卷取温度对51CrV4钢模拟热轧显微组织和力学性能的影响

利用OM、SEM、EBSD及TEM等技术研究了卷取温度对51CrV4钢组织和硬度的影响,探讨并分析了不同卷取温度下组织和硬度变化的原因。结果表明,随着卷取温度由600 ℃升高至720 ℃,试验钢的硬度先逐渐降低,690 ℃以上变化不大;先共析铁素体的体积分数由0.33%增大至5.9%,铁素体晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;珠光体平均片层间距由93 nm增大到177 nm。卷取温度由630 ℃升高至720 ℃,(V, Cr)C析出相的平均尺寸由8.3 nm增大至9.7 nm,体积分数由0.247%递减至0.176%。珠光体片层间距是影响试验钢不同卷取温度强度/硬度变化的最主要因素,铁素体晶粒尺寸和纳米(V, Cr)C析出相的影响次之。     

卷取温度对模拟热轧51CrV4钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

利用OM、SEM、EBSD及TEM等技术研究了卷取温度对51CrV4钢组织和硬度的影响,探讨并分析了不同卷取温度下组织和硬度变化的原因。结果表明,随着卷取温度由600℃升高至720℃,试验钢的硬度先逐渐降低,690℃以上变化不大;先共析铁素体的体积分数由0.33%增大至5.9%,铁素体晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;珠光体平均片层间距由93 nm增大到177 nm。卷取温度由630℃升高至720℃,(V,Cr)C析出相的平均尺寸由8.3 nm增大至9.7 nm,体积分数由0.247%递减至0.176%。珠光体片层间距是影响试验钢不同卷取温度强度/硬度变化的最主要因素,铁素体晶粒尺寸和纳米(V,Cr)C析出相的影响次之。     

热轧微观组织的计算机模拟及性能预报（二）

COMPUTERSIMULATIONOFHOT-ROLLEDMICROSTRUCTUREANDPREDICTIONOFPROPERTIES（2）ZhaoHui;LuShouli（Dept．ofMetalForming，UniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing,100083）2．4奥氏体至铁索体相变不同钢种在室温条件下具有不同的组织．超低碳钢的室温组织是单相铁素体组织，而碳锰钢和中高碳钢的室温组织则是铁索体（或渗碳体）与珠光体的两相组织．模拟钢的相变组织，对于室温组织为铁素体的钢，即要得到铁素体晶粒尺寸；对于多相组织的钢，则要考虑铁索体晶粒尺寸、珠光体片层间距和各相的体积百分量…     

热处理工艺对低温压力容器用钢组织性能的影响

对低温压力容器用09MnNiDR钢板热轧、正火和回火后组织进行观察,分析热处理工艺对该钢组织的影响规律.结果表明,正火后钢板晶粒明显细化,沿厚度方向均得到铁素体+片层珠光体组织,珠光体分布更均匀;回火后大部分片层状珠光体组织消失,渗碳体由片层状变为球形,且组织中大量弥散的纳米级微合金粒子的析出导致部分铁素体晶粒内部位错密度仍较高.最终回火态钢板力学性能的检测结果表明,实验所得回火态钢板综合性能良好.     

X60钢在CSP热轧过程中的组织演变与混晶现象

研究包钢CSP生产线上同一X60钢轧件经不同道次变形后,其不同部位的金相组织,结果表明:连轧前铸坯的室温组织为粗大的针状或块状铁素体,少量的珠光体沿铁素体晶界不均匀分布。空冷到室温的轧件具有铁素体 珠光体组织。在CSP薄板轧制过程中,晶粒明显细化但出现混晶现象。前面道次中边部晶粒尺寸和表面晶粒尺寸比心部晶粒尺寸细小均匀,在终轧后差异变小。同时分析了微观组织演变特点和混晶产生的原因。     

压力容器钢板SA516Gr70显微组织分析和屈服表面预测

用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和背散射电子衍射(EBSD)等实验技术,研究了压力容器钢板SA516 Gr70的显微组织和晶粒取向分布.根据多晶体塑性变形模型,预测了钢板的屈服表面.实验和计算结果表明,钢板的显微组织均为铁素体和珠光体,心部晶粒尺寸明显大于表层晶粒尺寸；钢板热轧后的主要织构组分是[111] 〈110〉、[111] 〈112〉和[001] 〈110〉；限制条件对屈服表面影响较大,随着松弛限制的晶粒体积分数增加,屈服表面缩小,沿轧向的平面应变屈服应力逐渐大于沿横向的平面应变屈服应力.     

某中碳钢的组织与拉伸性能的关系

首先对某中碳钢进行不同工艺的热处理，获得了不同的原奥氏体晶粒尺寸。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及拉伸性能测试等研究了原奥氏体晶粒尺寸及冷速对试验钢铁素体-珠光体组织及拉伸性能的影响，并研究了试验钢的组织与性能之间的关系。结果表明：冷速对试验钢铁素体-珠光体组织的影响远大于原奥氏体晶粒尺寸。随冷却速率增加，先共析铁素体形貌由等轴状向不闭合网状过渡，先共析铁素体含量和尺寸分别由16.3 vol%、16.4μm降低至1.0 vol%、4.1μm,珠光体含量由83.7 vol%逐渐增加至99.0 vol%,珠光体平均片层间距由419 nm逐渐降低至174 nm。不同铁素体-珠光体组织试验钢的拉伸强度与布氏硬度满足线性拟合关系。试验钢抗拉强度测试值与考虑到退化珠光体存在的某数学模型符合较好。因先共析铁素体含量(形貌)、组织细化、珠光体含量及片层间距等因素的共同影响，试验钢断后伸长率与断面收缩率的变化随冷速的变化并不一致。     

轧前初始组织对双向温轧中碳钢组织演变的影响

利用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对中碳钢淬火马氏体以及铁素体+珠光体组织在550 ℃双向温轧后的组织演变进行了研究。结果表明：轧前淬火马氏体温轧后渗碳体颗粒在铁素体基体上分布比较均匀,小角度晶界所占比例很高,4道次轧制后亚晶粒尺寸约为1.35 μm,部分铁素体晶粒发生动态再结晶,形成大角度晶界包围的细小的等轴晶粒。而铁素体+珠光体作为轧前组织,温轧后渗碳体颗粒和亚晶粒主要集中在原珠光体区,4道次后平均亚晶粒尺寸约为1.79 μm,等轴细小的铁素体晶粒主要在原珠光体与铁素体边界分布。双向温轧淬火马氏体是获得碳化物颗粒与超细晶铁素体均匀混合组织的有效方法。     

钒对高碳珠光体钢组织及拉伸性能的影响

设计并冶炼了钒质量分数为0%~0.13%的高碳钢,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子背散射及拉伸试验等研究了钒含量对高碳珠光体钢组织及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,钒可以提高组织均匀性及铁素体含量,并且减小晶粒尺寸,但钒含量超过0.08%时,晶粒细化作用减弱。钒质量分数为0%~0.13%时,珠光体片层间距与强度的关系紧密,并获得了相应关系式。试验钢塑性对钒含量并不敏感,钒含量不超过0.08%时,略微提高塑性,反之,则降低塑性。     

钢中珠光体球团尺寸的EBSD表征技术

借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜等研究了珠光体球团的表征方法,从阻止裂纹扩展的有效性出发,选择内部取向接近、外部取向差较大的球团簇作为评价珠光体球团尺寸的指标。结果表明,珠光体中铁素体的取向分布与球团吻合,即铁素体的大角度晶界就是球团(簇)界,所以可以通过表征铁素体的晶粒尺寸来评价珠光体球团尺寸。该方法的关键点在于晶界如何定义和样品如何制备。从对EBSD法的可行性分析可知,以15°作为晶内最大取向差来划分珠光体球团。对于珠光体钢,电解抛光法更适用于珠光体中渗碳体片层较宽的样品,而对于珠光体中渗碳体片层过窄的情况更适合选用离子抛光法。      

Microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in niobium microalloyed high carbon steels

Effects of microalloyed niobium (Nb) on the austenite decomposition behaviors and microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in the near eutectoid steels were investigated. Compared to the Nb free steel, the Nb microalloyed steel was refined with regard to polygonal ferrite grain, pearlite block and colony sizes. This was because its austenite grain size was smaller. The volume fraction of polygonal ferrite transformed was more in the Nb microalloyed steels, which indicated the eutectoid carbon content exceeded that of pure carbon steel. The spheroidization of pearlite during continuous cooling was enhanced by Nb microalloying, mainly due to a higher critical transformation temperature and the finer pearlite structure with smaller colony size and narrower interlamellar spacing. Hot deformation right above the equilibrium eutectoid temperature accelerated the spheroidization kinetics of pearlite, especially in the Nb microalloyed steel.     

Microstructure based flow stress model to predict machinability in ferrite–pearlite steels

A new flow stress model is proposed to describe the behaviour of ferrite–pearlite steels based on microstructure properties, including the effect of high strains, strain rates and temperatures. The model introduces strain hardening as a function of the pearlite ratio, interlamellar spacing and ferrite grain size. A non-linear thermal softening, and the coupling between strain rate and temperature are also introduced. Tested on a 2D ALE model, predicted cutting forces, tool temperatures, chip thickness and tool wear results obtained good agreement when compared to orthogonal cutting tests of four ferrite–pearlite steels, covering a wide range of microstructure variants.     

Effect of controlled rolling and cooling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 60Si2MnA spring steel rod

The effect of controlled rolling and cooling process parameters, such as finish rolling temperature, loop-laying temperature and the cooling rate in the process from the loop layer to the coil station, on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 60Si2MnA spring steel rod were carefully investigated by thermal simulation, tensile tests and quantitative metallography. Experimental results indicate that the microstructure is mainly determined by finish rolling temperature, especially the cooling rate in the process from the loop layer to the coil station. In a given range, the more rapid the cooling rate, the thinner the interlamellar pearlite spacing, the less the proeutectoid ferrite bulk volume and the smaller the average ferritic grain size. Low finish rolling temperature is in favor of decreasing pearlite colony size. Therefore, low finish rolling temperature followed by properly accelerated cooling is suggested so as to improve its cold workability.     

Granular Carbides-Assisted Ultrafine-Ferrite Fabrication in the Pearlitic SteelWithout Severe Plastic Deformation and Annealing

The evolution of ferrite grain and cementite lamella during cold rolling in a granular carbide-pearlite steel has been investigated. Particular attention has been given to a quantitative characterization of changes in the ferrite grains. Electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observations show that the ultrafine ferrite (~388 nm) can be produced through low equivalent strain cold rolling without severe plastic deformation (SPD) and annealing. The average grain size of ferrite depends on the volume fraction, shape and distribution of granular carbides as well as interlamellar spacing of pearlite. A general explanation of granular carbides-assisted grain refinement is that the embedded carbides between natural barrier will significantly facilitate dislocation nucleation during cold rolling. Dislocation reaction occurs more drastically and quickly near these granular carbides. Such reactions promote the formation of high-angle grain boundaries. The formation of ultrafine ferrite grains and subgrains in steel after cold rolling to ε=1.4 strain makes the strength and ductility increased simultaneously compared with ε=0.6 cold-rolled steel. The results suggest a new material design strategy to obtain ultrafine-grained structure via the granular carbides assistance.     

Dynamic Phase Transformation and Spheroidization of Cementite of Hypereutectoid Steel Containing Aluminum during Deformation

利用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机进行单轴热压缩实验, 研究了合金元素Al对过共析钢缓冷相变和 过冷奥氏体动态相变组织的影响. 结果表明: 在缓冷相变时, Al的加入抑制网状渗碳体形成, 细化珠光体 片层间距; 在过冷奥氏体形变过程中, 动态转变经历动态相变和相变所得珠光体中渗碳体球化及铁素体动 态再结晶等过程. 在动态相变过程中, 没有形成晶界网状渗碳体, 而直接产生珠光体. Al的加入使动态相变过程中奥氏体的稳定性提高、珠光体转变推迟, 进一步细化了珠光体片层间距. 在相变所得珠光体中渗碳体球化及铁素体动态再结晶的过程中, Al阻碍渗碳体粗化, 使渗碳体颗粒和铁素体晶粒尺寸细化.     

稀土元素La对碳锰纯净钢组织和冷却转变的影响

通过显微组织观察和对临界转变温度的测定,研究了稀土元素La对碳锰纯净钢组织和冷却转变过程的影响。结果表明,当镧含量较高时,纯净钢冷却转变组织粗化,形成魏氏组织的趋势增加,珠光体片层间距不均匀;在碳锰纯净钢的冷却转变过程中,随La含量的增加,先共析铁素体开始析出温度降低,析出速度加快,共析转变开始温度降低。镧在晶界的偏聚是造成碳锰纯净钢组织和相变过程变化的主要原因。     

奥氏体化温度和冷却速率对含Nb高碳钢组织性能的影响

通过Gleeble 1500型热模拟试验机对含Nb高碳试验钢进行了不同奥氏体化温度和冷速下的热处理。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、硬度测量等试验手段对试验钢的显微组织、硬度和珠光体片层间距进行了观察和测量。结果表明:奥氏体化温度为950 ℃时,试验钢淬火后晶粒尺寸为34 μm,硬度为813 HV5,以0.1~5 ℃/s冷速冷却至室温的组织为珠光体+铁素体;而奥氏体化温度为1200 ℃时,淬火后晶粒尺寸为134 μm,硬度为827 HV5,以0.1~1 ℃/s冷速冷却至室温的组织为珠光体+铁素体,冷速为5 ℃/s时,组织为针状马氏体+少量的铁素体。在1220 ℃以上Nb全部固溶在奥氏体中,奥氏体化温度过高会导致晶粒过分长大。珠光体片层间距随着奥氏体化温度的升高和冷却速率的提升而变小,片层间距的减小可使硬度值提高。     

Contributions of Rare Earth Element (La,Ce) Addition to the Impact Toughness of Low Carbon Cast Niobium Microalloyed Steels

In this research Rare Earth elements (RE), La and Ce (200 ppm), were added to a low carbon cast microalloyed steel to disclose their influence on the microstructure and impact toughness. It is suggested that RE are able to change the interaction between the inclusions and matrix during the solidification process (comprising peritectic transformation), which could affect the microstructural features and consequently the impact property; compared to the base steel a clear evolution was observed in nature and morphology of the inclusions present in the RE-added steel i.e. (1) they changed from MnS-based to (RE,Al)(S,O) and RE(S)-based; (2) they obtained an aspect ratio closer to 1 with a lower area fraction as well as a smaller average size. Besides, the microstructural examination of the matrix phases showed that a bimodal type of ferrite grain size distribution exists in both base and RE-added steels, while the mean ferrite grain size was reduced from 12 to 7 μm and the bimodality was redressed in the RE-added steel. It was found that pearlite nodule size decreases from 9 to 6 μm in the RE-added steel; however, microalloying with RE caused only a slight decrease in pearlite volume fraction. After detailed fractography analyses, it was found that, compared to the based steel, the significant enhancement of the impact toughness in RE-added steel (from 63 to 100 J) can be mainly attributed to the differences observed in the nature of the inclusions, the ferrite grain size distribution, and the pearlite nodule size. The presence of carbides (cementite) at ferrite grain boundaries and probable change in distribution of Nb-nanoprecipitation (promoted by RE addition) can be considered as other reasons affecting the impact toughness of steels under investigation.     

齿轮钢大圆坯的铸态组织及轧制遗传性

基于φ500 mm大圆坯连铸连轧生产22CrMoH汽车桥齿钢的工艺,通过对铸坯低倍组织及高倍金相组织、轧后带状组织系统分析,开展了齿轮钢大圆坯铸态组织及轧制遗传性研究。研究发现,22CrMoH齿轮钢连铸大圆坯近表面细晶区、柱状晶区、中心等轴晶区的枝晶尺寸存在明显差异;自表面至芯部二次枝晶间距逐渐增加,退火状态下枝晶主干位置以铁素体为主,枝晶间以珠光体为主;轧后带状组织形态主要受铸态组织二次枝晶间距和轧制变形的影响;轧后退火态铁素体带宽自表面至芯部呈现增加趋势。     

SLOW PROPAGATION OF FATIGUE CRACK NEAR THRESHOLD

The effect of pearlite interlamellar spacing(d)from 0.31 to 0.77 μm of T8 steel on fatiguecrack propagation near threshold has been investigated at different stress ratios(R).Theclosure stress intensity factor(K_(cl)),the threshold value(ΔK_(th))and crack tip opening dis-placement range(ΔCOD)were measured.The results show that pearlite interlamellar spac-ing in this range has no effect on K_(cl),but has effect on the threshold value in low stress ratio.The threshold value is higher for materials with larger interlamellar spacing.No matter whatthe stress ratio is,during the propagation near threshold,the propagation rate will be thesame,provieded the crack tip opening displacement range is the same.Metallurgical examinations were also carried out to show that the crack propagationpath is sensitive to mierostructure.The crack always propagates along either boundary ofpearlite colony or ferrite lamellar in pearlite.