面向低能耗的虚拟机部署和迁移策略

为提高数据中心的资源利用率并降低能耗,提出了面向低能耗的虚拟机部署和迁移策略,包括虚拟机初始部署算法BT-MPA和虚拟机动态迁移算法MMT-MMA。BT-MPA算法基于回溯法实现虚拟机集合和主机集合的最优初始映射,MMT-MMA算法基于最小迁移时间策略实现虚拟机动态迁移。仿真验证了所提出策略能够在降低数据中心总能耗的同时避免了不必要的迁移开销。     

基于动态调整阈值的虚拟机迁移算法

针对当前数据中心服务器能耗优化和虚拟机迁移时机合理性问题,提出一种基于动态调整阈值（DAT）的虚拟机迁移算法。该算法首先通过统计分析物理机历史负载数据动态地调整虚拟机迁移的阈值门限,然后通过延时触发和预测物理机的负载趋势确定虚拟机迁移时机。最后将该算法应用到实验室搭建的数据中心平台上进行实验验证,结果表明基于DAT的虚拟机迁移算法比静态阈值法关闭的物理机数量更多,云数据中心能耗更低。基于DAT的虚拟机迁移算法能根据物理机的负载变化动态迁移虚拟机,达到提高物理机资源利用率、降低数据中心能耗、提高虚拟机迁移效率的目的。     

一种迁移开销感知的虚拟机动态整合算法

现有的以降低能耗为目标的虚拟机动态整合算法通常忽略了虚拟机迁移所带来的消极影响,导致虚拟机的动态整合虽然减少了数据中心的能耗,但不合理的虚拟机迁移次数较多,极有可能增加了SLA（Service Level Agreements）的违例率。针对上述问题,提出了一种迁移开销感知的虚拟机动态整合算法MigCAP（Migration Cost Aware Policy）,定义了迁移收益参数EMP,MigCAP算法通过EMP值的大小来决定是否需要进行虚拟机的迁移,避免了不合理的虚拟机迁移的发生。实验结果表明,MigCAP算法与现有的其他虚拟机动态整合算法相比,能够在有效减少能耗和降低SLA违例率的基础上,显著减少虚拟机迁移次数。     

面向数据中心的虚拟机部署及优化算法

虚拟机动态配置是解决数据中心能耗低效的有效方法。针对动态配置过程中的虚拟机部署及优化问题展开研究,提出一种新的面向系统能耗的虚拟机部署算法以及基于主动迁移的优化策略。为了降低系统能耗,新算法采用基于服务器利用率的最佳适配降序算法求解虚拟机部署方案;同时为了适应应用负载的动态变化,新算法启动主动迁移策略对部署方案进行优化,即通过启发式算法在当前部署的基础上搜索使系统能耗更低的优化方案,并根据新部署对虚拟机执行主动迁移。考虑到迁移会导致应用服务质量降级和额外能耗,新算法通过在优化策略中设置基于服务器利用率的启动门限,对虚拟机主动迁移频率进行控制。仿真实验表明,所提算法在系统能耗、虚拟机迁移频率、服务器状态切换频率以及服务质量等多项性能指标上均有显著提高     

基于DVFS感知与虚拟机动态合并的云数据中心能效策略

为了解决云数据中心资源分配时能耗与性能间的均衡问题,提出了一种基于DVFS感知与虚拟机动态合并的能效优化策略。首先,策略通过新的DVFS管理算法（DVFS-perf）在不降低系统性能的同时降低了数据中心功耗,然后,通过频率感知的虚拟机VM部署合并算法（Frequency-aware Placement）在实现DVFS最优配置的同时最小化总体能耗,同时确保了虚拟机映射时的QoS保障。最后,通过真实云负载数据流构建仿真实验进行了性能分析。结果表明,在动态负载条件下,策略可以在不降低QoS和不增加SLA违例的情况下,降低虚拟机迁移次数和数据中心的总体能耗,更好地实现能耗与性能的均衡。     

面向业务动态变化的虚拟机迁移技术研究

针对数据中心内业务需求动态变化下虚拟机的迁移问题,提出了一种基于动态资源需求相关性的虚拟机迁移算法。该算法首先对各个虚拟机的资源需求变化以及服务器资源利用率的动态特性之间的相关性进行定量评估,再根据相关性最优匹配原则以及虚拟机的服务水平协议（SLA）以确定各个待迁移虚拟机的最佳迁移策略。通过与其它虚拟机迁移算法比较,结果表明该算法能更有效地降低动态环境下虚拟机的迁移成本、提高服务器资源利用率以及降低数据中心的能耗。该算法能较好地适用于资源需求动态变化环境下的虚拟机迁移,达到物理资源的高效利用。     

基于阈值滑动窗口机制的虚拟机迁移判决算法

数据中心是云计算中数据运算、交换、存储的中心。近年来以虚拟机为粒度的虚拟机放置管理成为云数据中心能耗管理、实现动态可伸缩资源提供的重要支撑技术。在虚拟机放置的动态管理阶段,虚拟机迁移触发机制主要是根据物理主机中资源利用率的变化情况,决定是否需要将虚拟机迁移到其它主机。迁移时机判决准确能够有效地平衡过热点并关掉过冷点。当前的迁移时机缺乏对整个数据中心负载变化行为趋势的反映,也因为静态的阈值设定容易发生频繁的迁移,造成不必要的迁移代价和传输开销。提出了基于阈值滑动窗口机制的虚拟机迁移判决算法(iWnd),其能够根据整个数据中心任务量的多少动态调整高低阈值间窗口的大小,减少了任务量满负荷时期需要迁移虚拟机的数量,从而避免不必要的迁移开销和传输代价,有效地实现节能。在云计算平台Cloudsim上进行了仿真实验。结果表明,提出的iWnd算法在减少虚拟机迁移数量、降低迁移失败率上有良好的效果,同时并未产生过多额外的功耗。     

基于虚拟机动态迁移的负载均衡策略

针对数据中心由于异构节点资源利用率不均衡导致的负载均衡问题,本文提出了一种基于动态阈值的迁移时机判决算法与基于负载类型感知的选择算法相结合的虚拟机动态迁移选择策略.该策略先通过监控全局负载度与高低负载节点占比动态调整状态阈值,并结合负载评估值判断迁移时机;再分析虚拟机负载类型,依据虚拟机与节点资源的依赖度、虚拟机当前内存带宽比和虚拟机贡献度选择待迁移虚拟机,并根据虚拟机与目的节点的资源匹配度与迁移代价选择目的节点,实现对高负载与低负载节点的虚拟机动态调整,从而优化节点资源配置问题.实验结果表明,该策略可以有效减少虚拟机迁移次数并保证数据中心服务质量,最终改善数据中心的负载均衡能力.     

基于MapReduce虚拟集群的能耗优化算法

随着全球能源危机的出现,许多研究者开始关注数据中心的能耗问题。在满足用户需求的前提下,减少数据中心的活跃节点个数能够有效地降低其能耗。传统的减少活跃节点的方式是虚拟机迁移,但虚拟机迁移会造成极大的系统开销。提出一种基于MapReduce虚拟集群的能耗优化算法--在线时间平衡算法OTBA,能够减少活跃物理节点数,有效降低数据中心的能耗,并且避免了虚拟机的迁移。通过建立云数据中心的能耗模型、用户提交服务的排队模型和评价作业完成质量的作业运行模型,确定了数据中心节能模型的目标函数和变量因子。在线时间平衡算法是基于虚拟云环境和在线MapReduce作业的一种节能调度算法,能够在虚拟机的生命周期和资源利用率之间做出权衡,使数据中心激活的服务器达到最少,能耗降到最低。此外,该结果通过仿真和Hadoop平台上的实验得到了验证。     

云计算中能耗和性能感知的虚拟机优化部署算法

优化虚拟机部署是数据中心降低能耗的一个重要方法。目前大多数虚拟机部署算法都明显地降低了能耗,但过度虚拟机整合和迁移引起了系统性能较大的退化。针对该问题,首先构建虚拟机优化部署模型。然后提出一种二阶段迭代启发式算法来求解该模型,第一阶段是基于首次适应下降装箱算法,提出一种虚拟机优化部署算法,目标是最小化主机数;第二阶段是提出了一种虚拟机在线迁移选择算法,目标是最小化待迁移虚拟机数。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地降低能耗,具有较低的服务等级协定(SLA)违背率和较好的时间性能。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.