The Construction of a Green Transportation System of China

Since the 21st century, the transportation industry in China has achieved rapid growth with a significant increase in the transport capacity; however the development has also greatly impacted the energy saving & environmental conservation. This paper takes into account non-commercial vehicles such as private cars in the statistics of energy consumption and pollution of Chinese transportation system. This method extends on previous methods which solely include commercial vehicles in these statistics. Based on more comprehensive quantitative data, it reviews the progress in the energy saving and environmental conservation efforts by the Chinese transportation industry and points out that the rapid increase of energy consumption and pollution emission and the deterioration of traffic congestion are prominent problems in the development of the Chinese transport industry. The main reasons for theses problems include the unbalanced development of different transport modes, the irrational layout of integrated transport hubs, the inadequate law, regulations and standards, and the use of suboptimal technology. Based on these findings, this paper proposes several goals for the construction of a green transportation system in China including the establishment of a transportation management system, the improvement of transportation energy efficiency, the control of environmental pollution and the alleviating of urban traffic congestion. Additionally, it points out that in order to build a green transportation system in China, multiple aspects should be enhanced, i.e., the formulation of traffic planning, the optimization of transport structure, the development of urban public transport, improvement of integrated hubs, administration of energy saving and environmental conservation, development of intelligent transportation systems, technical innovations, etc..     

典型锂电池中间相炭微球负极材料生产的能耗与碳排放分析

中间相炭微球(MCMB)负极材料作为新型材料受到了社会的关注,同时其制造所带来的环境污染也逐渐增加。本工作针对锂电池MCMB材料开展了全生命周期能耗与碳排放研究, 功能单位定义为生产1 t MCMB负极材料产品,系统边界包括原料获取、能源供应与材料生产阶段,分析了MCMB材料全生命周期的能耗结构,辨识了碳排放的关键影响因素。能耗分析结果显示,1 t MCMB负极材料的全生命周期能耗为149.37 GJ,初级能耗结构为原煤(82.82%)、原油(11.03%)、天然气(6.15%),能源生产阶段对生命周期能耗的贡献度为80.81%。碳排放分析结果显示,生产1 t MCMB负极材料的碳排放总量为11 824.61 kg CO₂-eq,电力、中温沥青和焦炉煤气消耗量对碳排放计算结果的影响最为显著,调整能源结构是降低MCMB负极材料生产碳排放的有效手段。     

A systematic technique for cost-effective CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission reduction in process plants

There has been growing interests to reduce the environmental impact caused by greenhouse gas emissions from process plants through various energy conservation strategies. CO₂ emissions are closely linked to energy generation, conversion, transmission and utilisation. Various studies on the design of energy-efficient processes, optimal mix of renewable energy and hybrid power system are driven to reduce reliance on fossil fuel as well as CO₂ emissions reduction. This paper presents a systematic technique in the form of graphical visualisation tool for cost-effective CO₂ emission reduction strategies in industry. The methodology is performed in four steps. The first step involves calculating the energy consumption of a process plant. This is followed by identification of potential strategies to reduce CO₂ emissions using the CO₂ management hierarchy as a guide. In the third step, the development of “Investment” versus “CO₂ Reduction” (ICO₂) plot is constructed to measure the optimal CO₂ emission reductions achieved from the implementation of possible CO₂ reduction strategies. The Systematic Hierarchical Approach for Resilient Process Screening (Wan Alwi and Manan in AIChE J 11:3981–3988, 2006) method is used in the fourth step via substitution or partial implementation of the various CO₂ reduction options in order to meet the cost-effective emission reduction within the desired investment limit or payback period (PP). An illustrative case study on a palm oil refinery plant has been used to demonstrate the implementation of the method in reduction of CO₂ emissions. The developed graphical tool provides an insight-based approach for systematic CO₂ emission reduction in the palm oil refinery considering both heat and power energy sources. Result shows that 31.2 % reduction in CO₂ emissions can be achieved with an investment of USD 38,212 and PP of 10 months based on the present energy prices in Malaysia.     

Will researching digital technology really empower green development?

The information industry has become a “new engine” driving the growth of the world economy. However, there are many controversies about whether digital technology can reduce the intensity of carbon emissions. Based on OECD data, KPWW method and multiple panel regression, this paper explores the impact and mechanism of digital technology innovation and technology spillover to the domestic carbon emission intensity. Through impulse response analysis and variance decomposition, the comprehensive impact of digital technology on carbon intensity is clarified. This paper concludes that technology innovation in the information industry will increase the intensity of carbon emissions, while cross-industry technology spillovers are persistent for reducing the intensity of domestic carbon emissions. Since the emission reduction effect of technology spillover is greater than the emission increase effect of technology innovation, the digital technology would empower domestic green development. Increasing the proportion of non-fossil energy use and optimizing the industrial structure are effective mechanisms for digital technology innovation to reduce carbon emission intensity.     

Decomposition and decoupling analysis of electricity consumption carbon emissions in China

Electricity consumption is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we build a power consumption carbon emission measurement model based on the operating margin factor. We use the decomposition and decoupling technology of logarithmic mean Divisia index method to quantify six effects (i.e., emission intensity, power generation structure, consumption electricity intensity, economic scale, population structure, and population scale) and comprehensively reflect the degree of dependence of electricity consumption carbon emissions on China’s economic development and population changes. Moreover, we utilize the decoupling model to analyze the decoupling state between carbon emissions and economic growth and identify corresponding energy efficiency policies. The results of this study provide a new perspective to understand carbon emission reduction potentials in the electricity use of China.     

Orthogonal LS-PLS approach to ship fuel-speed curves for supporting decisions based on operational data

The shipping industry relies on ship fuel-speed curves to describe the fuel consumption (and CO₂ emissions levels) per hour as a function only of the vessel’s speed over ground, based on dedicated test data. However, they are affected by additional factors in real cases. In this article, a novel method is developed elaborating the orthogonal least-squares partial least-squares (LS-PLS) approach to enhance fuel-speed curves accuracy when information is available on additional factors from multi-sensor systems. Through real data examples, the approach is shown capable of detecting anomalies in CO₂ emission levels and testing the effectiveness of ship energy efficiency initiatives.     

Process integration of solid oxide fuel cells with process utility systems

In the process industry, a utility system is one of the main energy consumption and pollution emission sources. Significant progresses have been made in the chemical industry to improve the efficiency and reduce the emissions of utility systems. However, few efforts have been made in investigating the possibility and strategy of incorporating new energy conversion devices such as fuel cells into industrial energy systems. The article presented focuses on systematic integration of fuel cells and industrial energy systems. A steady-state model of an indirect internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell (IIR-SOFC) system has been developed to estimate its thermodynamic and electrochemical properties and to optimise system performance. The model is then applied to the integration study of SOFCs into utility systems. Different process integration options are investigated and evaluated. Case studies show significant benefits of energy efficiency improvement and emission reductions by incorporating fuel cells into industrial utility systems.     

Estimating the economic cost of emission reduction in Chinese vehicle industry based on multi-objective programing

By enforcing emission reduction policies, the economic effects on different industry are quite diverse. Scientific estimation for this kind of effect has important realistic meaning for the industry development. A multi-objective programing approach integrated with input–output analysis model is used in this paper to evaluate the impact of emission reduction policy on the cost of reducing gas emissions and undertaking industrial adjustment in Chinese vehicle industry. The empirical results show that gas emission control has positive influence on vehicle industry production value. But, this influence is lower than the average macro-economic cost of CO₂ emission in China. These policy implications on vehicle industry are less serious than other high emission industries and, at the same time, the enforcement of reduction policy is a chance for new energy vehicle development.     

中原文化语境下的河南创意设计产业发展研究

以发展创意设计产业对河南建设文化强省的意义为切入点,分析了中原文化资源对培育河南创意设计产业的母体性作用,并结合河南创意产业的现状,论述了当前河南创意设计产业存在4个突出问题。在此基础上,提出了河南创意设计产业应加强自主创意开发能力,通过品牌构建创意设计产业链,同时要进一步完善市场环境,培养具有本土文化素养的创意设计人才。     

An Empirical Study on China’s Energy Supply-and-Demand Model Considering Carbon Emission Peak Constraints in 2030

China’s energy supply-and-demand model and two related carbon emission scenarios, including a planned peak scenario and an advanced peak scenario, are designed taking into consideration China’s economic development, technological progress, policies, resources, environmental capacity, and other factors. The analysis of the defined scenarios provides the following conclusions: Primary energy and power demand will continue to grow leading up to 2030, and the growth rate of power demand will be much higher than that of primary energy demand. Moreover, low carbonization will be a basic feature of energy supply-and-demand structural changes, and non-fossil energy will replace oil as the second largest energy source. Finally, energy-related carbon emissions could peak in 2025 through the application of more efficient energy consumption patterns and more low-carbon energy supply modes. The push toward decarbonization of the power industry is essential for reducing the peak value of carbon emissions.     

生命周期内混合动力燃气热泵碳排放研究

采用生命周期评价的方法,针对一种混合动力燃气热泵系统在全生命周期的碳排放进行了评估。基于生命周期（LCA）评价理论,确定了系统边界,建立了系统生命周期内碳排放核算模型。得到了系统在生产阶段、运输安装阶段、运行阶段和回收利用阶段的碳排放当量。结果表明:系统在运行使用阶段CO2-eq排放量最大,为35387.6kg,大约占据了整个生命周期的84％,主要来源为电力和天然气的使用; 生产安装阶段CO2-eq排放量次之,约为6187kg,运输安装及废弃阶段碳排放量很小,几乎可以忽略。因此,要降低系统在全生命周期中的温室气体排放量,应重点放在对电力和天然气的合理使用和新能源的开发上。对比分析了其与单独电力驱动热泵在全生命周期内的碳排放量。分析结果表明:在全生命周期内,混合动力燃气热泵与单独电力驱动热泵相比碳减排量约为20430.9kg。最后,进一步讨论了系统的碳减排方法和减排潜力。     

基于能耗视角的区域运输系统演化机理

从能耗视角出发,针对区域运输系统演化机理进行研究。运用自组织理论和方法,建立了基于哈肯模型的区域运输系统演化方程。利用无残差分析法对运输系统能耗因素贡献率进行分析,发现运输结构比例和能源强度对系统能耗变化贡献较大。应用区域运输系统演化模型,以中国16个省市运输业为样本进行研究,结果表明,运输结构能耗系数是区域运输系统演化的序参量。为降低区域运输系统能耗,应不断优化运输结构,努力降低交通工具的能耗,以及提高运输组织管理水平。     

循环包装箱全生命周期碳足迹计算方法研究

目的 针对目前循环箱碳足迹的计算缺乏统一标准且相关研究较少，使循环箱的环保价值存疑的问题，本文对循环包装箱的碳足迹进行研究，旨在建立一种适用于循环包装的基于生命周期评价(LCA)方法的碳排放计算模型。方法 基于全生命周期评价方法，参考国内A循环包装企业B2B应用场景，采用eFootprint软件及数据库量化分析。由于聚丙烯材料具有可循环利用的特点，在快递循环包装中广泛应用，本文以聚丙烯材料的循环箱为例进行碳足迹的研究。以1 m²的循环快递包装箱为功能单位，采用“从摇篮到坟墓”的方法对其生产、运营、回收等过程的物耗、能耗及环境排放进行环境影响量化比较。结果 研究评价分析了各个单元过程中对全球变暖潜值这一环境指标的贡献值。结果显示，循环包装箱碳排放贡献主要来源于4个方面:循环使用过程运输排放，约占总排放的57.95%;其次为原材料聚丙烯，约占总排放的24.25%;电力排放包括生产、清洗2个阶段的电力，占总排放的11.71%;报废后垃圾焚烧处理过程排放，占总排放的5.33%。使用近50次的二氧化碳当量为9.854 1 kg/m²。结论 循环包装单次使用排放低于相同面积单位5层瓦楞纸箱的碳排放，说明在理想条件下循环包装具有较高的环保价值。     

Greenhouse gases emissions from waste management practices using Life Cycle Inventory model

When exploring the correlation between municipal solid waste management and green house gas emission, the volume and physical composition of the waste matter must be taken into account. Due to differences in local environments and lifestyles the quantity and composition of waste often vary. This leads to differences in waste treatment methods and causes different volumes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), highlighting the need for local research. In this study the Life Cycle Inventory method was used with global warming indicator GHGs as the variables. By quantifying the data and adopting a region-based approach, this created a model of household MSWM in Taipei City, a metropolitan region in Taiwan. To allow analysis and comparison a compensatory system was then added to expand the system boundary. The results of the analysis indicated that out of all the solid waste management sub-models for a function unit, recycling was the most effective method for reducing GHG emissions while using kitchen food waste as swine feeding resulted in the most GHG emissions. As for the impact of waste collection vehicles on emissions, if the efficiency of transportation could be improved and energy consumption reduced, this will help solid waste management to achieve its goal of reducing GHG emissions.     

Eco-efficiency assessment of pulp and paper industry in Myanmar

This paper presents the eco-efficiency assessment of the pulp and paper industry in Myanmar by using the key indicators such as raw material consumption, energy consumption, total waste output, water consumption, and CO₂ emissions. The study was carried out by using quantitative methods for data analysis of the production, consumptions and emissions from fiscal year 2001–2005. The results revealed that the level of economic and environmental performance using the eco-efficiency ratio for each fiscal year has decreased since year 2002, and factory tried to increase the level of eco-efficiency again in year 2005. There was the positive aspect that factory could optimize the waste utilization by transferring lime mud to the cement factory in the last two fiscal years. This analysis showed the root causes that led to the losses of material, energy and water consumption and discussed how to conserve those utilities.     

Sustainability in bridge construction processes

Sustainability must be seen as a global issue. In order to achieve that goal, it is necessary to apply its principles to all industrial activities, including those that are not traditionally engaged with such guidelines, which is the case of Bridge Construction. This paper evaluates the consumption of steel and energy and the emissions of carbon dioxide due to the use of movable scaffolding systems (MSS) in the Bridge Construction industry. The values obtained considering the use of conventional MSS are compared with the ones obtained using a new sustainable technology which is herein synthetically described—the organic prestressing system (OPS). In order to compare the sustainability of the two systems, a prediction of the material and energy consumptions, and CO₂ emissions for traditional MSS and for MSS equipped with OPS is performed until 2025.     

河南省城市冷链食品安全预警机制研究

自2006年以来,河南省食品工业产值连续三年位居全国第二位,成为全省重要的支柱产业之一。2009年9月制定的《河南省食品工业调整振兴规划》,明确了今后10年要把食品工业作为构建现代产业体系、实现中原崛起的重要战略支撑产业,把河南建设成为全国领先、具有国际竞争力的食品工业强省,实现从“中国粮仓”到“国人厨房”和“世界餐桌”的跨越。而要实现这一目标,作为全国最大的速冻食品生产加工基地,在城市冷链食品所占的比例越来越高的情况下,应该看到河南省冷链食品生产、流通、消费等环节存在很多问题,尤其是城市冷链食品安全预警机制尚未形成。因此,研究河南省城市冷链食品安全预警机制,对于加快河南省食品工业强省建设具有深远意义。     

Information infrastructures for on-line measurement of non-productive greenhouse gas emissions in manufacturing: case of the brewing industry

A novel information infrastructure designed to measure key components of the greenhouse gas emission ‘opportunity cost’ in a production environment is proposed. The data-driven metrics facilitate drill-down to provide visibility of constituent parts. Contemporary metrics typically focus on direct energy consumption and are often normalised against units of product produced. Such metrics have proven to be useful for monitoring trends in relative performance and for benchmarking against other plants. However, they typically do not provide visibility of energy consumption (carbon emissions) that did not directly contribute to the production of saleable product. With the community's ever increasing focus on sustainability and climate change, the environmental impact of industry has come under greater scrutiny. The proposed information infrastructure provides a new level of transparency enabling stakeholders to see the portion of utilities consumption (or greenhouse gas impact) that did not directly contribute to saleable product; the non-productive greenhouse gas emission impact in a manufacturing environment. A case study is included depicting results from a pilot implementation in a packaging line in a brewery.     

复用型绿色快递包装设计理念探究

目的针对国内普遍存在的快递包装废弃物价值利用不足和过度排放的现状,通过创新设计来挖掘快递包装的次级价值,以降低包装垃圾的排放频率,达到节能减排的效果。方法秉承绿色包装设计的理念,提出复用的设计思路来赋予快递包装以二次生命,寻找快递包装在被废弃之前得以复用的可能性,开发出其全新的使用情境和次级功能。设计应本着创新性、实用性、易用性、高品质、商业化等的原则和方法来进行。结论复用型绿色快递包装设计理念具有积极的环保意义和广阔的发展前景。     

陕西省民用建筑能源消耗影响因素研究

陕西省民用建筑能源消耗影响因素研究以近年陕西省民用建筑能源消耗现状为基础,通过构建民用建筑能源消耗影响因素假设模型,采用多元线性回归法对各影响因素进行分析。结果表明,人口总量、城乡人口结构、经济发展、居民消费水平与第三产业发展均会促进陕西省民用建筑能源消耗,而现阶段技术进步对降低建筑能耗的作用是不明显的。就降低陕西省民用建筑能耗提出对策建议,旨在为陕西省相关部门找到建筑节能的着力点,更好地开展建筑节能减排工作提供参考。