially contribute to varietal wine aroma. During fermentation, non‐volatile 3MH conjugates are converted by yeast to volatile 3MH and 3MHA. Two types of 3MH conjugates have been identified, S‐3‐(hexan‐1‐ol)‐L‐cysteine (Cys‐3MH) and S‐3‐(hexan‐1‐ol)‐glutathione (GSH‐3MH). Yeast‐driven formation of 3MH from these precursors has been previously demonstrated, while the relationship between 3MHA and GSH‐3MH remains to be established. This paper aims to investigate yeast conversion of GSH‐3MH to 3MH and 3MHA, and to assess the relative contribution of each individual conjugate to the 3MH/3MHA pool of finished wines. Methods and Results: Fermentation experiments were carried out in model grape juice containing Cys‐3MH and GSH‐3MH. We found 3MH formation from GSH‐3MH to be significantly less efficient than that of Cys‐3MH. Conversely, esterification of 3MH to 3MHA was higher when 3MH was formed from GSH‐3MH. Additional in vitro assays for measuring enzyme cleavage activity suggest the involvement of a different mechanism in 3MH conversion for the two precursors. Conclusions: These results indicate that although both 3MH conjugates can be converted by yeast, the type of precursor affects the rate of formation of 3MH and 3MHA during fermentation. Significance of the Study: Management of the pool of aromatic thiols during fermentation can depend on relative proportions of different 3MH conjugates.     

新型凉味剂薄荷酰胺(WS-3)

本文主要介绍了新型凉味剂WS-3的性质,应用和目前的合成方法.     

A highly conserved intraspecies homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae elongation factor-3 encoded by the HEF3 gene

A paralog (intraspecies homolog) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YEF3 gene, encoding elongation factor-3, has been sequenced in the course of the yeast genome project, and identified by database searching; this gene has been designated HEF3. Bioinformatic and Northern blot analysis indicate that the HEF3 gene is not expressed during vegetative growth. Deletion of the HEF3 gene reveals no growth defects, nor any defects in mating or sporulation. A high copy 2μ clone of HEF3 was constructed, and was shown to be unable to complement a null allele of yef3. Finally, an in vitro assay for ribosome-stimulated ATPase activity was performed with isogenic HEF3 and Δhef3 strains; no difference in biochemical activity could be detected in these strains. From these results, we conclude that the HEF3 gene does not encode a functional homolog of YEF3. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.