魔芋葡甘聚糖-明胶-淀粉气凝胶过滤材料的结构与性能研究

为取代难以降解、易造成环境污染且资源有限的合成有机过滤材料,本研究以魔芋葡甘聚糖、马铃薯淀粉等食源性成分为基材,经过溶胶－凝胶及冷冻干燥法制备出可生物降解的魔芋葡甘聚糖-明胶-淀粉气凝胶滤材,对其微观形貌、密度与孔隙率、力学性能和过滤性能进行表征,并优化配方为KGM、明胶、淀粉投料质量比=1:2:2。最优配方制得的KGS2气凝胶孔径均一,密度为0.0589 g/cm3,孔隙率达84.9%,抗压强度为848.34 kPa,过滤阻力为116 Pa,对粒径范围为1~10 μm的颗粒物过滤效率均在95%以上。室内土埋法测定失重率结果显示,KGS2气凝胶在温度为40 ℃、相对湿度为60%、土壤pH为8.0的环境中失重率最高,28 d后达100%;按ISO 14855-1-2012中方法测得KGS2气凝胶第62 d时生物降解率达78.1%;大鼠急性经口毒性试验显示,KGS2气凝胶LD₅₀大于2.4 g/kg BW。以上实验结果证明,KGS2气凝胶兼具良好的机械性能、较低的过滤阻力和较高的过滤效率,为生物可降解材料,并具较高的生物安全性,其作为绿色环保的新型过滤材料极具应用潜能。     

Characterisation of hydrogels and aerogels as carriers for sea buckthorn pomace extract

In this study, aerogels were prepared from kognac glucomannan (KG) or whey proteins loaded with bioactive sea buckthorn pomace extract. KG was diacetylated with Na₂CO₃ (0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4 m ) resulting hydrogel formation that were further freeze-dried to obtain an aerogel structure. Whey protein aerogels were prepared by removing pore fluid from alcogels using supercritical CO₂ drying. Produced aerogels evaluated for microstructure, porosity, specific surface area, absorption capacity, encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant capacity of the extract. It was found that higher concentration of alkali induced higher hardness, resilience and elastic modulus values. It was also obtained that pores in the konjac glucomannan aerogels were irregular in shape and a decrease in total pore volume (0.026 to 0.019 cc/g) and surface area (12.39 to 11.40 m²/g) after increasing the carbonate concentration was observed. These aerogels were found to have better encapsulation efficiency properties for sea buckthorn pomace extract (17 to 20%) in comparison to whey protein aerogels (0.05 to 0.36%). Overall, the KG aerogels show potential for applications in the food industry as a carrier of bioactive sea buckthorn pomace extract, while whey proteins must be used in combination with other biopolymers to enhance their bioactive compound loading capacity.     

Preparation and Functional Design of Polyethyleneimine Reinforced Nanocellulose-based Aerogel

An aerogel electrode composed of conductive active materials based on nanocellulose aerogels can absorb more electrolytes, as well as enhance electron transport and ion diffusion channels. In the present study, aerogels with high strength were successfully prepared using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as a raw material and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a cross-linking agent. Simultaneously, functional electrode materials were prepared via self-assembly. Based on our findings, PEI can significantly improve the water and solvent solubility and enhance the wet strength and shape recovery ability of CNF aerogels. Meanwhile, the minimum density of the aerogel reached 0.0160 g/cm³, the maximum porosity was approximately 98.5%, and the maximum stress approximated 0.02 MPa. Furthermore, electrochemical tests revealed that after self-assembly of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and polyaniline (PANI) solution, the mass specific capacitance of the functional composite aerogel was approximately 92 F/g and exhibited good charge-discharge performance.     

气凝胶用于环境净化的研究进展

气凝胶是一种具有超低密度、高孔隙率、高比表面积的三维网络结构材料,因其优异的物理特性在诸多领域均有广阔的应用前景。文章综述了气凝胶的制备方法以及各类气凝胶于环境净化领域的研究应用现状,分析了气凝胶材料发展中存在的问题,并展望了气凝胶材料在环境净化领域的未来发展方向。     

Thermophysiological comfort properties of polyester weft-knitted fabrics for sports T-shirt

In sportswear industry, the usage of synthetic material is increasing due to its excellent water transport characteristic. This study aims to evaluate the thermo-physiological comfort properties of different sports fabrics and to investigate the effect of fabric physical property and knitting parameter on comfort-related properties of commercial sportswear fabric. Vertical wicking test, wettability test, dry rate test as well as air resistance test were conducted on 17 types of polyester-knitted fabrics obtained from market. Analysis of variance and multiple-comparison least significant difference test was performed to select the best fabric for sportswear. A single jersey fabric sample No. 16 made of 75D/100f in 145 g/m² as determined to be the best fabric for sports T-shirt due to its excellent wicking property, faster water absorbency, quicker dry rate, and lower air resistance. It is likely that finer filament, low fabric mass, and proper density are associated with best property. Besides, it is found that higher mass was associated with higher air resistance, higher porosity was associated with faster dry speed, and faster vertical wicking rate was associated with shorter water absorption time for fabrics tested in this study.     

Evolution of the physicochemical properties of oil-free sweet potato chips during microwave vacuum drying

The demand for healthy and convenient foods is a worldwide trend. Sweet potato attracted great attention due to its carbohydrates with a low glycemic index. Dehydrated sweet potatoes can be an excellent alternative for using and adding value to this raw material. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of sliced sweet potato during the microwave vacuum drying (MWVD) for producing crispy oil-free chips. Fresh sweet potato samples were selected, peeled, sliced, blanched, and then dehydrated using a microwave oven adapted with a vacuum chamber and a rotation system to operate under vacuum. It was measured the evolution of moisture, water activity, temperature, color, apparent specific mass, porosity, and acoustic/mechanical analysis of the texture during the MWVD. Crispy sweet potato chips were obtained in <30 min, presenting low moisture (0.028 g g⁻¹ db) and water activity (0.262). The dehydrated samples showed high porosity (67.5%) and a low apparent density (0.456 g cm⁻³). Optical micrographs and acoustic/mechanical properties showed an expanded (puffed) product structure with large pores, which resulted in irregular acoustic/mechanical signals, characteristics of a crispy food matrix. Colorimetric analyses indicated a little change between fresh and dried samples, with an absence of burnt spots. In conclusion, MWVD is a suitable process to produce highly porous sweet potato chips, adding value, and extending the vegetable's shelf life.     

Effective Thermal Conductivity of Granular Starch Materials

The effective thermal conductivity (k_eff of two granular starches was investigated at various bulk densities, temperatures and moistures, using the method of heated probe. Granular powders of high-amylose and high-amylopectin starches were used at bulk densities 500-800 kg/m³, temperatures 25–70°C. and moistures of 0–40%. The k_eff increased linearly with bulk density, from 0.065 to 0.220 W/mK. Temperature had a positive effect up to 6.5% moisture. At higher moistures k_eff increased sharply above 50°C, indicating starch-water interaction. The k_eff increased linearly with moisture at low (0–15%) and high (> 25%) moistures, remaining nearly constant at intermediate moistures. These changes were related to the porosity of the starches.     

纤维素纳米纤维/纳米蒙脱土复合气凝胶制备及其结构与性能

针对纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)气凝胶易燃、强力低等问题,利用纳米蒙脱土(MMT)共混改性纤维素纳米纤维,基于冷冻干燥的方法制备阻燃隔热的CNF/MMT复合气凝胶。研究了MMT质量分数对CNF/MMT复合气凝胶形貌结构、压缩性能、热稳定性、热导率和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:MMT的引入使气凝胶具有更加紧密的片层结构,气凝胶力学性能、热稳定性和阻燃性能得到改善;在MMT质量分数为50%时,CNF/MMT复合气凝胶的表观密度最大且仅为0.016 8 g/cm³,应变为10%的应力最大为12.45 kPa,应变为70%的应力最大为77.93 kPa,导热系数最大为 0.04 W/(m·K); 气凝胶中MMT质量分数不低于42.9%时,复合基气凝胶的极限氧指数得到明显提升。     

静电纺多孔超细纤维膜的吸油性能

针对传统纤维吸油毡吸油量低的问题,采用静电纺丝技术制备了聚砜（PSF）和聚乳酸（PLA）多孔超细纤维膜以提高纤维吸油材料的吸油量。研究了纤维形态结构、纤维膜孔隙结构及亲油疏水性对真空泵机油和亚麻籽油的吸附性能和保油性能的影响。结果表明：PSF和PLA多孔超细纤维膜具有优良的亲油疏水性,纤维直径、纤维膜孔径和孔隙率、亲油疏水性以及吸油后纤维膜体积膨胀程度对其吸油量起主要作用,而纤维表面2~60nm 的介孔对提高吸油量没有明显作用,高孔隙率和贯通孔结构不利于保油;吸油1 h后,PLA纤维膜对真空泵机油和亚麻籽油的吸油量分别为50.1、34.6g/g,PSF纤维膜对真空泵机油和亚麻籽油的吸油量分别为147.8、131.3 g/g;保油1 h后,PLA纤维膜对真空泵机油和亚麻籽油的保油量分别减少了42.04%和53.69%,PSF纤维膜对真空泵机油和亚麻籽油的保油量分别减少了62.17%和50.61%。     

Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Ceiba pentandra Bark Fiber

Owing to their low weight-to-high strength ratio and recyclable features, the natural fibers are the most potential choice in place of synthetic fibers and been used as reinforcement materials in polymer matrix composites. Characterization of Ceiba pentandra bark fibers (CPFs) such chemical analysis, Fourier Transform-Infrared Analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) analysis has analyzed. CPFs contain 60.9% (w/w) of cellulose, 17.5% (w/w) of hemicellulose, and 23.5% (w/w) of lignin. Besides, its density and crystallinity index are 682 kg m^?3 and 57.94%, respectively. TG and DTG analysis discovered that CPFs are thermally stable up to 342.1°C. Further, all the resources of CPFs ensured that it can be an excellent alternative for synthetic fibers in polymer matrix composites.     

Rheological and structural properties of oleogel base on soluble complex of egg white protein and xanthan gum

Oleogels can be used to provide solid-like properties without using high levels of saturated fatty acids. In this study, the edible oleogels structure developed based on egg white protein (EWP) (5%) and xanthan gum (XG) (0%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.75% wt/wt) complex by using aerogels system as a template for oleogel preparation. The effect of pH on the EWP-XG mixture indicated the creation of a soluble complex of EWP-XG in pH 5.5. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the interaction between EWP and XG. The amount of absorbed oil was considerably higher in EWP-XG aerogels. SEM showed a soft surface in EWP 5% aerogel, which can be the reason for its less oil absorption. The aerogel and oleogel including more XG concentration had a stronger network structure and created more elastic oleogels. The light microscopy images revealed by increasing of XG concentration, the structure of protein gel mesh became more compact and regular. The XRD patterns of the aerogels did not show any clear differences between crystallinity of the samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that the aerogels based on the structuring of EWP-XG complexes have a high potential as a three-dimensional network for the oil absorption and creating oleogel.     

GO/PI复合纳米纤维的制备及其过滤性能研究

为制备高过滤效率、低过滤阻力的空气过滤材料,将氧化石墨烯纳米颗粒(GO)掺杂到聚酰亚胺(PI)纺丝溶液中,制备氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺(GO/PI)复合纳米纤维过滤材料。通过观察其形貌、过滤性能来确定最优纺丝工艺参数。结果表明:当PI质量分数为30%,GO质量分数为1%,纺丝电压为25 kV,接收距离为20 cm时,复合纳米薄膜的纤维形貌较好,过滤性能优良。与PI纯组分纳米纤维过滤材料相比,GO/PI复合纳米纤维过滤材料的过滤性能更好,制得GO/PI复合纳米纤维膜的平均孔径为1.8μm,过滤效率为99.68%,过滤阻力仅为85.35 Pa。     

疏水改性乳清分离蛋白-普鲁兰多糖复合气凝胶的制备及性能研究

目的:对易吸湿的蛋白/多糖类气凝胶进行疏水改性并对其性能进行评估。方法:对乳清分离蛋（whey protein isolate,WPI）-普鲁兰多糖（pullulan,PUL）复合气凝胶进行低温等离子体处理,使其羟基充分暴露后,使用硅烷偶联剂进行表面接枝处理,获得具有疏水性能的复合气凝胶,并研究其吸湿性、疏水疏油性、抗压性能、热失重、精油装载与缓释性能等。结果:甲基三甲氧基硅烷（methyltrimethoxysilane,MTMS）改性后复合气凝胶的平衡吸湿率为（9.67%±0.323%）,十八烷基三甲氧基硅烷（octadecyltrimethoxysilane,OTMS）改性后复合气凝胶平衡吸湿率为（9.34%±0.276%）,相比为改性前（11.41%±0.506%）均明显降低;改性前,复合气凝胶水接触角为（40.14°±2.16°）,油接触角为（28.07°±2.43°）;MTMS改性后水接触角为（82.10°±4.78°）,油接触角为（56.14°±3.25°）;OTMS改性后水接触角为（85.21°±4.61°）,油接触角为（74.63°±3.08°）;改性后疏水疏油性均有所提升,且OTMS改性处理效果更好。改性前复合气凝胶压缩模量（21.745±1.982）MPa,MTMS改性后（17.655±3.034）MPa,OTMS改性后（18.412±3.513）MPa。改性后抗压强度略有降低,但不影响正常使用。改性前复合气凝胶丁香精油的最大装载率为（254.26%±5.585%）,MTMS疏水改性后丁香精油最大装载率（241.57%±5.214%）,OTMS组则为（223.31%±4.436%）。丁香精油装载率有所下降但缓释性能均有所提升,且MTMS改性缓释效果更好。热稳定性方面均有所提升,且OTMS组热稳定性更好。结论:综上所述,硅烷接枝疏水改性处理可以显著提升复合气凝胶的疏水性并提高其亲油性。适用于油脂类活性物质的装载与缓释应用,拓宽了WPI-PUL复合气凝胶的应用领域。     

Treatment of alcohol distillery wastewater using a Bacteroidetes-dominant thermophilic microbial fuel cell

Simultaneous electricity generation and distillery wastewater (DWW) treatment were accomplished using a thermophilic microbial fuel cell (MFC). The results suggest that thermophilic MFCs, which require less energy for cooling the DWW, can achieve high efficiency for electricity generation and also reduce sulfate along with oxidizing complex organic substrates. The generated current density (2.3 A/m(2)) and power density (up to 1.0 W/m(2)) were higher than previous wastewater-treating MFCs. The significance of the high Coulombic efficiency (CE; up to 89%) indicated that electrical current was the most significant electron sink in thermophilic MFCs. Bacterial diversity based on pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that known Deferribacteres and Firmicutes members were not dominant in the thermophilic MFC fed with DWW; instead, uncharacterized Bacteroidetes thermophiles were up to 52% of the total reads in the anode biofilm. Despite the complexity of the DWW, one single bacterial sequence (OTU D1) close to an uncultured Bacteriodetes bacterium became predominant, up to almost 40% of total reads. The proliferation of the D1 species was concurrent with high electricity generation and high Coulombic efficiency.     

Microfiltration of mosambi juice using low cost ceramic membrane

This work reports on microfiltration (MF) studies of mosambi juice using low cost ceramic membrane prepared from locally available inorganic precursors. Characterization of the prepared membrane was done by SEM analysis, porosity determination and pure water permeation experiments. The average pore diameter, total porosity and hydraulic resistance of the membrane were evaluated as 0.285 μm, 23.6% and 9.26 × 10¹¹ m²/m³, respectively. Dead-end MF experiments were performed for both centrifuged mosambi juice (CJ) and enzyme treated centrifuged mosambi juice (ETCJ). It was observed that after MF, important properties like TSS, pH, acidity and density of both CJ and ETCJ were almost unaffected. However, significant improvement in juice colour, clarity and AIS was observed. It was also observed that the clarified juice can be stored in refrigerated condition for more than 30 days without significant change in juice quality. Different membrane pore blocking models were used to analyze the observed permeate flux decline.     

负载纳米氧化锌的明胶/乙基纤维素气凝胶的制备及抑菌能力分析

本实验旨在构建一种明胶/乙基纤维素气凝胶,研究其三维结构与物理性能,并装载纳米氧化锌测试其抑菌能力.通过静电纺丝技术制备明胶/乙基纤维素纳米纤维膜,再将该膜通过冷冻干燥方法制备成气凝胶,并添加海藻酸钠和氯化钙进行交联;通过测定微观形貌、孔隙率、热导率、水稳定性、机械性能、热稳定性和晶体形态等对气凝胶的理化性质进行分析,...     

Characterization of New Natural Cellulosic Fiber from Heteropogon Contortus Plant

Natural fibers are one of effective substitute for switching artificial fiber and concentrating to reinforce polymer matrixes due to their decomposable character. This study was implied to realize physico-chemical properties of bio fiber obtained from Heteropogon contortus (HC) plant. Heteropogon contortus fibers (HCFs) had cellulose (64.87 wt. %), hemicellulose (19.34 wt. %), lignin (13.56 wt. %), and low density (602 kg/m³). The chemical functional group of HCFs was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal stability of the fiber up to 220°C discovered by thermogravimetric analysis. Further the assets of HCFs proved that it can act as an excellent reinforcement material as a bio composite. Finally, the tensile properties were carried out through single fiber tensile tests, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus and microfibrillar angle.     

Properties,Classification and Management Implications of Soils of Illela Sand Dunes,Northwestern Nigeria

Soils representative of the stabilised Illela sand dunes in northwestern Nigeria were examined in the field and additional properties of four pedons determined in the laboratory. The soils are deep, dark-brown and sandy throughout their profile. Organic carbon contents are very low, less than 2 g kg⁻¹, and with the siliceous parent material the consequence is low amounts of available nutrients, particularly Ca, K, Mg and N. However, P is moderate to high due to the occurrence of phosphatic nodules at depth. Available micronutrients, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe, are generally above the critical limits and are adequate for most crops. The high bulk density and low porosity constituted largely of macroporosity impart low water-holding capacity to the soils. Quartz is the dominant mineral in the sand and silt fractions while kaolinite dominates the clay fraction of the soils. According to the USDA Soil Taxonomy and FAO/UNESCO systems of soil classification, all pedons are classified as Ustic Quartzipsamments or Ferralic Arenosols, except four pedon 2 which is classified as Arenic Haplustult or Haplic Acrisol. From the general characteristics of the soils, it is recommended that proper organic matter management via the incorporation of crop residues into the soil, the use of organic manure and crop rotation involving legumes, will greatly enhance the productivity of the soils.     

Manufacturing and properties of ultra-low density fiberboards with an unsaturated polyester resin by a dry process

Although ultra-low density fiberboards (ULDFs) have good sound and thermal insulation performance, formaldehyde emission in the manufacturing process and in the subsequent use of the products limits their field of application. The objective of this study was to employ an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) in the manufacturing of the boards as a substitute of formaldehyde-based adhesives in order to develop environment-friendly ULDFs. The effects of UPR dosage, fiber treatment agent, press time and fiber consumption on the properties of fiberboards were studied. Sound absorption and thermal conductivity were also measured to ensure sound and thermal insulation properties of the fiberboards. Board density, modulus of rupture and thickness swelling in 2 h were 320 kg/m³, 4.14 MPa and 3.75%, respectively, under optimal conditions such as 12% UPR dosage, 1% fiber treatment agent, 400 g fiber consumption and 210 s press time. Noise reduction coefficient and thermal conductivity of the boards were found within a range of 0.68–0.58 and 0.038–0.048 W/(m K), respectively, while the density of boards ranged from 150 to 400 kg/m³. Therefore, sound absorption property of the fiberboards developed in this study satisfies the requirement of high-efficiency sound absorption materials, which is close to the value (0.67) of ULDF having a density of 56.3 kg/m³ obtained by a wet process. Thermal insulation property of boards was close to that of commonly used insulation materials such as rock wool [0.036 W/(m K)] and glass fiber [0.045 W/(m K)]. In conclusion, fiberboards can be used for non-structural furniture materials, sound and thermal insulation materials in buildings because of their environmental friendliness, good mechanical properties, and excellent sound and thermal insulation properties.     

Influence of some chemical modifications on the characteristics of potato starch powders

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chemical modification on selected physicochemical properties of potato starch powder. Esterification with acetic anhydride and adipic anhydride (E 1422 starch) caused the most pronounced changes in physicochemical parameters compared with native potato starch powder. In native and E 1422 starches, mean granule diameter changed from 23.1 to 25.4 μm, shape factor from 1.47 to 1.33, specific surface from 0.2115 to 0.1695 m² g⁻¹, porosity from 41.31% to 45.29%, water absorption increased up to 50%, and flow behavior changed from easy to cohesive. A microscopic analysis confirmed also the differences in the surface morphology showing the most rough surface of E 1422 starch. Despite broad variations in the diameter of individual starch granules, it was found that differently sized ridges and valleys on granule surface reflect porosity and water sorption values of the examined starches.