桩基-流体饱和土体耦合系统的动态响应分析

该文研究了空间轴对称桩基-流体饱和土体耦合系统的动态响应。首先,基于弹性力学和多孔介质理论给出了耦合系统的控制微分方程、边界条件和桩-土之间界面上的连接条件;其次,发展了微分求积单元法;在此基础上采用所发展的方法和2阶向后差分格式在空间和时间域内离散了控制微分方程;最后,利用Newton-Raphson迭代方法在初始条件下求得了系统的数值解,分析了耦合系统的动态响应,考察了参数的影响,也验证了数值方法的有效性。     

核废料处置概念库工程屏障中热-水-应力耦合过程数值分析

考虑了缓冲层中温度梯度水分扩散、水蒸汽扩散对水连续性及能量守恒的影响,进一步完善了所建立的饱和-非饱和介质中热-水-应力耦合现象的控制方程,并以国际合作项目DECOVALEX III中课题Task3BMT1为模拟对象,使用所开发的有限元程序对一个核废料处置概念库近场的热-水-应力耦合过程进行了数值分析,考察了工程屏障中若干点的温度、含水量、孔隙水压力及主应力的变化、分布情况,并将部分结果与日本THAMES软件的Task3BMT1计算数据作了对比,看到二者的规律在定性和定量上有某种一致性,但仍存在一定差别,笔者试着分析了原因并得出了一定的认识。     

COMSOL的加气混凝土热湿耦合传质模拟分析

采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件进行多孔介质加气混凝土的热湿耦合数值模拟研究.采用双驱动势和优化参数结合的模拟方案,对控制方程进行推导.通过对文献结果的对比,验证了该模型的可行性.模拟分析了环境温度、时间等因素对加气混凝土样品的湿迁移影响,随时间的增加湿传递速率减缓;5~15℃时湿传递速率缓慢,温度的影响较大,15~30℃时湿传递加快且速率保持一致.因此,在干燥环境下,加气混凝土墙体温度低于15℃以下可有效减少外界湿传递.     

锯材高频-对流联合加热干燥传热传质数学模型

本文以多孔介质传热传质理论为基础,结合高频-对流联合加热干燥过程中热质传递的机理及特性,通过质量、动量、能量守恒方程等建立了高频-对流联合加热干燥过程中锯材热质传递数学模型并给出相应定解条件。模型中每个自变量及因变量都有独立的控制方程,利用控制容积法建立相应控制方程的差分格式,将耦合偏微分方程按步骤解耦,以便于利用Matlab或FORTRAN等编程求解时,达到每个自变量均可以独立求解的目的。     

热-力耦合作用下PVA纤维混凝土力学性能及其声发射响应

通过MTS电液伺服材料测试系统及其配套的实时高温炉,对基准混凝土、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维混凝土进行了热-力耦合作用下的试验,同时采用声发射技术对试验过程进行了全程监测。探讨了PVA纤维的掺入对热-力耦合作用下混凝土力学性能和声发射特性的影响。研究表明:混凝土的受压破坏不是瞬间完成的,而是由其内部微细裂纹的闭合、张开、发展、汇集,最后连通形成较大的宏观裂缝所致;400℃是PVA纤维混凝土强度发生转折的温度;PVA纤维混凝土的峰值强度剩余率比对应温度段基准混凝土高,PVA纤维的掺入可以延缓混凝土的强度劣化,并增强混凝土的延性;PVA纤维混凝土声发射信号的频度和强度比基准混凝土高,PVA纤维混凝土的能量累计计数高于基准混凝土,说明PVA纤维的掺入可以提高高温下混凝土抵抗破坏的能力。     

基于徐变损伤理论的早龄期大体积混凝土化学-热-力多场耦合模型研究

受水化放热的影响,大体积混凝土在早龄期阶段涉及多个物理场作用,极易发生损伤、开裂等不利行为,会对结构服役期内的耐久性和安全性产生严重的影响。针对此问题,该文基于经典损伤理论框架,发展了一类适用于早龄期大体积混凝土的化学-热-力多场耦合模型,综合地反映了早龄期混凝土的开裂、徐变、温度变形、自收缩变形和龄期效应。通过将水化反应方程与热传导方程联立建立了化学-热场耦合作用模型。进而,基于弹塑性损伤理论框架搭建本构关系,引入考虑损伤影响的微观应力-固化理论以刻画混凝土的线性徐变和非线性徐变,根据温度和水化度的变化求解热膨胀变形和自收缩变形,并考虑了随龄期变化的混凝土力学性能的影响。结合相应的显式求解算法,将上述多场耦合模型应用于Maridal涵洞早龄期力学行为的模拟分析,并探究了混凝土徐变变形的影响。计算结果表明：该文模型可以实现对早龄期大体积混凝土开裂过程的准确模拟,对早龄期混凝土受力性能和开裂行为的研究具有一定的参考意义。     

基于并层单元的大体积混凝土水管冷却温度场热-流耦合精细计算

热-流耦合精细算法能准确反映冷却水管附近温度梯度,从而精确计算大体积混凝土水管冷却温度场,然而该方法在有限元计算中存在前处理规模大、计算效率低的缺点;依据混凝土的热力学参数随龄期变化特性和混凝土水管冷却温度场分布规律,开发了一整套热-流耦合精细计算的前、后处理程序,在计算过程中依据龄期特性对混凝土单元不断进行并层处理,从而实现了大体积混凝土水管冷却温度场整体-局部一致模型的快速建立和高效精确数值模拟。数值计算算例表明该方法能在保证计算精度的同时,极大地降低有限元计算过程中的单元规模,有效地节约了计算时间,提高了计算效率,使得大体积混凝土温度场全过程精细数值仿真得以实现。     

压缩机制冷量测试系统量热器的动态分布模型的研究

提出了描述全封闭压缩机制冷量测试系统中量热器瞬态行为的数学模型。该模型应用热动力学、气液两相流体动力学的观点和方法，基于能量、质量和动量守恒，对控制体建立了一组动态的、分布参数的微分方程，然后通过边界条件在整个量热器范围内求该数学模型的数值解。该模型是优化测试系统测试量热器设计和研究测试工况控制策略的基础。实验证明：模型和实验结果具有一致的趋势     

力学损伤混凝土热传导行为细观研究

为研究力学损伤对温度传导行为的影响,考虑混凝土细观结构的非均质性,将其视为由骨料、砂浆和界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,提出并建立了力学-热学单向耦合作用研究的细观数值方法与模型。方法的思想是:首先对非均质混凝土在荷载作用下开裂损伤力学行为模拟分析,获得其内部的损伤分布情况;然后,将力学分析结果作为初始输入条件,结合复合材料均匀化理论,获得损伤混凝土各细观单元的导热性能,从而实现了力学-热学单向耦合作用的数值模拟。以单轴压缩加载为例,通过与试验结果的对比,验证细观方法的合理性与有效性。基于该套细观数值模拟方法,对荷载作用后混凝土试件的宏观有效导热系数与温度场分布进行了细观计算分析,对比了不同复合材料力学模型的影响,探讨分析了压缩荷载水平的影响规律。     

基于二元耦联性解耦下多孔FGM梁的热-力耦合振动与屈曲特性

采用一种改进型广义微分求积(MGDQ)法,数值研究了初始轴向机械力作用下含均匀孔隙的功能梯度材料(FGM)梁在热环境中的耦合振动及耦合屈曲特性。考虑了材料性质随温度的相关性,温度沿梁的厚度方向按不同类型稳态分布,采用含孔隙率修正的Voigt混合幂率模型来表征多孔FGM梁的材料属性。采用一种n阶广义梁理论(GBT),在Hamilton体系下统一建立描述该系统耦合振动及屈曲问题力学模型的控制方程。通过引入边界控制参数,可实施3种典型边界梁动态响应MGDQ法求解的MATLAB统一化编程。基于两种静动态力学行为之间的二元耦联性,编写循环子程序用来获得屈曲静态响应,该分析方法极大地简化了解耦过程并提高了计算效率。通过算例主要探究了梁理论、边界条件、温度分布、升温、初始轴向机械力、热-力耦合效应、孔隙率、梯度指标、跨厚比等诸多参数对多孔FGM梁振动及屈曲特性的影响,同时刻画并揭示了两种静动态力学行为之间的二元耦联性。     

Hygrothermomechanical evaluation of porous media under finite deformation. Part I - finite element formulations

The coupled thermomechanical responses of fluid-saturated porous continua subjected to finite deformation are investigated. Field equations governing the transient response of the media are derived from a continuum thermodynamics mixture theory based on mass balance, momentum balance and energy balance laws as well as the Clausius-Duhem inequality. Finite element procedures for the two-dimensional response, employing updated Lagrangian formulations for the solid skeleton deformation and the weak formulations for fluid and thermal transport equations, are implemented in a fully implicit form. Temperature-dependent mechanical properties for the non-linear solid matrix, characterized by Perzyna's viscoplastic model, are assumed. An iterative scheme based on the full Newton-Raphson method is presented for simultaneously solving the coupled non-linear equations.     

Modeling of thermal mass transfer in porous media with applications to the organic phase transition in landfills

In order to describe the thermomechanical behavior of landfills, a constitutive model based on the macromechanical Theory of Porous Media (TPM) for a saturated thermoelastic porous body has been developed. The body under investigation consists of an organic and inorganic solid phase and a gas phase. All interaction relations between the constituents such as mass transfers, interaction forces and energy supplies are taken into consideration. Based on a consistent thermomechanical treatment the governing equations are obtained as a set of equations which consists of the balance equations of momentum and mass for each individual constituent, the balance equation of energy for the mixture and the physical constrained conditions. In this set of macroscopic equations, several parameters are contained. They are interrelated by constitutive relationships in order to complete the system of equations. This procedure renders the set of equations solvable. Thus, we obtain a mathematical concept to describe the motion of the solid phase, the pressure of the gas phase, the temperature of the mixture and the biodegradation of organic material into a gas mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by bacterial decomposition during stable methane fermentation (biogas).     

Multiphase flow in a capillary porous medium

Based on the theory of porous media, a calculation concept for the multiphase flow in a capillary porous medium will be presented. We will exclusively investigate the rise of liquids in porous bodies due to the capillarity phenomenon. The field equations used consist of the mechanical balance equations and the physical constraint conditions. The treatment of the capillary problem, based on thermomechanical investigations, yields the result that the capillarity force is a volume interaction force and depends on the free Helmholtz energy functions of the phases and the density gradient of the liquid. With respect to the aforementioned outcome, further constitutive relations for the ternary model are developed. The aim of this investigation is the numerical simulation of the behavior of liquid and gas phases in a rigid porous body at rest. Therefore, the needed weak formulations of the governing field equations, i.e. the balance equations of mass and the balance equations of momentum of the liquid and gas phases, will be given. The usefulness of the proposed theory will be demonstrated with an example.     

Dynamics of liquid-filled spacecraft

A method is presented for simulating coupled liquid-solid dynamics. An important example of a coupled liquid-solid system is a satellite carrying fuel. The dynamics of the satellite and the onboard fuel influence each other, which may lead to satellite motion that is uncontrollable. For better understanding of the complex dynamics of coupled systems, a numerical model is developed. The model consists of two parts. The first part that solves the liquid motion is only briefly discussed here. The focus in this paper is on the way in which the dynamics of the liquid and the solid body are coupled. For this, the governing equations are presented in which terms appear that represent the force and torque on the solid body due to the sloshing liquid. The governing equations are rewritten such that the discrete approximation of these equations can be integrated in a stable manner for arbitrary liquid/solid mass ratios. Results are presented demonstrating the stability of the present model. A grid-refinement study and a time-step analysis are performed. Finally, the flat-spin motion of a satellite, partially filled with liquid, that flew in 1992 as part of the Wet Satellite Model experiment is studied. Results from the simulation are compared with the actual flight data.     

Resin transfer moulding: mathematical modelling and numerical simulations

This study accounts for the necessity of developing a proper mathematical model of composite material processes in order to implement it in a numerical simulation. The process considered here is the resin transfer moulding (RTM). It essentially consists of the injection of a polymeric resin in a porous pre-form of reinforcing elements. Process simulation is of considerable value in assessing production parameters and in improving the quality of manufactured products. The proposed model is deduced in the framework of mixture theory. In particular, a solid–liquid–air mixture is considered. The porous solid is deformable and its mechanical behavior is non-linear elastic. The model consists of a set of partial differential equations, time dependent, defining two coupled problems: mechanical equilibrium and diffusion in a permeable medium. The equations are written, at first, in the Eulerian formulation and then, considering a set of material coordinates fixed on the porous solid, in the Lagrangian formulation. The mathematical problem, generated by the model, is defined in the whole domain occupied by the mixture of three-phases. It is shown that, if the transitional layer between the region wet by the infiltrating liquid and the one not reached by the liquid is thin, then the formulation proposed is equivalent to the classical formulation where different sets of equations are used for different regions. The problem is solved numerically by means of finite element method. The simulations developed use the ABAQUS FEA package. Two 3D infiltration problems are simulated. Although the simulations do not refer to any practical applications, the results show the usefulness of the model in the assessment of process parameters in true industrial problems.     

Modeling diffusion of sulfate through concrete using mixture theory

Concrete exposed to sulfates deteriorates. Here, an attempt is made to see whether the framework of mixture theory can be used to model the changes that occur in concrete exposed to sodium sulfate. Toward this, diffusion and reaction of sulfates with concrete is modeled within the framework of mixture theory. Appropriate choices are made for the Helmholtz free energy and interaction momentum so that the process of diffusion of sulfates in concrete can be captured. As expected in mixture theory, diffusion causes deformation of the solid. The parameters in the mixture theory model are determined by comparing the steady-state concentration profile of the diffusing sodium sulfate solution and inlet velocity of the fluid with that of Fick’s solution for the same boundary conditions. An assumption is made for the mass production term to capture the reaction of sulfates with concrete. The rate constant and order of the reaction are estimated using the concentration of gypsum, calcium hydroxide and ettringite reported in the literature, for various duration of exposure of cement pastes to known concentration of sodium sulfate solution. Finally, the governing equations for the combined problem of steady-state diffusion and reaction of sulfates with concrete are presented. A numerical scheme to solve the governing equations is outlined. Long-term concentration profiles of sodium sulfate predicted by the framework agree qualitatively with the experimentally observed profile reported in the literature.     

Three‐dimensional coupled heat,moisture, and air transfer in a deformable unsaturated soil

A three‐dimensional numerical model is presented for three‐phase flow (moisture, air, and heat) in a deformable partly saturated soil with deformation calculated via a non‐linear elastic theory. The present work is an extension of a two‐dimensional analysis presented by Thomas and He. The objective of this work is the solution of problems of greater geometric complexity. The mathematical formulation of this coupled problem consists of four governing equations, developed from the principles of mass and energy conservations as well as the stress equilibrium equation. Darcy's flow law is used to describe the motion of liquid and air in the porous medium, and a Philip and de Vries type vapour flow approach is employed in the formulation. A Galerkin finite element method coupled with a finite difference recurrence relationship is used to obtain simultaneous solutions to the governing equations where pore liquid, pore air pressures, temperature and displacements are the primary variables. The method allows the non‐linear nature of the soil parameters to be modelled. Three‐dimensional 20‐noded isoparametric elements are used to simulate different types of cases for the verification of the work. Results are presented of the application of the new model to four problems, two of which are isothermal and two heating simulations. The three‐dimensional nature of the results achieved is highlighted. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model for multiphase geomaterials in dynamics with application to strain localization simulation

In this paper, the non‐isothermal elasto‐plastic behaviour of multiphase geomaterials in dynamics is investigated with a thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model of porous media. The supporting mathematical model is based on averaging procedures within the hybrid mixture theory. A computationally efficient reduced formulation of the macroscopic balance equations that neglects the relative acceleration of the fluids, and the convective terms is adopted. The modified effective stress state is limited by the Drucker–Prager yield surface. Small strains and dynamic loading conditions are assumed. The standard Galerkin procedure of the finite element method is applied to discretize the governing equations in space, while the generalized Newmark scheme is used for the time discretization. The final non‐linear set of equations is solved by the Newton method with a monolithic approach. Coupled dynamic analyses of strain localization in globally undrained samples of dense and medium dense sands are presented as examples. Vapour pressure below the saturation water pressure (cavitation) develops at localization in case of dense sands, as experimentally observed. A numerical study of the regularization properties of the finite element model is shown and discussed. A non‐isothermal case of incipient strain localization induced by temperature increase where evaporation takes place is also analysed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of non-adiabatic capillary tubes considering metastable region. Part I: Mathematical formulation and numerical model

A detailed one-dimensional steady and transient numerical simulation of the thermal and fluid-dynamic behavior of capillary tube–suction line heat exchangers has been carried out. The governing equations (continuity, momentum, energy and entropy) for fluid flows, together with the energy equation in solids, are solved iteratively in a segregated manner. The discretized governing equations in the zones with fluid flow are coupled using a fully implicit step-by-step method. An implicit central difference numerical scheme and a line-by-line solver were used in solids. A special treatment has been implemented in order to consider transitions (subcooled liquid region, metastable liquid region, metastable two-phase region and equilibrium two-phase region). All the flow variables (enthalpies, temperatures, pressures, mass fractions, heat fluxes, etc.) together with the thermophysical and transport properties are evaluated at each point of the grid in which the domain is discretized. The numerical model allows analysis of aspects such as geometry, type of fluid, critical or non-critical flow conditions, metastable regions and transient cases. Comparison of the numerical simulation with experimental data presented in the technical literature will be shown in Part II of the present paper.