北京市大量元素水溶肥料分析与评价

根据北京市2013—2020年大量元素水溶肥料的检测数据,分析北京市大量元素水溶肥料各检测指标的合格情况以及重金属含量和污染情况。结果表明,北京市大量元素水溶肥料年度平均合格率为84.35%,主要检测项目单项合格率均在90%以上;5种重金属元素的合格率均在90%以上,其中As的合格率最低,超标量最高;2013年的As元素达到了轻污染的程度,2014—2020年5种重金属含量全部为清洁等级。北京市大量元素水溶肥料产品虽然仍存在养分含量不足、重金属超标等问题,但污染情况逐年好转。     

大量元素水溶肥中水不溶物的形成原因探讨

为了尽可能降低甚至消除尿素基大量元素水溶性肥料中的水不溶物,对不同条件下制备的大量元素水溶肥以及其中的水不溶物进行研究。结果表明,在较高温度下制备的水溶肥样品,其pH值和水不溶物含量要明显高于较低温度下制备样品;X射线衍射分析结果显示,两种温度下制备的水溶肥样品的衍射图也出现了一些差别。根据分析结果,提出水不溶物的形成机制为:在较高温度下制备样品时,尿素缩合反应产生的氨气被吸收,使体系的p H值升高,升高的pH值以及高温的共同作用导致了水溶肥中的部分微量元素络合物中的金属离子参与磷酸盐的固相沉淀反应,导致水不溶物含量升高。     

大量元素水溶肥料在水稻上的喷施效果

在水稻生长过程中进行叶面喷施大量元素水溶肥料田间试验。叶面喷施大量元素水溶肥料可提高水稻穗长和总粒数,同时提高亩穗数和千粒重。试验结果表明,喷施大量元素水溶肥料的亩穗数较之清水对照组增幅达1.61%,千粒重增幅达3.85%,平均增产率达到了10.24%,经济效益显著。     

温度滴定法测定大量元素水溶肥料中钾含量的不确定度评定

本文建立了温度滴定法测定大量元素水溶肥料中钾含量的不确定度数学模型,并对整个实验过程进行了评定.评定过程中的不确定度主要来源有测量的重复性、四苯硼酸钠标准溶液浓度标定、试样溶液准备、样品测定过程以及加标回收率.通过对各相对标准不确定度的计算,求出合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.     

大量元素水溶肥料在水稻上的应用效果研究

研究考察了液体型大量元素水溶肥料在水稻上叶面喷施后的效果。试验研究结果表明:在水稻的苗期、孕穗和灌浆期各喷施1次,每次每亩(1 hm2=15亩)取水溶肥原液90 mL兑水45 kg(稀释比例1∶500)稀释混匀后喷施,与清水和空白对照比较,水稻株高、结实率、千粒重均增加,增产率分别为8.3%和9.4%,纯收入分别增加118.3元/亩和134.5元/亩。     

我国大量元素水溶肥料产业发展现状

根据我国近年来大量元素水溶肥料登记信息,结合大量元素水溶肥料产品技术指标、产品和企业分布情况、产品性状及适宜作物等对其进行了统计分析。2009年1月—2012年9月,我国有效登记的大量元素水溶肥料产品有521个,其中国内产品496个;共涉及生产企业456家,其中国内企业435家,其产品中营养元素以N、P、K、Zn、B组合居多。统计表明,大量元素水溶肥料适用作物已达45种,主要作物品种为番茄、黄瓜、棉花、小白菜、水稻等。笔者还简述了我国大量元素水溶肥料的发展趋势,并提出了相应建议。     

一种大量元素水溶肥料的制备及其在玉米上的喷施效果

根据玉米需肥特性设计氮磷钾比例,制备了含中微量元素的大量元素水溶肥料,产品氮、磷、钾比例为2∶1∶4,属于高钾中氮低磷型.在河北省安平县前子文村和浙江省新昌县孟家塘村玉米上开展了叶面喷施试验.结果表明:玉米生物学性能得到改善,玉米产量、出籽率、百粒重与容重得到提高;与空白对照相比,平均增产率为5.45％,平均纯增收896.40元/公顷,平均产投比为5.43∶1.     

大量元素水溶肥产品性状差异性分析

研究了用不同厂家原料生产的同一配方大量元素水溶肥粉剂产品的理化性状差异及可能的影响因素。结果表明:不同原料的选择对肥料溶液pH值影响差异显著;水溶肥EC值与钾源种类及用量有关,使用氯化钾作为钾源的产品EC值要高于硝酸钾;农用磷酸一铵作为生产原料会显著增加水溶肥产品的水不溶物含量,但并不影响产品等级质量;硫酸钾的使用会降低产品的EC值和最大溶解质量。认为以尿素、磷酸二氢钾、硝酸钾、硼酸和无水硫酸镁原料生产的水溶肥具有最佳理化性状。     

国外含镁大量元素肥料产品现状分析

对14家世界知名大型肥料企业的869组大量元素肥料产品信息数据分析表明,国外重视镁在大量元素肥料产品中的添加,含镁大量元素肥料产品占比为54.7％.在养分含量方面,国外大量元素肥料中镁养分平均含量为2.4％MgO,且在不同肥料类型、不同适宜作物肥料产品之间,镁养分含量没有明显差异;在养分形态方面,在复混肥、水溶肥和叶面...     

新型大量元素水溶肥在小麦上的效果试验

在小麦孕穗期、灌浆期叶面喷施康勃大量元素(微量元素型)水溶肥料,小麦生长健壮,抗倒伏、抗早衰、抗干热风等综合抗逆能力增强;延长了小麦灌浆时间和叶片功能期,小麦籽粒饱满,粒色明净,粒重增加,结实率提高,显著改善了小麦的成产因素和品质,增产12.6%左右,经济效益显著。     

利用煤泥研制具有肥效的生态缓释材料

把煤泥和复合肥按一定比例混合,在相同搅拌转速时,通过调节水浴温度;在相同水浴温度时,调节搅拌转速得到不同养分含量的缓释肥料成品。在水浴温度为70℃,搅拌转速在0.141 3 m/s为最优制备缓释肥料的工艺条件。     

肥料中氮、磷、钾的检测方法与实践经验

介绍常用肥料产品中氮、磷、钾的测定方法与实践经验,对从事肥料的质量检验人员有参考价值。     

Effect of crop residues on grain yield response of sorghum (t Sorghum bicolor) (L.) to application of N and P fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted on two soil types for seven years (1988–1994) to investigate the effect of the presence of crop residue on grain yield response of sorghum to NP fertilizer applied every year or once only at the start of the experiment. Grain yield was increased by the NP fertilizer alone, but was not further significantly increased by application of both residues and NP fertilizer. During the study period yields decreased abruptly with decreasing rainfall after the first year particularly on the Typic Pellustert. Thus there was a difference according to soil type. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Response of rainfed bread and durum wheat to source,level and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on two Ethiopian Vertisols: II. N uptake,recovery and efficiency

In trials conducted at 2 highland Vertisol sites in Ethiopia in 1990 and 1991, 2 locally popular wheat cultivars, 1 spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 1 durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), were supplied with nitrogen (N) fertilizer at 0, 60 and 120 kg N ha^–1 in the form of large granular urea (LGU), standard urea prills or ammonium sulfate. N was applied all at sowing, all at mid-tillering or split-applied between these two stages (1/3:2/3). While durum wheat exhibited the highest N concentration in grain and straw, bread wheat, because of its higher productivity, resulted in a greater grain and total N uptake. In general, split application of N and use of LGU as N source enhanced grain and total N uptake, apparent N recovery and agronomic efficiency of N, particularly under severe water-logging stress. Where significant, the interactions among the experimental factors substantiated the superior responsiveness of the bread wheat cultivar to fertilizer N, and the beneficial effects of split N application and LGU as an N source. Split application of N tended to nullify the positive effects of LGU, presumably by approximating the delayed release of N achieved with LGU. Considering the potential benefits to Ethiopian peasant farmers and consumers, split application of N should be advocated, particularly on water-logged Vertisols; LGU could be an advantageous N source assuming a cost comparable to the conventional N source urea.     

The effect of broadcast P applications and small amounts of fertilizer placed with the seed on continuously cropped corn (Zea mays L.)

The response of corn (Zea mays L.) to broadcast P applications and to small amounts of fertilizer placed with the seed (fws) was measured in three field trials conducted for 10 years. Five rates of P (0, 11, 22, 45, and 90 kg ha^–1 yr^–1) were applied with and without 4.0-6.4-3.2 kg N, P, K ha^–1 placed with the seed (fws) in a factorial arrangement of treatments. The fws treatment delayed emergence at all sites, reduced final emergence at two of the three sites, increased seedling dry weights at the 4 to 6 leaf stage and reduced the time to 50% silking at two of the three sites. Ear moisture content at harvest was reduced by fws at all sites which indicated that fws advanced maturity. The fws treatment increased grain yield at two of the sites by 1.3 and 2.3%, respectively. Broadcast P applications increased seedling dry weight at all sites but decreased the time to 50% silking only at one site. Broadcast P decreased ear moisture content and increased grain yield at two sites. There was a significant fws by broadcast P interaction in the most P deficient soil such that response to broadcast P was lessened by fws. The interaction was strongest during the early stages of growth and decreased with maturity resulting in no fws by broadcast P interaction for grain yield.     

风化煤与玉米秸秆发酵过程中腐植酸及氮磷的变化

风化煤富含腐植酸,目前还没有有效地开发利用,本研究将风化煤腐植酸活化技术与生物发酵技术相结合,研究了解发酵过程中腐植酸及氮磷养分的转化特点,试图开发适合有机农业生产的腐植酸肥料。研究结果表明,风化煤经过碳酸氢铵和磷酸铵处理后,大部分腐植酸转化为水溶性状态,水溶性腐植酸含量51％～60％;活化材料中的氮磷养分大部分为水溶性。发酵过程中微生物利用了大量的氮磷养分,微生物量氮磷占水溶性氮磷的比例在培养结束时最高,分别达到52．42％和73．74％,说明一半左右的水溶性氮和大部分水溶性磷素为微生物量氮磷。30d培养期间,接近3％的氮素和15％的磷素经过了微生物量循环。由此可见,风化煤活化时所加入的无机氮磷养分很大一部分转化为微生物量氮磷,并有可观的一部分经过了微生物量的转化,发酵产物符合有机农业的生产要求。     

Preparation of a halogen-free P/N/Si flame retardant monomer with reactive siloxy groups and its application in cotton fabrics

A novel halogen-free phosphorus-nitrogen-silicon flame retardant monomer with reactive siloxy groups,N-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1-diphenyl-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl) phosphinamine (DPTA) has been synthesized and was applied to the fire-resistant finishing of cotton fabrics.The molecular structure of DPTA has been well characterized by elemental analysis,FTIR,1H NMR,and 31p NMR spectroscopies.The chemically-grafted cotton fabrics,which were treated with 25 wt％ DPTA,were obtained and confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR).The flame retardancy and thermal property of the treated samples were investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI),vertical flammability test (VFT),thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC).It is noted that in vertical flammability test,the treated samples extinguished immediately upon removing the ignition source,whereas the untreated one was completely burned out.Furthermore,TGA and MCC tests revealed that the treated samples produced a high char formation and a low heated release during combustion.The surface morphology of the untreated and treated samples and the char residues after LOI tests were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Therefore,all the results showed that the treated cotton fabrics with 25 wt％ DPTA apparently improved the fireresistant and thermal performances.     

Ternary Ni2P/Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4 composite with Z-scheme electron transfer path for enhanced removal broad-spectrum antibiotics by the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis

Constructing the stable, low-cost, efficient, and highly adaptable visible light-driven photocatalyst to implement the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and adsorption has been excavated a promising strategy to deal with antibiotic pollution in water bodies. Herein, a novel 3D ternary Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst Ni₂P/Bi₂MoO₆/g-C₃N₄ (Ni₂P/BMO/CN) was fabricated by a simple solvothermal method in which the broad spectrum antibiotics (mainly tetracyclines and supplemented by quinolones) were used as target pollution sources to evaluate its adsorption and photocatalytic performance. Notably, the Z-scheme composite significantly exhibit the enhancement for degradation efficiency of tetracycline and other antibiotic by using Ni₂P nanoparticles as electron conductor. Active species capture experiment and electron spin resonance (ESR) technology reveal the mechanism of Z-scheme Ni₂P/BMO/CN photocatalytic reaction in detail. In addition, based on the identification of intermediates by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC–MS), the possible photocatalytic degradation pathways of TC were proposed.     

The application of isotopic (32P and 15N) dilution techniques to evaluate the interactive effect of phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium to improve the agronomic efficiency of rock phosphate for legume crops

A pot experiment was designed to evaluate the interactive effects of multifunctional microbial inoculation treatments and rock phosphate (RP) application on N and P uptake by alfalfa through the use of ¹⁵N and ³²P isotopic dilution approaches. The microbial inocula consisted of a wild type (WT) Rhizobium meliloti strain, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe, and a phosphate solubilizing rhizobacterium (Enterobacter sp.). Inoculated microorganisms were established in the root tissues and/or in the rhizosphere soil of alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.). Improvements in N and P accumulation in alfalfa corroborate beneficial effects of Rhizobium and AM interactions. Inoculation with selected rhizobacteria improved the AM effect on N or P accumulation in both the RP-added soil and in the non RP-amended controls. Measurements of the ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratio in plant shoots indicate an enhancement of the N₂ fixation rates in Rhizobium-inoculated AM-plants, over that achieved by Rhizobium in non-mycorrhizal plants. Whether or not RP was added, AM-inoculated plants showed a lower specific activity (³²P/³¹P) than did their comparable non-mycorrhizal controls, suggesting that the plant was using otherwise unavailable P sources. The phosphate-solubilizing, AM-associated, microbiota could in fact release phosphate ions, either from the added RP or from the indigenous ``less-available' soil phosphate. A low Ca concentrations in the test soil may have benefited P solubilization. Under field conditions, the inoculation with AM fungi significantly increased plant biomass and N and P accumulation in plant tissues. Phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria improved mycorrhizal responses in soil dually receiving RP and organic matter amendments. Organic matter addition favoured RP solubilization. This, together with a tailored microbial inoculation, increased the agronomic efficiency of RP in the test soil that was Ca deficient at neutral pH.