INPUT COUPLER FOR Ka BAND TE021 CIRCULAR ELECTRIC MODE OPERATION IN A GYROKLYSTRON AMPLIFIER

An input coupler for the TE021 circular electric mode in a gyroklystron amplifier through using TEs11 as a transition coupling mode in a coaxial cavity has been proposed and numerically simulated in a frequency range of Ka-Band with HFSS code. The coupling efficiency of the TE021 mode and the suppression for the TE811 mode in the main cylindrical cavity are deliberately considered by adjusting the position and size of coupling holes as well as the radius of the drift tubes. The numerical results show that the TE021 mode can successfully be excited, and rational coupling efficiency and high mode purity for the TE021 mode in the cylindrical cavity can be reached for the engineering application of gyroklystron amplifier study.     

CMOS prototype image sensor with edge enhancement to compensate for blurring

Small signal analytical analysis and large signal numerical calculations are presented for a gyroklystron in which a low order (TE₀₁₁) mode in the bunching cavity is coupled by the electron beam to a high order (TE₀₄₁) mode in the output cavity. A drift region separates the two cavities. We demonstrate that the probunching of the beam before entering the output cavity not only enhances the interaction efficiency of the TE₀₄₁ mode but also improves the mode stability by suppressing the TE₂₄₁ mode. The gyroklystron may be operated either as an oscillator or as an amplifier by a small variation of the applied magnetic field. The effect of the beam velocity spread on the efficiency is also investigated. It is found that the operation of the gyroklystron is more sensitive to beam velocity spread than that of a gyromonotron. Optimum conditions for a cold beam are not necessarily those for a wam beam.     

Analysis of a low magnetic field TE m11 gyroklystron amplifier†

Large- and small-signal numerical calculations are presented for a two-cavity, low magnetic field gyroklystron amplifier operating in the TE _m11 whispering-gallery mode. The gyroklystron system modelled consists of a bunching cavity and an output cavity separated by a drift tube. For operation of both cavities at TE₅₁₁, gain and emission efficiency are studied for a high energy (γ = 1·6), low axial velocity (β_Verbar; = 0·1) electron beam. Prebunching prior to the output cavity in the gyroklystron leads to an increase of the maximum efficiency by more than a factor of two over that obtained from operating the output cavity as an oscillator. Model calculations are presented which show that magnetic field tapering greatly reduces the effects of any initial axial velocity spread in the electron beam, allowing high gain (?40 dB) and high efficiency (25-30%) to be achieved.     

Analyses of two-cavity gyroklystron with feedback

Making use of the linear kinetic theory and the perturbation approach, a gyroklystron with feedback, in which a low order (TE₀₁₁) mode is presented in the bunching cavity by the feedback of the output cavity, and the low order mode in the bunching cavity is coupled by the electron beam to a high order (TE₀₂₁) mode in the output cavity, has been investigated in detail. And electron beam to wave interaction in each cavity and electron bunching mechanism in the bunching cavity have been analysed. The formulas of electron beam to wave interaction power and starting current etc. have been derived. Then some calculations are carried out.     

Method for excitation of a high-order spatial mode in the input cavity of gyroklystron

Microwave-power input devices for a multimegawatt pulsed gyroklystron that works in the centimeter-wavelength range using a relativistic electron beam are considered. A device representing a supply waveguide with rectangular cross section that is tangentially interfaced with the side wall of a hollow cylindrical cavity is proposed for the excitation of a high-order rotating spatial mode as the working mode of the input cavity. The efficiency of the device is numerically optimized and measured to be 70% at a low power level using a broadband Bragg reflector for the input variant that provides the excitation of the TE_6,1,1 mode.     

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of a New Type of Complex Cavity for Gyrotron Applications

A new type of complex cavity structure is used to improve the selectivity of modes in gyrotron resonant cavity with a rational position of inter-cavity wall and the shape of coupling holes between inter- and outer-cavities. The resonant characteristics of the complex cavity operating in TE₀₂₁/TE₀₃₁ mode at Ka frequency band are simulated and analyzed with Ansoft HFSS code, which shows that mode competition can effectively be alleviated with the cavity structure and it may be useful to the formation of clustered-cavity for extending interaction frequency bandwidth.     

Analysis and Numerical Calculations of the Beam-Wave Interaction for Gyroklystron Amplifiers

A four-cavity gyroklystron was designed and optimized after analysis and calculation of RF system and magnetron injection gun, numerical simulations showed that the TE₀₁₁ mode gyroklystron achieved 280kW peak output power, 38% efficiency, 35dB saturated gain with 250Mhz bandwidth centered at 34GHz for a 68 kV, 11A electron beam. The numerical simulation results were used to build a Ka band high power gyroklystron amplifier. In this paper, analysis and numerical calculation results of the beam-wave interaction are presented. The influences of electron beam, RF system parameters, magnetic field, and input RF signal on output power, efficiency, bandwidth and gain are discussed.     

RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENTS ON A MILLIMETER-WAVE OPEN RESONATOR

Far-field radiation patterns can be used for identifying different kinds of resonant modes in a gyrotron cylindrical open resonator. The operating TE₀₂₁ mode is identified among its closest competitors TE₂₂₁ and TE₆₁₁ by measuring radiation patterns obtained experimentally based on millimeter wave source for exciting the open resonator. A good agreement between experimental and, theoretically predicted values was found.     

A Single-Ridged Coaxial Hybrid TE011 Coupler with High Mode Purity

We design a single-ridged coaxial hybrid coupler which excites a TE₀₁₁ mode of high mode content in a cylindrical cavity, resonating at 28.2GHz. The coupler consists of a WR-28 rectangular waveguide, a coaxial TE_n11 cavity, and a cylindrical TE₀₁₁ cavity. Both TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity and TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity are analyzed to examine the TE₀₁₁ mode purity in the central cavity. Mode purity analysis is performed by a field expansion method using Fourier-Bessel orthonormal basis functions. Numerical calculations predict that the TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity excites the TE₀₁₁ mode with mode purity of 98.6%, which is improved by 3% higher compared with the TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity. Measurements on the single-ridged coaxial coupler show a resonant frequency at 28.078GHz and ohmic and external Qs of 1560, 473 respectively, which are in good agreement with the simulated results of a 3-D finite element electromagnetic code.     

Efficient Output Mode Converter for 30 GHz Gyroklystron at IAP

An output mode converter for Ka-band multi-MW gyroklystron in the Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) operating in the TE₅₃ mode is suggested. Two variants of the converter, aimed for different applications, are presented: the TE₅₃ to TE₀₁ mode converter with power output along the device axis and the TE₅₃ mode to Gaussian wavebeam quasi-optical converter with a visor. The suggested designs include the built-in electron beam collector. The converters were designed using a new synthesis algorithm, which implies iterative improvement of the waveguide wall shape in order to achieve high efficiency. The calculation results were proven by HFSS simulation and low-power tests of one version of the converter.     

Passive gyrotron cavity loading and frequency shift

Measurements of change in Q and frequency shift are presented for the penultimate cavity in a 3-cavity gyroklystron under conditions where the cavity does not oscillate. This allowed detailed comparisons to be made with linearized theory, over a wide range of beam currents and DC magnetic fields. The theory was formulated to take into account the effects of cut-off beam tunnels on the effective length of the cavity, the geometrical beam filling factor, the effect of a spread in beam pitch angle, and the effect of the cavity RF magnetic fields. Best fits between the data and the theoretical curves for change in Q and frequency shift were obtained for beam values in good agreement with those predicted from a modified Herrmannsfeldt code. Calculations of oscillation starting currents for TE₀₁, TE₀₁₁, TE₀₁₂, and TE rectangular₀₁₃ cavities as a function of the cavity detuning parameter show that serious errors can occur if one neglects the cavity RF magnetic fields.     

Experimental Study of a Slot Antenna Excited by a TE011 Mode Coaxial Cavity

A slot antenna is developed to excite the high harmonic waveguide mode for generating large-area plasmas. This antenna consists of a TE₀₁₁ mode coaxial cavity with the axial slots positioned on equal interval on the inner wall. The waves radiated from those slots can excite the high harmonic mode in the central area. With the azimuthal symmetric wave field of the TE₀₁₁ mode, the number of the slots can be chosen to match the field pattern of the high harmonic mode. In this report, the dispersion relation of the coaxial waveguide, the coupling scheme and the mode competition of the cavity are studied. A method has been successfully developed to suppress the TE₁₂₁ mode which is the most competing mode to the TE₀₁₁ mode.     

Analysis and simulation on the performance of a gyro-penitron amplifier

A cylindrical waveguide gyro-peniotron amplifier is analysed theoretically in this paper. By a ballistic method and directly using the energy conservation in the beam-wave system, a set of interaction equations for the cylindrical waveguide gyro-peniotron amplifier is derived. Computer simulation shows that under defined conditions an interaction efficiency of ? 47%, an output power of ? 240kW at a gain of ? 22. 5 dB and a 3 dB-instantaneous bandwidth of ? 1. 9% for a central frequency of 35GHz, TE₀₃ mode gyro-peniotron amplifier could be achieved. The influence of the operation parameters on the amplifier performance is also presented.     

Experimental Study of a High Power Coupler for a Tunable Cavity Formed by a Vane-Type Structure

In this study, a high power coupler designed for a tunable planar cavity is experimentally tested. The cavity consists of a periodical vane-type structure, of which the height of the vane can be mechanically adjusted so that the resonance frequency can be fine tuned. The cavity is designed to be operated at π mode and resonant at 2.45 GHz. The high power coupler is composed of a rectangular waveguide and a cylindrical ceramic rod with tapered ends. One end of the ceramic rod is intruded into the gap between two vanes of the cavity. Through this coupler, the TE₁₀ mode of the rectangular waveguide is converted into the TE₁₁ mode of the ceramic rod and then couples to the TEM mode in the gap between vanes of the cavity. Experimental results show that a microwave power up to 5 kW can be effectively transmitted to excite the π mode of the cavity . This cavity can be used to excite large area plasmas     

Cold tests of A 10-GHz gyrotron cavity

Experiments have been conducted to characterize a gyrotron cavity designed to operate in theTE ₀₂₁ mode at 10 GHz. Cavity excitation was accomplished via a coupling hole introduced into the cavity wall and mode detection was carried out by means of two experimental arrangements. In the first, electromagnetic energy is coupled into a receiving waveguide through a small second hole drilled in the opposite side of the cavity. The other scheme uses a horn antenna to receive the power reradiated by the open resonator. Both schemes are discussed regarding mode detection, and measured data includes resonant frequency, loadedQ factor, axial electric field profile and farfield radiation pattern. Evaluation of the loadedQ factor is based on bandwidth measurements whereas standing-wave electric field profile is determined by using perturbation techniques. For severalTE modes, close agreeent between theory and experiment is found.     

Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of a Four-cavity TE<Subscript>021</Subscript>-Mode Gyroklystron

Using self-consistent field theory and PIC simulation, the interaction of electron flow with HF fields in a four-cavity Gyroklystron with TE₀₂₁-mode has been analyzed. Self-consistent field theory includes both linear theory and nonlinear theory. Optimized parameters and their corresponding efficiency, gain and bandwidth of the optimized Gyroklystron have been found. Numerical investigation using PIC simulation is also given. Parameters of the cavities which are operating in TE₀₂₁ mode are optimized to minimize TE₀₁₁ mode and to suppress parasitic self-oscillations. The results of theory are in good qualitative agreement with PIC simulation.     

新型回旋速调管放大器链式群聚腔的模拟与设计

对新型回旋速调管放大器的链式群聚腔—TE模簇腔进行研究，通过三维电磁模拟对其进行分析和计算，讨论了损耗介质对群聚腔Q值的影响，以及内外腔耦合孔数量对谐振特性的影响．模拟计算结果和冷测实验吻合得很好．最后，为正在研制中的Ka波段三次谐波倍增回旋速调管放大器设计了一种链式群聚腔。     

Nonlinear analysis of a multi-cavity gyro-twystron

To preserve high gain, high efficiency and high power merits of gyroklystron, a gyro-twystron is designed using an electron beam with α(v_⊥/v_z) greater than unity. With a multi-cavity section of high gain, the length of the waveguide output section can be made shorter than the threshold length of the absolute instability without losing total system gain. Numerical simulations are carried out to analyze a ka-band gyro- twystron consisting of three TE₁₁₁ mode cavities and an output section of a TE₁₁ mode waveguide. Stability study is performed to ensure the tube without self-excited oscillations. With α=1.5, the 3-dB linear and saturated gain bandwidth in excess of 2 % can be obtained by stagger tuning for an 80 kV, 3 A electron beam with 5 % axial velocity spread. The maximum saturated gain is more than 55 dB at 33 % efficiency. By tapering the magnetic field of the last 2 cm of the interaction region, the efficiency can be increased to 43 % without degrading the bandwidth, which corresponds to an output power of 103 kW.     

Experimental study of a multimegawatt pulsed gyroklystron

A pulsed gyroklystron with the TE_5,3 output mode is studied. A gain of 30 dB is obtained at a frequency 30 GHz, an output power of 15 MW, an efficiency of 40%, a pulse duration of 0.35 μs, and a gain bandwidth of 50 MHz.     

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDIES OF AN 84 GHz, 500 kW, CW GYROTRON

The feasibility of an 84 GHz, 500 kW, CW gyrotron for ECRH on an experimental tokamak will be presented in this paper. Mode competition and mode selection procedures are carefully investigated by considering various candidate modes and the TE_10,4 mode is chosen as the operating mode. A conventional cylindrical cavity resonator with weak input and output tapers and parabolic roundings is considered for interaction studies. Self-consistent, both single mode and time-dependent, calculations are carried out and power and efficiencies are computed for a typical set of beam parameters. The results show that an output power of well over 500 kW, CW and efficiency around 40% can be reached without a depressed collector.